GaussDB(DWS)
GaussDB(DWS)

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      Todos los resultados de "" dentro de este producto

      • Descripción general del servicio
        • ¿Qué es GaussDB(DWS)?
        • Tipos de almacén de datos
        • Ventajas
        • Escenarios de aplicación
        • Funciones
        • Conceptos
          • Conceptos de gestión de GaussDB(DWS)
          • Conceptos de base de datos de GaussDB(DWS)
        • Servicios relacionados
        • GaussDB(DWS) Gestión de permisos
        • Acceso de GaussDB(DWS)
        • Detalles de precios
        • Restricciones
        • Cuotas de servicio
        • Especificaciones técnicas
        • Descripción de la versión
      • Pasos iniciales
        • Paso 1: Iniciar los preparativos
        • Paso 2: Creación de un clúster
        • Paso 3: Conexión a un clúster
        • Paso 4: Importar datos de muestra y realizar consultas
          • Análisis de Vehículos Pasados en Puntos de Control de Tráfico
          • Análisis de requisitos de la cadena de suministro de una empresa
          • Análisis del estado de operaciones de una tienda departamental minorista
        • Paso 5: Visualización de otros documentos y eliminación de recursos
      • Guía del usuario
        • Proceso para usar GaussDB(DWS)
        • Preparaciones
        • Creación o eliminación de un clúster
          • Acceso a la consola de gestión de GaussDB(DWS)
          • Creación de un clúster de GaussDB(DWS) 2.0
          • Creación de un clúster de GaussDB(DWS) 3.0
          • Facturación anual/mensual
          • Eliminación de un clúster
        • Conexión de clústeres
          • Métodos de conexión a un clúster
          • Obtención de la dirección de conexión de clúster
          • Uso de DAS para conectarse a un clúster
          • Uso del cliente GUI de Data Studio para conectarse a un clúster
          • Uso del cliente de la CLI de gsql para conectarse a un clúster
            • Descargar el cliente de Data Studio
            • Uso del cliente gsql de Linux para conectarse a un clúster
            • Uso del cliente gsql de Windows para conectarse a un clúster
            • Establecimiento de conexiones TCP/IP seguras en modo SSL
          • Uso de los controladores JDBC y ODBC para conectarse a un clúster
            • Especificaciones de desarrollo
            • Descripción de la versión JDBC
            • Descargar el controlador JDBC u ODBC
            • Uso de JDBC para conectarse a un clúster
            • Configuración de JDBC para conectarse a un clúster (modo de balanceo de carga)
            • Configuración de JDBC para conectarse a un clúster (modo de autenticación de IAM)
            • Uso de ODBC para conectarse a un clúster
          • Uso de la biblioteca de funciones de terceros psycopg2 de Python para conectarse a un clúster
          • Uso de la biblioteca de Python PyGreSQL para conectarse a un clúster
          • Gestión de conexiones de base de datos
        • Monitoreo y alarmas
          • Panel
          • Monitoreo de bases de datos (DMS)
            • Descripción de monitoreo de bases de datos
            • Métricas de monitoreo
            • Descripción del clúster
            • Monitoreo
              • Monitoreo de nodos
              • Monitoreo del rendimiento
              • Monitoreo de base de datos
              • Consultas en tiempo real
              • Consultas históricas
              • Monitoreo de instancias
              • Monitoreo de grupo de recursos
            • Utilidades
              • Diagnóstico de SQL
              • Sondeos SQL
              • Diagnóstico de tabla
            • Análisis de carga de trabajo
              • Descripción de la carga de trabajo
              • Instantáneas de carga de trabajo
              • Informes de carga de trabajo
            • Configuraciones
            • Comprobación de detalles de tareas
            • Escenarios típicos
              • Diagnóstico de SQL
              • Principales sentencias SQL que consumen tiempo
          • Monitoreo de clústeres con Cloud Eye
          • Alarmas
            • Gestión de alarma
            • Reglas de alarmas
            • Suscripciones de alarma
            • Manejo de alarmas
              • DWS_2000000017 El número de sentencias de consulta de cola supera el umbral
              • DWS_2000000016 Los datos derramados en discos para una sentencia de consulta superan el umbral
              • DWS_2000000001 El uso de CPU de nodo supera el umbral
              • DWS_2000000009 El uso de E/S del disco de datos de nodo supera el umbral
              • DWS_2000000006 El uso del disco de datos de nodo supera el umbral
              • DWS_2000000012 La latencia del disco de datos de nodo supera el umbral
              • DWS_2000000023 La operación Vacuum Full que mantiene un bloqueo de tabla supera el umbral
              • DWS_2000000020 La sonda SQL del uso del clúster supera el umbral
              • DWS_2000000018 Congestión de colas en el grupo de recursos predeterminado del clúster
          • Notificaciones de eventos
            • Descripción de las notificaciones de eventos
            • Suscribirse a las notificaciones de eventos
            • Consulta de eventos
        • Cambio de especificaciones y escalamiento
          • Gestión de nodos
          • Ampliación de nodos
            • Ampliación de un clúster
            • Redistribución de clústeres
              • Redistribución de datos
              • Consulta de detalles de redistribución
            • Reducción de un clúster
          • Cambio de especificaciones
            • Cambio de variante de nodo
            • Cambio de todas las especificaciones
            • Expansión de capacidad de disco de un clúster EVS
        • Copias de respaldo y recuperación ante desastres:
          • Instantáneas
            • Descripción
            • Instantáneas manuales
              • Creación de una instantánea manual
              • Eliminación de una instantánea manual
            • Instantáneas automatizadas
              • Descripción de instantáneas automáticas
              • Configuración de una política automatizada de instantáneas
              • Copia de instantáneas automatizadas
              • Eliminación de una instantánea automatizada
            • Consulta de información de instantáneas
            • Restauración mediante una instantánea
              • Restricciones al restaurar una instantánea
              • Restauración de una instantánea en un nuevo clúster
              • Restauración de una instantánea en el clúster original
            • Cómo configurar una instantánea
            • Detener la creación de instantáneas
          • DR de clúster
            • Descripción de DR
            • Creación de una tarea de DR
            • Consulta de información de DR
            • Gestión de DR
            • Casos de DR mutuamente exclusivos
        • O&M inteligente
          • Descripción
          • Planes de O&M
          • Estado de O&M
        • Gestión de clúster
          • Modificación de parámetros de base de datos
          • Comprobación del estado del clúster
          • Consulta de detalles del clúster
          • Cuenta de O&M
          • Gestión de nombres de dominio de acceso
          • Topología de clústeres
          • Gestión de etiquetas
            • Descripción
            • Gestión de etiquetas
          • Gestión de proyectos empresariales
          • Gestión de clústeres que fallan al crearse
          • Eliminación del estado de sólo lectura
          • Realización de una conmutación primaria/en espera
          • Reinicio del clúster
          • Restablecimiento de una contraseña
          • Actualización de clúster
          • Asociación y disociación del ELB
          • Gestión de los CN
        • Migración de datos
          • Descripción
          • Gestión de instancias
          • Gestión de configuraciones de conexión
          • Gestión de asignaciones de tablas
          • Gestión de trabajos
          • Acceso a datos de GDS-Kafka
        • Gestión de registros de clúster
        • Gestión de usuarios de bases de datos
          • Gestión de usuarios
          • Gestión de roles
        • Registros de auditoría
          • Descripción del registro de auditoría
          • Registros de auditoría de la consola de gestión
          • Registros de auditoría de bases de datos
            • Configuración de los registros de auditoría de la base de datos
            • Volcar los registros de auditoría de la base de datos
            • Consulta de registros de auditoría de base de datos
        • Gestión de seguridad de clústeres
          • Configuración de la separación de permisos
          • Cifrado de bases de datos
            • Descripción
            • Rotación de claves de cifrado
          • Permisos
            • Creación de un usuario y concesión de permisos GaussDB(DWS)
            • Creación de una política personalizada de GaussDB(DWS)
            • Sintaxis de políticas de permisos detallados
            • Sintaxis de RBAC de las políticas de RBAC
          • Protección para las operaciones de misión críticas
        • Gestión de recursos
          • Descripción
          • Grupo de recurso
            • Descripción de características
            • Descripción de página
            • Creación de un grupo de recursos
            • Modificación de un grupo de recursos
            • Eliminación de un grupo de recursos
          • Plan de gestión de recursos
            • Gestión de planes de gestión de recursos
            • Gestión de etapas del plan de gestión de recursos
            • Importación o exportación de un plan de gestión de recursos
          • Gestión del espacio de trabajo
        • Gestión de origen de datos
          • Fuentes de datos de MRS
            • Descripción del uso de orígenes de datos de MRS
            • Creación de una conexión de origen de datos de MRS
            • Actualización de la configuración de la fuente de datos de MRS
          • Gestión de orígenes de datos de OBS
        • Gestión de clústeres lógicos
          • Descripción del clúster lógico
          • Adición de clústeres lógicos
          • Edición de clústeres lógicos
          • Gestión de recursos (en un clúster lógico)
          • Programación de GaussDB(DWS) 3.0 Creación y eliminación de clústeres lógicos
          • Reinicio de clústeres lógicos
          • Ampliación de clústeres lógicos
          • Eliminación de clústeres lógicos
          • Tutorial: Conversión de un clúster físico que contiene datos en un clúster lógico
          • Tutorial: División de un nuevo clúster físico en clústeres lógicos
          • Tutorial: Configuración de un clúster lógico de solo lectura y vincularlo a un usuario
      • Referencia de la API
        • Antes de comenzar
          • Descripción general
          • Llamadas a la API
          • Puntos de conexión
          • Restricciones
          • Conceptos Básicos
        • Descripción de las API
        • Llamada APIs
          • Hacer una solicitud de API
          • Autenticación
          • Respuesta
        • Tareas iniciales
        • Descripción de la API
          • API de administración de clústeres
            • Creación de un clúster
            • Consulta de la lista de clústeres
            • Consulta de los detalles del clúster
            • Consulta de los tipos de nodos admitidos
            • Eliminación de un clúster
            • Reiniciar un clúster
            • Escalamiento de clústeres
            • Restablecimiento de una contraseña
          • API de gestión de instantáneas
            • Creación de una instantánea
            • Consulta de la lista de instantáneas
            • Consulta de detalles de instantáneas
            • Eliminación de una instantánea manual
            • Restauración de un clúster
        • Casos de aplicación
          • Uso de Postman para llamar a la API para crear una instantánea
        • Políticas de permisos y acciones admitidas
        • Apéndice
          • Código de estado
          • Código de error
          • Creación de una VPC.
          • Obtención de un ID de proyecto
          • Obtención de una ID de cuenta
          • Obtención del ID de clúster
      • Preguntas frecuentes
        • Preguntas frecuentes principales
        • Problemas generales
          1. ¿Por qué son necesarios los almacenes de datos?
          2. ¿Por qué debería usar la nube pública GaussDB(DWS)?
          3. ¿Debo elegir GaussDB(DWS) de la nube pública o RDS?
          4. ¿Qué es la cuota de usuario?
          5. ¿Cuáles son las diferencias entre usuarios y roles?
          6. ¿Cuándo debo usar GaussDB(DWS) y MRS?
          7. ¿Cómo verifico el tiempo de creación de un usuario de base de datos?
          8. Regiones y AZ
          9. ¿Mis datos están seguros en GaussDB(DWS)?
          10. ¿Cómo se asegura GaussDB(DWS)?
          11. ¿Puedo modificar el grupo de seguridad de un clúster de GaussDB(DWS)?
          12. ¿Cómo se relacionan LibrA, GaussDB A y GaussDB(DWS)?
          13. What Is a Database/Data Warehouse/Data Lake/Lakehouse?
          14. How Are Dirty Pages Generated in GaussDB(DWS)?
        • Uso de la base de datos
          1. How Do I Change Distribution Columns?
          2. How Do I View and Set the Database Character Encoding?
          3. What Do I Do If Date Type Is Automatically Converted to the Timestamp Type During Table Creation?
          4. Do I Need to Run VACUUM FULL and ANALYZE on Common Tables Periodically?
          5. ¿Necesito ajustar una clave de distribución después de establecer una clave principal?
          6. ¿Es GaussDB(DWS) compatible con los procedimientos almacenados de PostgreSQL?
          7. ¿Qué son las tablas particionadas, las particiones y las claves de partición?
          8. ¿Cómo puedo exportar la estructura de la tabla?
          9. How Can I Delete Table Data Efficiently?
          10. How Do I View Foreign Table Information?
          11. If No Distribution Column Is Specified, How Will Data Be Stored?
          12. How Do I Replace the Null Result with 0?
          13. How Do I Check Whether a Table Is Row-Stored or Column-Stored?
          14. How Do I Query the Information About GaussDB(DWS) Column-Store Tables?
          15. Why Sometimes the GaussDB(DWS) Query Indexes Become Invalid?
          16. ¿Cómo uso una función definida por el usuario para reescribir la función CRC32()?
          17. ¿Cuáles son los esquemas que comienzan con pg_toast_temp* o pg_temp*?
          18. Solutions to Inconsistent GaussDB(DWS) Query Results
          19. Which System Catalogs That the VACUUM FULL Operation Cannot Be Performed on?
          20. In Which Scenarios Would a Statement Be "idle in transaction"?
          21. How Does GaussDB(DWS) Implement Row-to-Column and Column-to-Row Conversion?
          22. What Are the Differences Between Unique Constraints and Unique Indexes?
          23. What Are the Differences Between Functions and Stored Procedures?
        • Gestión de clúster
          1. ¿Qué hago si la creación de un clúster de GaussDB(DWS) ha fallado?
          2. ¿Cómo puedo borrar y recuperar el espacio de almacenamiento?
          3. ¿Puedo cambiar mis nodos de clúster a otra región después de la compra?
          4. ¿Por qué se redujo el almacenamiento usado después de la expansión horizontal?
          5. ¿Cómo puedo ver las métricas de nodo (CPU, memoria y uso de disco)?
          6. ¿GaussDB(DWS) soporta el nodo único para un entorno de aprendizaje?
          7. ¿GaussDB(DWS) es compatible con BMS?
          8. How Is the Disk Space or Capacity of GaussDB(DWS) Calculated?
          9. ¿Cuáles son las bases de datos gaussdb y postgres de GaussDB(DWS)?
          10. ¿Cómo configuro el número máximo de sesiones al agregar una regla de alarma en Cloud Eye?
          11. ¿Cómo puedo determinar si un clúster utiliza la arquitectura x86 o Arm?
          12. ¿Qué debo hacer si falla la comprobación de expansión horizontal?
          13. ¿Cuándo debo agregar CN o ampliar un clúster?
          14. ¿Cuáles son los escenarios de cambiar el tamaño de un clúster, cambiar la variante del nodo, ampliar y reducir?
          15. ¿Cómo debo seleccionar entre un clúster de muchos nodos con variante pequeña y un clúster de tres nodos de variante grande con los mismos núcleos de CPU y memoria?
          16. ¿Cuáles son las diferencias entre las SSD en la nube y las SSD locales?
          17. ¿Cuáles son las diferencias entre el almacenamiento de datos en caliente y el almacenamiento de datos en frío?
          18. What Do I do if the Scale-in Button Is Dimmed?
        • Conexión de bases de datos
          1. ¿Cómo se comunican las aplicaciones con GaussDB(DWS)?
          2. ¿GaussDB(DWS) es compatible con clientes de terceros y controladores JDBC y ODBC?
          3. ¿Puedo conectarme a nodos de clúster de GaussDB(DWS) usando SSH?
          4. ¿Qué debo hacer si no puedo conectarme a un clúster de almacenamiento de datos?
          5. ¿Por qué no se me notificó un fallo al desvincular la EIP cuando GaussDB(DWS) está conectado por Internet?
          6. ¿Cómo configuro una lista blanca para proteger los clústeres disponibles por una dirección IP pública?
        • Importación y exportación de datos
          1. What Are the Differences Between Data Formats Supported by OBS and GDS Foreign Tables?
          2. ¿Cómo puedo importar datos incrementales usando una tabla externa de OBS?
          3. How Can I Import Data to GaussDB(DWS)?
          4. ¿Cuántos datos de servicio puede almacenar un almacén de datos?
          5. ¿Cómo uso \Copy para importar y exportar datos?
          6. ¿Cómo puedo implementar la importación de tolerancia a fallos entre diferentes bibliotecas de codificación
          7. Can I Import and Export Data to and from OBS Across Regions?
          8. ¿Cómo importo datos de GaussDB(DWS)/Oracle/MySQL/SQL Server a GaussDB(DWS) (Migración de toda la base de datos)?
          9. ¿Puedo importar datos por la red pública/externa con GDS?
          10. ¿Cuáles son los factores que afectan al rendimiento de importación de GaussDB(DWS)?
        • Cuenta, Contraseña y Permiso
          1. ¿Cómo implementa GaussDB(DWS) el aislamiento de la carga de trabajo?
          2. How Do I Change the Password of a Database Account When the Password Expires?
          3. ¿Cómo puedo conceder permisos de tabla a un usuario?
          4. How Do I Grant Schema Permissions to a User?
          5. How Do I Create a Database Read-only User?
          6. How Do I Create Private Database Users and Tables?
          7. ¿Cómo revoco el permiso de CONNECT ON DATABASE de un usuario?
          8. ¿Cómo puedo ver los permisos de tabla de un usuario?
          9. Who Is User Ruby?
        • Rendimiento de bases de datos
          1. Why Is SQL Execution Slow After Long GaussDB(DWS) Usage?
          2. ¿Por qué GaussDB(DWS) funciona peor que una base de datos de un solo servidor en los escenarios extremos?
          3. ¿Cómo puedo ver registros de ejecución de SQL en un cierto período cuando las solicitudes de lectura y escritura están bloqueadas?
          4. What Do I Do If My Cluster Is Unavailable Because of Insufficient Space?
          5. What is Operator Spilling in GaussDB(DWS)?
          6. GaussDB(DWS) CPU Resource Management
          7. Why the Tasks Executed by an Ordinary User Are Slower Than That Executed by the dbadmin User?
          8. What Are the Factors Related to the Single-Table Query Performance in GaussDB(DWS)?
        • Copia de respaldo y restauración de instantáneas
          1. ¿Por qué la creación de una instantánea automatizada es tan lenta?
          2. Does a DWS Snapshot Have the Same Function as an EVS Snapshot?
        • Facturación
          1. How Do I Renew the Service?
          2. Is Refund Supported?
          3. How Am I Billed for Scheduled Synchronization of GaussDB(DWS) Data to a PostgreSQL Database?
          4. How Can I Try Out GaussDB(DWS) for Free?
          5. ¿Por qué se me dedujeron las tarifas después de que venciera mi prueba gratuita de GaussDB(DWS)?
          6. ¿Por qué no puedo ver un clúster después de suscribirme a una prueba gratuita de GaussDB(DWS)?
          7. How Can I Stop GaussDB(DWS) Billing?
          8. Does Pay-per-Use Billing Stop When My Cluster Stops?
          9. ¿Por qué el botón de compra no está disponible cuando creo un clúster?
          10. How Do I Unfreeze a Cluster?
          11. ¿Puedo congelar o cerrar un clúster de GaussDB(DWS) para detener la facturación?
      • What's New
      • Function Overview
      • Product Bulletin
        • Product Notice
          • Checking the GaussDB(DWS) Version
          • New Features in 9.1.0.x
          • Version 9.0.x (cloud native 3.0)
          • Version 8.3.0
            • New Features in 8.3.0.100
            • New Features and Resolved Issues in 8.3.0.x
          • Version 8.2.1
            • New Features in 8.2.1
            • New Features and Resolved Issues in 8.2.1.x
          • Version 8.2.0
          • Version 8.1.3
            • New Features in 8.1.3
            • New Features and Resolved Issues in 8.1.3.x
          • Version 8.1.1
          • Version 8.1.0
          • Version 8.0.1
          • Deleted Database Interfaces
        • Version Support Notes
      • Billing
        • GaussDB(DWS) Billing Overview
        • Billing Modes
          • GaussDB(DWS) Billing Modes
          • Pay-per-use
          • Yearly/Monthly
          • Discount package
        • Item
        • Billing Examples
        • Billing Mode Change
          • Introduction
          • Pay-per-Use to Yearly/Monthly
          • Yearly/Monthly to Pay-per-Use
        • Renewal
          • Overview
          • Manual Renewal
        • Bills
        • Arrears
        • Stopping Billing
        • Cost Management
        • Billing FAQs
          • Does Pay-per-Use Billing Stop When My Cluster Stops?
          • Why Is the Purchase Button Unavailable When I Create a Cluster?
          • How Do I Unfreeze a Cluster?
      • Best Practices
        • Overview
        • Import and Export
          • Importing Data to GaussDB(DWS)
          • Transferring Data Between OBS Buckets and GaussDB(DWS) Clusters
          • Using GDS to Import Table Data from a Remote Server to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
          • Importing Table Data from MRS Hive to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
          • Enabling Cross-Cluster Access of Hive Metastore Through an External Schema
          • Importing Table Data from DLI to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
          • Exporting ORC Data from a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster to an MRS Cluster
        • Data Migration
          • Using CDM to Migrate Oracle Data to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
            • Migration Process
            • Required Tools
            • Migrating Table Definition
              • Installing the PL/SQL Developer on the Local Host
              • Migrating Table Definitions and Syntax
            • Migrating Full Table Data
              • Configuring a GaussDB(DWS) Data Source Connection
              • Configuring an Oracle Data Source Connection
              • Migrating Tables
              • Verification
            • Migrating Service SQL Statements
              • Migrating Syntax
              • Verification
          • Using CDM to Migrate MySQL Data to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
          • Using a Flink Job of DLI to Synchronize MySQL Data to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster in Real Time
          • Using CDM to Migrate Data from Hologres to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
          • Using Kettle to Migrate Small Tables from AWS Redshift to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
          • Using CDM to Migrate Data from AnalyticDB for MySQL to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
          • Using a Flink Job of DLI to Synchronize Kafka Data to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster in Real Time
          • Migrating Data Between DWS Clusters Using GDS
        • Data Analytics
          • Using GaussDB(DWS) to Query Vehicle Routes at Traffic Checkpoints in Seconds
          • Using GaussDB(DWS) to Analyze the Supply Chain Requirements of a Company
          • Using DWS to Analyze the Operational Status of a Retail Department Store
          • Interconnecting GaussDB(DWS) with Power BI
        • Decoupled Storage and Compute
          • DWS 3.0 Decoupled Storage and Compute Usage Suggestions and Performance Optimization
        • Data Development
          • Using the GaussDB(DWS) Turbo Engine to Improve Data Query Performance
          • Cutting Costs by Switching Between Cold and Hot Data Storage in GaussDB(DWS)
          • Cutting Partition Maintenance Costs for the E-commerce and IoT Industries by Leveraging GaussDB(DWS)'s Automatic Partition Management Feature
          • Improving Development Efficiency by Leveraging GaussDB(DWS)'s View Decoupling and Rebuilding Function
          • Best Practices for Using HStore Tables
          • Best Practice of Converting a Time Series Table to an HStore Table
          • Best Practices of GIN Index
          • Encrypting and Decrypting Data Columns
          • Managing Data Permissions Through Views
        • Database Management
          • Role-based Access Control (RBAC)
          • Configuring Read-Only Permissions
          • Best Practices for User Management
          • Viewing Table and Database Information
          • Best Practices of Database SEQUENCE
        • Performance Tuning
          • Optimizing Table Structure Design to Enhance GaussDB(DWS) Query Performance
            • Before Optimization: Learning Table Structure Design
            • Step 1: Creating an Initial Table and Loading Sample Data
            • Step 2: Testing System Performance of the Initial Table and Establishing a Baseline
            • Step 3: Optimizing a Table
            • Step 4: Creating Another Table and Loading Data
            • Step 5: Testing System Performance in the New Table
            • Step 6: Evaluating the Performance of the Optimized Table
            • Appendix: Table Creation Syntax
          • Excellent Practices for SQL Queries
          • Data Skew Queries
            • Real-Time Detection of Storage Skew During Data Import
            • Quickly Locating the Tables That Cause Data Skew
          • Analyzing SQL Statements That Are Being Executed to Handle GaussDB(DWS) Performance Issues
        • Cluster Management
          • Binding Different Resource Pools to Two Types of Jobs to Balance Load for GaussDB(DWS)
          • Scaling Options for GaussDB(DWS) with a Coupled Storage-Compute Architecture
        • Security Management
          • Security Best Practices
      • Data Migration and Synchronization
        • Data Migration to GaussDB(DWS)
        • Importing Data
          • Importing Data from OBS in Parallel
            • About Parallel Data Import from OBS
            • Importing CSV/TXT Data from OBS
              • Creating Access Keys (AK and SK)
              • Uploading Data to OBS
              • Creating an OBS Foreign Table
              • Importing Data
              • Handling Import Errors
            • Importing ORC or CarbonData Data from OBS
              • Preparing Data on OBS
              • Creating a Foreign Server
              • Creating a Foreign Table
              • Querying Data on OBS Through Foreign Tables
              • Deleting Resources
              • Supported Data Types
          • Using GDS to Import Data from a Remote Server
            • Importing Data In Parallel Using GDS
            • Preparing Source Data
            • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
            • Creating a GDS Foreign Table
            • Importing Data
            • Handling Import Errors
            • Stopping GDS
            • Example of Importing Data Using GDS
          • Importing Data from MRS to a Cluster
            • Overview
            • Preparing Data in an MRS Cluster
            • Manually Creating a Foreign Server
            • Creating a Foreign Table
            • Importing Data
            • Deleting Resources
            • Error Handling
          • Importing Data from One GaussDB(DWS) Cluster to Another
          • GDS-based Cross-Cluster Interconnection
          • Using Kettle to Import Data
          • Using a gsql Meta-Command to Import Data
          • Running the COPY FROM STDIN Statement to Import Data
            • Data Import Using COPY FROM STDIN
            • Introduction to the CopyManager Class
            • Example: Importing and Exporting Data Through Local Files
            • Example: Migrating Data from MySQL to GaussDB(DWS)
        • Full Database Migration
          • Using CDM to Migrate Data to GaussDB(DWS)
          • Using DSC to Migrate SQL Scripts
        • Real-time Import
          • Real-time Data Import From Kafka GaussDB(DWS)
        • Metadata Migration
          • Using gs_dump and gs_dumpall to Export Metadata
            • Overview
            • Exporting a Single Database
              • Exporting a Database
              • Exporting a Schema
              • Exporting a Table
            • Exporting All Databases
              • Exporting All Databases
              • Exporting Global Objects
            • Data Export By a User Without Required Permissions
          • Using gs_restore to Import Data
        • Exporting Data
          • Exporting Data to OBS
            • Parallel OBS Data Export
            • Exporting CSV/TXT Data to OBS
              • Planning Data Export
              • Creating an OBS Foreign Table
              • Exporting Data
              • Examples
            • Exporting ORC Data to OBS
              • Planning Data Export
              • Creating a Foreign Server
              • Creating a Foreign Table
              • Exporting Data
          • Exporting ORC Data to MRS
            • Overview
            • Planning Data Export
            • Creating a Foreign Server
            • Creating a Foreign Table
            • Exporting Data
          • Using GDS to Export Data to a Remote Server
            • Exporting Data In Parallel Using GDS
            • Planning Data Export
            • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
            • Creating a GDS Foreign Table
            • Exporting Data
            • Stopping GDS
            • Examples of Exporting Data Using GDS
        • Other Operations
          • GDS Pipe FAQs
          • Checking for Data Skew
          • Analyzing a Table
      • Developer Guide
        • Developer Guide (9.1.0.x)
          • Before You Start
          • GaussDB(DWS) Development Design Proposal
            • Overview
            • GaussDB(DWS) Connection Management Specifications
            • GaussDB(DWS) Object Design Specifications
              • DATABASE Object Design
              • USER Object Design
              • Schema Object Design
              • TABLESPACE Object Design
              • TABLE Object Design (Prioritized)
              • INDEX Object Design (Prioritized)
              • VIEW Object Design
            • GaussDB(DWS) SQL Statement Development Specifications
              • DDL Operations
              • INSERT Operation
              • UPDATE and DELETE Operations
              • SELECT Operation
            • GaussDB(DWS) Foreign Table Function Development Specifications
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Development Specifications
            • Detailed Design Rules for GaussDB(DWS) Objects
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database Object Naming Rules
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database Object Design Rules
                • GaussDB(DWS) Database and Schema Design Rules
                • GaussDB(DWS) Table Design Rules
                • GaussDB(DWS) Column Design Rules
                • GaussDB(DWS) Constraint Design Rules
                • Design Rules for GaussDB(DWS) Views and Associated Tables
              • GaussDB(DWS) JDBC Configuration Rules
              • GaussDB(DWS) SQL Writing Rules
              • Rules for Using Custom GaussDB(DWS) External Functions (pgSQL/Java)
              • Rules for Using GaussDB(DWS) PL/pgSQL
          • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Database Objects
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Databases
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Schemas
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Tables
            • Selecting a GaussDB(DWS) Table Storage Model
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Partitioned Tables
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Indexes
            • Creating and Using GaussDB(DWS) Sequences
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Views
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Scheduled Tasks
            • Viewing GaussDB(DWS) System Catalogs
          • Syntax Compatibility Differences Among Oracle, Teradata, and MySQL
          • GaussDB(DWS) Database Security Management
            • GaussDB(DWS) User and Permissions Management
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database User Types
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database User Management
              • Creating a Custom Password Policy for GaussDB(DWS)
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database Permissions Management
              • Separation of Duties in GaussDB(DWS)
            • GaussDB(DWS) Sensitive Data Management
              • GaussDB(DWS) Row-Level Access Control
              • GaussDB(DWS) Data Masking
              • Encrypting and Decrypting GaussDB(DWS) Strings
              • Using pgcrypto to Encrypt GaussDB(DWS) Data
          • GaussDB(DWS) Data Query
            • GaussDB(DWS) Single-Table Query
            • GaussDB(DWS) Multi-Table Join Query
            • GaussDB(DWS) Subquery Expressions
            • GaussDB(DWS) WITH Expressions
            • Usage of GaussDB(DWS) UNION
            • Data Reading/Writing Across Logical Clusters
            • SQL on Hudi
              • Introduction to Hudi
              • Preparations Before Using Hudi
              • Hudi User Interfaces
              • Creating a Hudi Data Description (Foreign Table)
              • Synchronizing Hudi Tasks
              • Querying a Hudi Foreign Table
              • Accessing Hudi Tables on MRS
          • GaussDB(DWS) Sorting Rules
          • GaussDB(DWS) User-Defined Functions
            • GaussDB(DWS) PL/Java Functions
            • GaussDB(DWS) PL/pgSQL Functions
          • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure
            • Overview
            • Converting Data Types in GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedures
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Array and Record
              • Arrays
              • record
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Declaration Syntax
            • Basic Statements of GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedures
            • Dynamic Statements of GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedures
              • Executing Dynamic Query Statements
              • Executing Dynamic Non-query Statements
              • Dynamically Calling Stored Procedures
              • Dynamically Calling Anonymous Blocks
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Control Statements
              • RETURN Statements
              • Conditional Statements
              • Loop Statements
              • Branch Statements
              • NULL Statements
              • Error Trapping Statements
              • GOTO Statements
            • Other Statements in a GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Cursor
              • Overview
              • Explicit Cursor
              • Implicit Cursor
              • Cursor Loop
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Advanced Package
              • DBMS_LOB
              • DBMS_RANDOM
              • DBMS_OUTPUT
              • UTL_RAW
              • DBMS_JOB
              • DBMS_SQL
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Debugging
          • Using PostGIS Extension
            • PostGIS
            • Using PostGIS
            • PostGIS Support and Constraints
            • OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE NOTICE (For PostGIS)
          • Using JDBC or ODBC for GaussDB(DWS) Secondary Development
            • Prerequisites
            • JDBC-Based Development
              • JDBC Development Process
              • JDBC Package and Driver Class
              • Loading a Driver
              • Connecting to a Database
              • Executing SQL Statements
              • Processing Data in a Result Set
              • Common JDBC Development Examples
              • Processing RoaringBitmap Result Sets and Importing It to GaussDB (DWS)
              • JDBC Interfaces
            • ODBC-Based Development
              • ODBC Package and Its Dependent Libraries and Header Files
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Linux OS
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Windows OS
              • ODBC Development Example
              • ODBC APIs
          • GaussDB(DWS) Resource Monitoring
            • User Resource Monitoring
            • Resource Pool Monitoring
            • Monitoring Memory Resources
            • Instance Resource Monitoring
            • Real-time Top SQL
            • Historical Top SQL
            • Example for Querying for Top SQLs
          • GaussDB(DWS) Performance Tuning
            • Overview
            • Performance Diagnosis
              • Cluster Performance Analysis
              • Slow SQL Analysis
                • Querying SQL Statements That Affect Performance Most
                • Checking Blocked Statements
              • SQL Diagnosis
              • Table Diagnosis
            • System Optimization
              • Tuning Database Parameters
              • SMP Parallel Execution
              • Configuring LLVM
            • SQL Tuning
              • SQL Query Execution Process
              • SQL Execution Plan
              • Execution Plan Operator
              • SQL Tuning Process
              • Updating Statistics
              • Reviewing and Modifying a Table Definition
              • Advanced SQL Tuning
                • SQL Self-Diagnosis
                • Optimizing Statement Pushdown
                • Optimizing Subqueries
                • Optimizing Statistics
                • Tuning Operators
                • Optimizing Data Skew
                • Proactive Preheating and Tuning of Disk Cache
                • SQL Statement Rewriting Rules
              • Configuring Optimizer Parameters
              • Hint-based Tuning
                • Plan Hint Optimization
                • Join Order Hints
                • Join Operation Hints
                • Rows Hints
                • Stream Operation Hints
                • Scan Operation Hints
                • Sublink Name Hints
                • Skew Hints
                • Hint That Disables Subquery Pull-up
                • Drive Hints
                • Dictionary Code Hint
                • Configuration Parameter Hints
                • Hint Errors, Conflicts, and Other Warnings
                • Plan Hint Cases
              • Routinely Maintaining Tables
              • Routinely Recreating an Index
              • Automatic Retry upon SQL Statement Execution Errors
              • Query Band Load Identification
            • SQL Tuning Examples
              • Case: Selecting an Appropriate Distribution Column
              • Case: Creating an Appropriate Index
              • Case: Adding NOT NULL for JOIN Columns
              • Case: Pushing Down Sort Operations to DNs
              • Case: Configuring cost_param for Better Query Performance
              • Case: Adjusting the Partial Clustering Key
              • Case: Adjusting the Table Storage Mode in a Medium Table
              • Case: Reconstructing Partition Tables
              • Case: Adjusting the GUC Parameter best_agg_plan
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Eliminating Prune Interference
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Deleting in-clause
              • Case: Setting Partial Cluster Keys
              • Case: Converting from NOT IN to NOT EXISTS
          • GaussDB(DWS) System Catalogs and Views
            • Overview of System Catalogs and System Views
            • System Catalogs
              • GS_BLOCKLIST_QUERY
              • GS_BLOCKLIST_SQL
              • GS_OBSSCANINFO
              • GS_RESPOOL_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_INSTANCE_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • GS_WLM_USER_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • PG_AGGREGATE
              • PG_AM
              • PG_AMOP
              • PG_AMPROC
              • PG_ATTRDEF
              • PG_ATTRIBUTE
              • PG_AUTHID
              • PG_AUTH_HISTORY
              • PG_AUTH_MEMBERS
              • PG_BLOCKLISTS
              • PG_CAST
              • PG_CLASS
              • PG_COLLATION
              • PG_CONSTRAINT
              • PG_CONVERSION
              • PG_DATABASE
              • PG_DB_ROLE_SETTING
              • PG_DEFAULT_ACL
              • PG_DEPEND
              • PG_DESCRIPTION
              • PG_ENUM
              • PG_EXCEPT_RULE
              • PG_EXTERNAL_NAMESPACE
              • PG_EXTENSION
              • PG_EXTENSION_DATA_SOURCE
              • PG_FINE_DR_INFO
              • PG_FOREIGN_DATA_WRAPPER
              • PG_FOREIGN_SERVER
              • PG_FOREIGN_TABLE
              • PG_INDEX
              • PG_INHERITS
              • PG_JOB_INFO
              • PG_JOBS
              • PG_LANGUAGE
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT_METADATA
              • PG_MATVIEW
              • PG_MATVIEW_DEPEND
              • PG_MATVIEW_PARTITION
              • PG_NAMESPACE
              • PG_OBJECT
              • PG_OBSSCANINFO
              • PG_OPCLASS
              • PG_OPERATOR
              • PG_OPFAMILY
              • PG_PARTITION
              • PG_PLTEMPLATE
              • PG_PROC
              • PG_PUBLICATION
              • PG_PUBLICATION_NAMESPACE
              • PG_PUBLICATION_REL
              • PG_RANGE
              • PG_REDACTION_COLUMN
              • PG_REDACTION_POLICY
              • PG_RELFILENODE_SIZE
              • PG_RLSPOLICY
              • PG_RESOURCE_POOL
              • PG_REWRITE
              • PG_SECLABEL
              • PG_SHDEPEND
              • PG_SHDESCRIPTION
              • PG_SHSECLABEL
              • PG_STATISTIC
              • PG_STATISTIC_EXT
              • PG_STAT_OBJECT
              • PG_SUBSCRIPTION
              • PG_SYNONYM
              • PG_TABLESPACE
              • PG_TRIGGER
              • PG_TS_CONFIG
              • PG_TS_CONFIG_MAP
              • PG_TS_DICT
              • PG_TS_PARSER
              • PG_TS_TEMPLATE
              • PG_TYPE
              • PG_USER_MAPPING
              • PG_USER_STATUS
              • PG_WORKLOAD_ACTION
              • PGXC_CLASS
              • PGXC_GROUP
              • PGXC_NODE
              • PLAN_TABLE_DATA
              • SNAPSHOT
              • TABLES_SNAP_TIMESTAMP
              • System Catalogs for Performance View Snapshot
            • System Views
              • ALL_ALL_TABLES
              • ALL_CONSTRAINTS
              • ALL_CONS_COLUMNS
              • ALL_COL_COMMENTS
              • ALL_DEPENDENCIES
              • ALL_IND_COLUMNS
              • ALL_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • ALL_INDEXES
              • ALL_OBJECTS
              • ALL_PROCEDURES
              • ALL_SEQUENCES
              • ALL_SOURCE
              • ALL_SYNONYMS
              • ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
              • ALL_TAB_COMMENTS
              • ALL_TABLES
              • ALL_USERS
              • ALL_VIEWS
              • DBA_DATA_FILES
              • DBA_USERS
              • DBA_COL_COMMENTS
              • DBA_CONSTRAINTS
              • DBA_CONS_COLUMNS
              • DBA_IND_COLUMNS
              • DBA_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • DBA_IND_PARTITIONS
              • DBA_INDEXES
              • DBA_OBJECTS
              • DBA_PART_INDEXES
              • DBA_PART_TABLES
              • DBA_PROCEDURES
              • DBA_SEQUENCES
              • DBA_SOURCE
              • DBA_SYNONYMS
              • DBA_TAB_COLUMNS
              • DBA_TAB_COMMENTS
              • DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
              • DBA_TABLES
              • DBA_TABLESPACES
              • DBA_TRIGGERS
              • DBA_VIEWS
              • DUAL
              • GET_ALL_TSC_INFO
              • GET_TSC_INFO
              • GLOBAL_COLUMN_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • GLOBAL_REDO_STAT
              • GLOBAL_REL_IOSTAT
              • GLOBAL_ROW_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • GLOBAL_STAT_DATABASE
              • GLOBAL_TABLE_CHANGE_STAT
              • GLOBAL_TABLE_STAT
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • GS_ALL_CONTROL_GROUP_INFO
              • GS_BLOCKLIST_QUERY
              • GS_BLOCKLIST_SQL
              • GS_CLUSTER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • GS_COLUMN_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • GS_OBS_READ_TRAFFIC
              • GS_OBS_WRITE_TRAFFIC
              • GS_INSTR_UNIQUE_SQL
              • GS_NODE_STAT_RESET_TIME
              • GS_OBS_LATENCY
              • GS_QUERY_MONITOR
              • GS_QUERY_RESOURCE_INFO
              • GS_REL_IOSTAT
              • GS_RESPOOL_RUNTIME_INFO
              • GS_RESPOOL_RESOURCE_INFO
              • GS_RESPOOL_MONITOR
              • GS_ROW_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • GS_SESSION_CPU_STATISTICS
              • GS_SESSION_MEMORY_STATISTICS
              • GS_SQL_COUNT
              • GS_STAT_DB_CU
              • GS_STAT_SESSION_CU
              • GS_TABLE_CHANGE_STAT
              • GS_TABLE_STAT
              • GS_TOTAL_NODEGROUP_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • GS_USER_MONITOR
              • GS_USER_TRANSACTION
              • GS_VIEW_DEPENDENCY
              • GS_VIEW_DEPENDENCY_PATH
              • GS_VIEW_INVALID
              • GS_WAIT_EVENTS
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
              • GS_WLM_SQL_ALLOW
              • GS_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • GS_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • GS_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • MPP_TABLES
              • PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSION_VERSIONS
              • PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSIONS
              • PG_BULKLOAD_STATISTICS
              • PG_COMM_CLIENT_INFO
              • PG_COMM_DELAY
              • PG_COMM_STATUS
              • PG_COMM_RECV_STREAM
              • PG_COMM_SEND_STREAM
              • PG_COMM_QUERY_SPEED
              • PG_CONTROL_GROUP_CONFIG
              • PG_CURSORS
              • PG_EXT_STATS
              • PG_GET_INVALID_BACKENDS
              • PG_GET_SENDERS_CATCHUP_TIME
              • PG_GLOBAL_TEMP_ATTACHED_PIDS
              • PG_GROUP
              • PG_INDEXES
              • PG_JOB
              • PG_JOB_PROC
              • PG_JOB_SINGLE
              • PG_LIFECYCLE_DATA_DISTRIBUTE
              • PG_LOCKS
              • PG_LWLOCKS
              • PG_NODE_ENV
              • PG_OS_THREADS
              • PG_POOLER_STATUS
              • PG_PREPARED_STATEMENTS
              • PG_PREPARED_XACTS
              • PG_PUBLICATION_TABLES
              • PG_QUERYBAND_ACTION
              • PG_REPLICATION_SLOTS
              • PG_ROLES
              • PG_RULES
              • PG_RUNNING_XACTS
              • PG_SECLABELS
              • PG_SEQUENCES
              • PG_SESSION_WLMSTAT
              • PG_SESSION_IOSTAT
              • PG_SETTINGS
              • PG_SHADOW
              • PG_SHARED_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PG_STATS
              • PG_STAT_ACTIVITY
              • PG_STAT_ALL_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
              • PG_STAT_BGWRITER
              • PG_STAT_DATABASE
              • PG_STAT_DATABASE_CONFLICTS
              • PG_STAT_GET_MEM_MBYTES_RESERVED
              • PG_STAT_USER_FUNCTIONS
              • PG_STAT_USER_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_USER_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_REPLICATION
              • PG_STAT_SYS_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_USER_FUNCTIONS
              • PG_STAT_XACT_USER_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_TABLES
              • PG_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
              • PG_TABLES
              • PG_TDE_INFO
              • PG_TIMEZONE_ABBREVS
              • PG_TIMEZONE_NAMES
              • PG_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PG_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO
              • PG_TOTAL_USER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • PG_USER
              • PG_USER_MAPPINGS
              • PG_VIEWS
              • PG_WLM_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_AIO_RESOURCE_POOL_STATS
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_PROGRESS
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_INFO
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_COLUMN_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • PGXC_COMM_CLIENT_INFO
              • PGXC_COMM_DELAY
              • PGXC_COMM_RECV_STREAM
              • PGXC_COMM_SEND_STREAM
              • PGXC_COMM_STATUS
              • PGXC_COMM_QUERY_SPEED
              • PGXC_DEADLOCK
              • PGXC_DISK_CACHE_STATS
              • PGXC_DISK_CACHE_ALL_STATS
              • PGXC_DISK_CACHE_PATH_INFO
              • PGXC_GET_STAT_ALL_TABLES
              • PGXC_GET_STAT_ALL_PARTITIONS
              • PGXC_GET_TABLE_SKEWNESS
              • PGXC_GLOBAL_TEMP_ATTACHED_PIDS
              • PGXC_GTM_SNAPSHOT_STATUS
              • PGXC_INSTANCE_TIME
              • PGXC_LOCKWAIT_DETAIL
              • PGXC_INSTR_UNIQUE_SQL
              • PGXC_LOCK_CONFLICTS
              • PGXC_LWLOCKS
              • PGXC_MEMORY_DEBUG_INFO
              • PGXC_NODE_ENV
              • PGXC_NODE_STAT_RESET_TIME
              • PGXC_OBS_IO_SCHEDULER_STATS
              • PGXC_OBS_IO_SCHEDULER_PERIODIC_STATS
              • PGXC_OS_RUN_INFO
              • PGXC_OS_THREADS
              • PGXC_POOLER_STATUS
              • PGXC_PREPARED_XACTS
              • PGXC_REDO_STAT
              • PGXC_REL_IOSTAT
              • PGXC_REPLICATION_SLOTS
              • PGXC_RESPOOL_RUNTIME_INFO
              • PGXC_RESPOOL_RESOURCE_INFO
              • PGXC_RESPOOL_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • PGXC_ROW_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • PGXC_RUNNING_XACTS
              • PGXC_SETTINGS
              • PGXC_SESSION_WLMSTAT
              • PGXC_STAT_ACTIVITY
              • PGXC_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
              • PGXC_STAT_BGWRITER
              • PGXC_STAT_DATABASE
              • PGXC_STAT_OBJECT
              • PGXC_STAT_REPLICATION
              • PGXC_STAT_TABLE_DIRTY
              • PGXC_STAT_WAL
              • PGXC_SQL_COUNT
              • PGXC_TABLE_CHANGE_STAT
              • PGXC_TABLE_STAT
              • PGXC_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
              • PGXC_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PGXC_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO
              • PGXC_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO_ANALYZE
              • PGXC_TOTAL_USER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • PGXC_USER_TRANSACTION
              • PGXC_VARIABLE_INFO
              • PGXC_WAIT_DETAIL
              • PGXC_WAIT_EVENTS
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_WLM_TABLE_DISTRIBUTION_SKEWNESS
              • PGXC_WLM_USER_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_WORKLOAD_RECORDS
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • PLAN_TABLE
              • PV_FILE_STAT
              • PV_INSTANCE_TIME
              • PV_MATVIEW_DETAIL
              • PV_OS_RUN_INFO
              • PV_SESSION_MEMORY
              • PV_SESSION_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PV_SESSION_STAT
              • PV_SESSION_TIME
              • PV_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PV_REDO_STAT
              • PV_RUNTIME_ATTSTATS
              • PV_RUNTIME_RELSTATS
              • REDACTION_COLUMNS
              • REDACTION_POLICIES
              • REMOTE_TABLE_STAT
              • SHOW_TSC_INFO
              • SHOW_ALL_TSC_INFO
              • USER_COL_COMMENTS
              • USER_CONSTRAINTS
              • USER_CONS_COLUMNS
              • USER_INDEXES
              • USER_IND_COLUMNS
              • USER_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • USER_IND_PARTITIONS
              • USER_JOBS
              • USER_OBJECTS
              • USER_PART_INDEXES
              • USER_PART_TABLES
              • USER_PROCEDURES
              • USER_SEQUENCES
              • USER_SOURCE
              • USER_SYNONYMS
              • USER_TAB_COLUMNS
              • USER_TAB_COMMENTS
              • USER_TAB_PARTITIONS
              • USER_TABLES
              • USER_TRIGGERS
              • USER_VIEWS
              • V$SESSION
              • V$SESSION_LONGOPS
          • GUC Parameters of the GaussDB(DWS) Database
            • Viewing GUC Parameters
            • Configuring GUC Parameters
            • GUC Parameter Usage
            • Connection and Authentication
              • Connection Settings
              • Security and Authentication (postgresql.conf)
              • Communication Library Parameters
            • Resource Consumption
              • Memory
              • Statement Disk Space Control
              • Kernel Resources
              • Cost-based Vacuum Delay
              • Asynchronous I/O Operations
              • Disk Caching
            • Parallel Data Import
            • Write Ahead Logs
              • Settings
              • Checkpoints
            • HA Replication
              • Primary Server
            • Query Planning
              • Optimizer Method Configuration
              • Optimizer Cost Constants
              • Genetic Query Optimizer
              • Other Optimizer Options
            • Error Reporting and Logging
              • Logging Destination
              • Logging Time
              • Logging Content
            • Runtime Statistics
              • Query and Index Statistics Collector
              • Performance Statistics
            • Resource Management
            • Automatic Cleanup
            • Default Settings of Client Connection
              • Statement Behavior
              • Zone and Formatting
              • Other Default Parameters
            • Lock Management
            • Version and Platform Compatibility
              • Compatibility with Earlier Versions
              • Platform and Client Compatibility
            • Fault Tolerance
            • Connection Pool Parameters
            • Cluster Transaction Parameters
            • Developer Operations
            • Auditing
              • Audit Switch
              • Operation Audit
            • Transaction Monitoring
            • GTM Parameters
            • Miscellaneous Parameters
          • GaussDB(DWS) Developer Terms
          • Hybrid Data Warehouse
            • Introduction to Hybrid Data Warehouse
            • Support and Constraints
            • Hybrid Data Warehouse Syntax
              • CREATE TABLE
              • INSERT
              • DELETE
              • UPDATE
              • UPSERT
              • MERGE INTO
              • SELECT
              • ALTER TABLE
            • Hybrid Data Warehouse Functions
            • Hybrid Data Warehouse Binlog
              • Subscribing to Hybrid Data Warehouse Binlog
              • Real-Time Binlog Consumption by Flink
        • Historical Versions
      • SQL Syntax Reference
        • SQL Syntax Reference (9.1.0.x)
          • GaussDB(DWS) SQL Overview
          • GaussDB(DWS) SQL Syntax
          • Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) and PostgreSQL
          • Keyword
          • Data Types
            • Numeric Types
            • Monetary Types
            • Boolean Type
            • Character Types
            • Binary Data Types
            • Date/Time Types
            • Geometric Types
            • Array
            • Enumeration Type
            • Network Address Types
            • Bit String Types
            • Text Search Types
            • UUID Type
            • JSON Types
            • RoaringBitmap
            • HLL Data Types
            • Object Identifier Types
            • Pseudo-Types
            • Range Types
            • Composite Types
            • Data Types Supported by Column-Store Tables
            • XML
          • Constant and Macro
          • Functions and Operators
            • Character Processing Functions and Operators
            • Binary String Functions and Operators
            • Bit String Functions and Operators
            • Numeric Functions and Operators
              • Numeric Operators
              • Numeric Functions
            • Date and Time Processing Functions and Operators
              • Date and Time Operators
              • Date and Time Functions
              • EXTRACT
              • date_part
              • date_format
              • time_format
            • SEQUENCE Functions
            • Array Functions and Operators
              • Array Operators
              • Array Functions
            • Logical Operators
            • Comparison Operators
            • Pattern Matching Operators
            • Aggregate Functions
            • Window Functions
            • Type Conversion Functions
            • JSON/JSONB Functions and Operators
              • JSON/JSONB Operators
              • JSON/JSONB Functions
            • Security Functions
            • Conditional Expression Functions
            • Range Functions and Operators
              • Range Operators
              • Range Functions
            • Data Redaction Functions
            • Bitmap Functions and Operators
              • Roaring Bitmap Operators
              • Bitmap Functions
              • Roaring Bitmap Aggregation Functions
              • Use Cases
            • UUID Functions
            • Text Search Functions and Operators
              • Text Search Operators
              • Text Search Functions
              • Text Search Debugging Functions
            • HLL Functions and Operators
              • HLL Operators
              • Hash Functions
              • Precision Functions
              • Aggregate Functions
              • Functional Functions
              • Built-in Functions
            • Set Returning Functions
              • Series Generating Functions
              • Subscript Generating Functions
            • Geometric Functions and Operators
              • Geometric Operators
              • Geometric Functions
              • Geometric Type Conversion Functions
            • Network Address Functions and Operators
              • cidr and inet Operators
              • Network Address Functions
            • System Information Functions
              • Session Information Functions
              • Access Privilege Inquiry Functions
              • Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions
              • System Catalog Information Functions
              • System Function Checking Function
              • Comment Checking Functions
              • Transaction IDs and Snapshots
              • Computing Node Group Function
              • Lock Information Function
            • System Management Functions
              • Configuration Settings Functions
              • Universal File Access Functions
              • Server Signaling Functions
              • Snapshot Synchronization Functions
              • Advisory Lock Functions
              • Replication Functions
              • Resource Management Functions
              • Memory Management Functions
              • Other Functions
            • Backup and Restoration Control Functions
              • Backup Control Functions
              • Restoration Control Functions
            • Database Object Functions
              • Database Object Size Functions
              • Database Object Position Functions
              • Partition Management Function
              • Collation Version Function
              • Hot and Cold Table Functions
            • Residual File Management Functions
              • Functions for Obtaining the Residual File List
              • Functions for Scanning Residual Files
              • Functions for Verifying Residual Files
              • Functions for Deleting Residual Files
              • Using Residual File Management Functions
            • Statistics Information Functions
            • Trigger Functions
            • XML Functions
              • Generating XML Content
              • XML Predicates
              • Processing XML
              • Mapping a Table to XML
            • Call Stack Recording Functions
            • Hudi System Functions
            • Funnel and Retention Functions
            • EXTERNAL SCHEMA System Functions
            • Storage-Compute Decoupling Functions
              • Data Sharing Functions
          • Expressions
            • Simple Expressions
            • Conditional Expressions
            • Subquery Expressions
            • Array Expressions
            • Row Expressions
          • Type Conversion
            • Overview
            • Operators
            • Functions
            • Value Storage
            • UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
          • Full Text Search
            • Introduction
              • Full-Text Retrieval
              • What Is a Document?
              • Basic Text Matching
              • Configurations
            • Tables and Indexes
              • Searching a Table
              • Creating an Index
              • Constraints on Index Use
            • Controlling Text Search
              • Parsing Documents
              • Parsing Queries
              • Ranking Search Results
              • Highlighting Results
            • Additional Features
              • Manipulating tsvector
              • Manipulating Queries
              • Rewriting Queries
              • Gathering Document Statistics
            • Parsers
            • Dictionaries
              • Overview
              • Stop Words
              • Simple Dictionary
              • Synonym Dictionary
              • Thesaurus Dictionary
              • Ispell Dictionary
              • Snowball Dictionary
            • Configuration Examples
            • Testing and Debugging Text Search
              • Testing a Configuration
              • Testing a Parser
              • Testing a Dictionary
            • Limitations
          • System Operation
          • Transaction Management
          • DDL Syntax
            • DDL Syntax Overview
            • ALTER BLOCK RULE
            • ALTER DATABASE
            • ALTER EXCEPT RULE
            • ALTER EXTERNAL SCHEMA
            • ALTER FOREIGN TABLE (GDS Import and Export)
            • ALTER FOREIGN TABLE (for HDFS or OBS)
            • ALTER FUNCTION
            • ALTER GROUP
            • ALTER INDEX
            • ALTER LARGE OBJECT
            • ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • ALTER PUBLICATION
            • ALTER REDACTION POLICY
            • ALTER RESOURCE POOL
            • ALTER ROLE
            • ALTER SUBSCRIPTION
            • ALTER ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • ALTER SCHEMA
            • ALTER SEQUENCE
            • ALTER SERVER
            • ALTER SESSION
            • ALTER SYNONYM
            • ALTER SYSTEM KILL SESSION
            • ALTER TABLE
            • ALTER TABLE PARTITION
            • ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • ALTER TRIGGER
            • ALTER TYPE
            • ALTER USER
            • ALTER VIEW
            • CLEAN CONNECTION
            • CLOSE
            • CLUSTER
            • COMMENT
            • CREATE BARRIER
            • CREATE BLOCK RULE
            • CREATE DATABASE
            • CREATE EXCEPT RULE
            • CREATE EXTERNAL SCHEMA
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (for GDS Import and Export)
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (SQL on OBS or Hadoop)
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (for OBS Import and Export)
            • CREATE FUNCTION
            • CREATE GROUP
            • CREATE INDEX
            • CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • CREATE PROCEDURE
            • CREATE PUBLICATION
            • CREATE REDACTION POLICY
            • CREATE ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • CREATE RESOURCE POOL
            • CREATE ROLE
            • CREATE SCHEMA
            • CREATE SEQUENCE
            • CREATE SERVER
            • CREATE SUBSCRIPTION
            • CREATE SYNONYM
            • CREATE TABLE
            • CREATE TABLE AS
            • CREATE TABLE PARTITION
            • CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • CREATE TRIGGER
            • CREATE TYPE
            • CREATE USER
            • CREATE VIEW
            • CURSOR
            • DISCARD
            • DROP BLOCK RULE
            • DROP DATABASE
            • DROP EXCEPT RULE
            • DROP FOREIGN TABLE
            • DROP FUNCTION
            • DROP GROUP
            • DROP INDEX
            • DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • DROP OWNED
            • DROP PUBLICATION
            • DROP REDACTION POLICY
            • DROP ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • DROP PROCEDURE
            • DROP RESOURCE POOL
            • DROP ROLE
            • DROP SCHEMA
            • DROP SEQUENCE
            • DROP SERVER
            • DROP SUBSCRIPTION
            • DROP SYNONYM
            • DROP TABLE
            • DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • DROP TRIGGER
            • DROP TYPE
            • DROP USER
            • DROP VIEW
            • FETCH
            • MOVE
            • REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • REINDEX
            • RENAME TABLE
            • RESET
            • SET
            • SET CONSTRAINTS
            • SET ROLE
            • SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
            • SHOW
            • TRUNCATE
            • VACUUM
          • DML Syntax
            • DML Syntax Overview
            • CALL
            • COPY
            • DELETE
            • EXPLAIN
            • EXPLAIN PLAN
            • LOCK
            • MERGE INTO
            • INSERT and UPSERT
              • INSERT
              • UPSERT
            • UPDATE
            • VALUES
          • DCL Syntax
            • DCL Syntax Overview
            • ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
            • ANALYZE | ANALYSE
            • DEALLOCATE
            • DO
            • EXECUTE
            • EXECUTE DIRECT
            • GRANT
            • PREPARE
            • REASSIGN OWNED
            • REVOKE
          • DQL Syntax
            • DQL Syntax Overview
            • SELECT
            • SELECT INTO
          • TCL Syntax
            • TCL Syntax Overview
            • ABORT
            • BEGIN
            • CHECKPOINT
            • COMMIT | END
            • COMMIT PREPARED
            • PREPARE TRANSACTION
            • SAVEPOINT
            • SET TRANSACTION
            • START TRANSACTION
            • ROLLBACK
            • RELEASE SAVEPOINT
            • ROLLBACK PREPARED
            • ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
        • Historical Versions
      • Tool Guide
        • Overview
        • Downloading Related Tools
        • gsql
          • Overview
          • Downloading the Client
          • Instruction
            • Using the Linux gsql Client to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the Windows gsql Client to Connect to a Cluster
            • Establishing Secure TCP/IP Connections in SSL Mode
          • Online Help
          • Command Reference
          • Meta-Command Reference
          • Troubleshooting
        • Data Studio
          • About Data Studio
            • Overview
            • Constraints and Limitations
            • System Requirements
            • Customizing Data Studio
          • Downloading and Installing the Data Studio Client
          • Configuring Data Studio
          • Configuring SSL Connection
          • Connection Management
          • Database Management
            • Database Management
            • Schema Management
            • Function/Procedure Management
            • Table Management
              • Creating a Regular Table
                • Defining a Regular Table
                • Managing Columns
                • Managing Constraints
                • Managing Indexes
              • Creating a Partitioned Table
              • Managing Table Data
              • Editing Temporary Tables
              • Creating a Foreign Table
            • View Management
            • Sequence Management
            • Users/Roles
          • SQL Terminal Management
            • Opening Multiple SQL Terminal Tabs
            • Managing the SQL Query Execution History
            • Opening and Saving SQL Scripts
            • Viewing Table Properties, PL/SQL Functions/Procedures on the SQL Terminal Page
            • Terminating an Ongoing SQL Query
            • Formatting of SQL Queries
            • Selecting a DB Object in the SQL Terminal
            • Viewing the Execution Plan and Costs
            • Viewing the Query Execution Plan and Cost Graphically
            • Working with SQL Terminals
            • Exporting Query Results
            • Managing Connections in the SQL Terminal
          • Security Management
          • Troubleshooting
          • FAQs
        • GDS
          • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
          • Stopping GDS
          • Example of Importing Data Using GDS
          • gds
          • gds_ctl.py
          • Handling Import Errors
        • DSC
          • About This Document
            • Intended Audience
            • Document Conventions
            • Third-party Licenses
          • Introduction to DSC
            • Overview
            • Operating Environment
          • Using DSC
            • Overview
            • Downloading and Installing DSC
            • Configuring DSC
              • DSC Configuration
              • Teradata SQL Configuration
              • Teradata Perl Configuration
              • MySQL Configuration
              • SQL Server Configuration
              • Oracle SQL Configuration
              • Netezza Configuration
            • Migration Process
              • Prerequisites
              • Preparations
              • Executing DSC
              • Viewing Output Files and Logs
              • Troubleshooting
            • Database Schema Conversion
              • Migration Parameters
              • Teradata SQL Migration
              • Teradata Perl Migration
              • MySQL SQL Migration
              • Oracle SQL Migration
              • Netezza SQL Migration
              • Verification
            • Version Command Migration
            • Help Command Migration
            • Log Reference
              • Overview
              • SQL Migration Logs
              • Perl Migration Logs
          • Teradata Syntax Migration
            • Supported Keywords and Features
            • Constraints and Limitations
            • Data Type
            • Functions and Operators
              • Analytical Functions
              • Math Functions
              • String Functions
              • Date and Time Functions
              • Comparison and List Operators
              • Table Operators
              • Query Optimization Operators
              • QUALIFY
              • ALIAS
              • FORMAT and CAST
              • Short Keys Migration
              • Migration of Object Names Starting with $
            • Migrating Tables
              • CREATE TABLE
              • CHARACTER SET and CASESPECIFIC
              • VOLATILE
              • SET
              • MULTISET
              • TITLE
              • Indexes
              • CONSTRAINT
              • COLUMN STORE
              • PARTITION
              • ANALYZE
              • Support for Specified Columns
            • Migrating Indexes
            • Migrating Views
            • COLLECT STATISTICS
            • ACCESS LOCK
            • DBC.COLUMNS
            • DBC.TABLES
            • DBC.INDICES
            • SHOW STATS VALUES SEQUENCED
            • COMMENT
            • Data Manipulation Language (DML)
              • INSERT
              • SELECT
              • UPDATE
              • DELETE
              • MERGE
              • NAMED
              • ACTIVITYCOUNT
              • TIMESTAMP
            • Type Casting and Formatting
            • BTEQ Utility Command
            • Teradata Formats
            • System Views
          • MySQL Syntax Migrating
            • Supported Keywords and Features
            • Data Types
              • Numeric Types
              • Date/Time Types
              • String Types
              • Spatial Data Types
              • LOB Types
              • Set Types
              • Boolean
              • Binary Types
              • JSON Types
            • Functions and Expressions
            • Table (Optional Parameters and Operations)
              • ALGORITHM
              • ALTER TABLE RENAME
              • AUTO_INCREMENT
              • AVG_ROW_LENGTH
              • BLOCK_SIZE
              • CHARSET
              • CHECKSUM
              • CLUSTERED KEY
              • COLLATE
              • COMMENT
              • CONNECTION
              • DEFAULT
              • DELAY_KEY_WRITE
              • DISTRIBUTE BY
              • DIRECTORY
              • ENGINE
              • FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS
              • IF NOT EXISTS
              • INDEX_ALL
              • INSERT_METHOD
              • KEY_BLOCK_SIZE
              • LOCK
              • MAX_ROWS
              • MIN_ROWS
              • PACK_KEYS
              • PARTITION BY
              • PASSWORD
              • ROW_FORMAT
              • STATS_AUTO_RECALC
              • STATS_PERSISTENT
              • STATS_SAMPLE_PAGES
              • UNION
              • WITH AS
              • CHANGE (Column Modification)
              • CHECK Constraint
              • DROP (Table Deletion)
              • LIKE (Table Cloning)
              • MODIFY (Modifying a Column)
              • TRUNCATE (Table Deletion)
              • ROUNDROBIN Table
              • RENAME (Table Renaming)
              • SET|DROP COLUMN DEFAULT VALUE
              • Renaming a Column
              • Row-Store/Column-Store Table Compression
              • Adding/Deleting a Column
            • Indexes
              • Unique Indexes
              • Normal and Prefix Indexes
              • Hash Indexes
              • B-tree Indexes
              • Spatial Indexes
              • Full-Text Indexes
              • Deleting an Index
              • Renaming an Index
            • Comment
            • Databases
            • Data Manipulation Language (DML)
              • INSERT
              • UPDATE
              • REPLACE
              • Quotation Marks
              • INTERVAL
              • Division Expressions
              • GROUP BY Conversion
              • ROLLUP
            • Transaction Management and Database Management
              • Transaction Management
              • Database Management
          • SQL-Server Syntax Migration
            • Migrating Tables
            • Migrating Data Types
          • Oracle Syntax Migration
            • Schema Objects
              • Tables
              • Temporary Tables
              • Global Temporary Tables
              • Indexes
              • Views
              • Sequences
              • PURGE
              • Database Keywords
            • COMPRESS Phrase
            • Bitmap Index
            • Custom Tablespace
            • Supplemental Log Data
            • LONG RAW
            • SYS_GUID
            • DML
            • Pseudo Columns
            • OUTER JOIN
            • OUTER QUERY (+)
            • CONNECT BY
            • System Functions
              • Date Functions
              • LOB Functions
              • String Functions
              • Analytical Functions
              • Regular Expression Functions
            • PL/SQL
            • PL/SQL Collections (Using User-Defined Types)
            • PL/SQL Packages
              • Packages
              • Package Variables
              • Splitting Packages
              • REF CURSOR
              • Creating a Schema for Package
            • VARRAY
            • Granting Execution Permissions
            • Package Name List
            • Data Type
          • Netezza Syntax Migration
            • Tables
            • PROCEDURE with RETURNS
            • Procedure
            • System Functions
            • Operator
            • DML
            • Unique Index
          • FAQs
          • Troubleshooting
          • Glossary
        • DataCheck
          • Introduction to DataCheck
            • Overview
            • Operating Environment
          • Basic Functions of DataCheck
          • Downloading and Installing DataCheck
          • Configuring DataCheck
            • Configuration of dbinfo.properties
            • Configuration of check_input.xlsx
          • Using DataCheck
        • DWS-Connector
          • DWS-Connector Version Description
          • dws-client
          • dws-connector-flink
            • Dependency
            • Stream API Job Type
            • Flink SQL Job Type
              • Introduction to Flink SQL
              • Source Table
              • Result Table
              • Dimension Table
        • Server Tools
          • gs_dump
          • gs_dumpall
          • gs_restore
          • gds_check
          • gds_install
          • gds_uninstall
          • gds_ctl
      • SDK Reference
        • SDK Overview
      • Troubleshooting
        • Database Connections
          • What Do I Do If gsql: command not found Is Displayed When I Run gsql to Connect to the Database?
          • Database Cannot Be Connected Using the gsql Client
          • An Error Indicating Too Many Client Connections Is Reported When a User Connects to a GaussDB(DWS) Database
          • Cluster IP Address Cannot Be Pinged/Accessed
          • Error "An I/O error occurred while sending to the backend" Is Reported During Service Execution
        • JDBC/ODBC
          • Locating JDBC Issues
          • Database Connection Fails
          • Service Execution Exceptions
          • Performance Issues
          • Function Support Issues
        • Data Import and Export
          • "ERROR: invalid byte sequence for encoding 'UTF8': 0x00" Is Reported When Data Is Imported to GaussDB(DWS) Using COPY FROM
          • Data Import and Export Faults with GDS
          • Failed to Create a GDS Foreign Table and An Error Is Reported Indicating that ROUNDROBIN Is Not Supported
          • When CDM Is Used to Import MySQL Data to GaussDB(DWS), the Column Length Exceeds the Threshold and Data Synchronization Fails
          • "Access Denied" Is Displayed When the SQL Statement for Creating an OBS Foreign Table Is Executed
          • Disk Usage Increases After Data Fails to Be Imported Using GDS
          • Error Message "out of memory" Is Displayed When GDS Is Used to Import Data
          • Error Message "connection failure error" Is Displayed During GDS Data Transmission
          • Data to Be Imported Contains Chinese When the DataArts Studio Service Is Used to Create a GaussDB(DWS) Foreign Table
        • Database Parameter Modification
          • How to Change a Database's Default Time Zone When the Database Time Is Different from the System Time
          • Error "Cannot get stream index, maybe comm_max_stream is not enough" Is Reported
          • SQL Execution Fails With the Error Message "canceling statement due to statement timeout" Reported
        • Account/Permission/Password
          • How Do I Unlock an Account?
          • Account Still Locked After Password Resetting
          • After the Permission for Querying Tables in a Schema Is Granted to a User, the User Still Cannot Query the Tables
          • How Do I Revoke the Permission of a User If grant select on table t1 to public Has Been Executed on a Table
          • An Error Message Is Displayed When a Common User Executes the Statement for Creating or Deleting a GDS or OBS Foreign Table, Indicating that the User Does Not Have the Permission or the Permission Is Insufficient
          • After the all Permission Is Granted to the Schema of a User, the Error Message "ERROR: current user does not have privilege to role tom" Persists During Table Creation
          • An Error Message Is Reported During Statement Execution, Indicating that the User Does Not Have the Required Permission
          • A User Cannot Be Deleted Due to Its Dependencies
        • Cluster Performance
          • Lock Wait Detection
          • During SQL Execution, a Table Deadlock Occurs and An Error Stating LOCK_WAIT_TIMEOUT Is Reported
          • Error "abort transaction due to concurrent update" Is Reported During SQL Execution
          • Solution to High Disk Usage and Cluster Read-Only
          • SQL Execution Is Slow with Low Performance and Sometimes Does Not End After a Long Period of Time
          • Data Skew Causes Slow SQL Statement Execution and Operations Fail on Large Tables
          • Table Size Does not Change After VACUUM FULL Is Executed on the Table
          • VACUUM Is Executed After Table Data Deletion, But the Space Is Not Released
          • Error "lock wait timeout" Is Reported When VACUUM FULL Is Executed
          • Slow VACUUM FULL Execution
          • Table Bloating Causes Slow SQL Query and Failed Data Loading on the GUI
          • Memory Overflow Occurs in a Cluster
          • Statements with User-defined Functions Cannot Be Pushed Down
          • Column-Store Tables Cannot Be Updated or Table Bloat Occurs
          • Table Bloat Occurs After Data Is Inserted into a Column-Store Table for Multiple Times
          • Writing Data to GaussDB(DWS) Is Slow and Client Data Is Stacked
          • Low Query Efficiency
          • Poor Query Performance Due to the Lack of Statistics
          • Execution of SQL Statements Is Slow Due to Nested Loops in Execution Plans
          • SQL Query Is Slow Because Partitions Are Not Pruned
          • Optimizer Uses Nested Loop Due to the Small Estimated Number of Rows and the Performance Deteriorates
          • SQL Statements Contain the in Constant and No Result Is Returned After SQL Statement Execution
          • Performance of Single-Table Point Query Is Poor
          • CCN Queuing Under Dynamic Load Management
          • Performance Deterioration Due to Data Bloat
          • Slow Performance Caused by Too Many Small CUs in Column Storage
          • Reducing I/O Usage
          • Tuning Systems with High CPU Usage
          • Reducing Memory Usage
        • Cluster Exceptions
          • The Disk Usage Alarm Is Frequently Generated
        • Database Use
          • An Error Is Reported When Data Is Inserted or Updated, Indicating that the Distribution Key Cannot Be Updated
          • "value too long for type character varying" Is Displayed When VARCHAR(n) Stores Chinese Characters
          • Case Sensitivity in SQL Statements
          • cannot drop table test because other objects depend on it Is Displayed When a Table Is Deleted
          • Failed to Execute MERGE INTO UPDATE for Multiple Tables
          • JDBC Error Occurs Due to session_timeout Settings
          • DROP TABLE Fails to Be Executed
          • Execution Results of the string_agg Function Are Inconsistent
          • Error "could not open relation with OID xxxx" Is Reported During Table Size Query
          • DROP TABLE IF EXISTS Syntax Misuse
          • Different Data Is Displayed for the Same Table Queried By Multiple Users
          • When a User Specifies Only an Index Name to Modify the Index, A Message Indicating That the Index Does Not Exist Is Displayed
          • An Error Is Displayed Indicating Schema Already Exists When Executing CREATE SCHEMA Statement
          • Failed to Delete a Database and an Error Is Reported Indicating that a Session Is Connected to the Database
          • Byte Type Is Returned After a Table Column of the Character Type Is Read in Java
          • "ERROR:start value of partition 'XX' NOT EQUAL up-boundary of last partition." Is Displayed When Operations Related to Table Partitions Are Performed
          • Reindexing Fails
          • A View Failed to Be Queried
          • Global SQL Query
          • How Do I Determine Whether UPDATE or DELETE Has Been Executed on a Table?
          • "Can't fit xid into page" Is Reported
          • "unable to get a stable set of rows in the source table" Is Reported
          • GaussDB(DWS) Metadata Inconsistency - Abnormal Partition Index
          • An Error Is Reported When the TRUNCATE Command Is Executed on the System Table gs_wlm_session_info
          • "inserted partition key does not map to any table partition" Is Reported When Data Is Inserted into a Partitioned Table
          • Error upper boundary of adding partition MUST overtop last existing partition Is Reported When a New Partition Is Added to a Range Partitioned Table
          • Error Reported During Table Query: "missing chunk number %d for toast value %u in pg_toast_XXXX"
          • When Inserting Data Into a Table, An Error Is Reported: "duplicate key value violates unique constraint "%s""
          • Error could not determine which collation to use for string hashing Reported During Service Execution
          • When the ODBC Driver of GaussDB(DWS) Is Used, Content of Fields of the Character Type in the SQL Query Result Is Truncated
          • Execution Plan Scan Hints Do Not Take Effect
          • Error "invalid input syntax for xxx" Is Reported During Data Type Conversion
          • Error UNION types %s and %s cannot be matched Is Reported
          • "ERROR: Non-deterministic UPDATE" Is Reported During Update
          • Error Reported During Data Insertion: null value in column ' %s' violates not-null constraint
          • Error "unable to get a stable set of rows in the source table"
          • Query Results Are Inconsistent in Oracle, Teradata, and MySQL Compatibility Modes
      • Videos
      • Performance White Paper
        • Performance White Paper (9.1.0.x)
          • 9.1.0 Performance Test
          • 9.1.0 Test Conclusion
            • Performance Overview
          • TPC-H Performance Test
            • TPC-H Test Result
            • TPC-H Test Environment
            • TPC-H Test Process
              • TPC-H Test Data
              • TPC-H Data Generation
              • Creating a Table and Importing TPC-H Data
              • TPC-H Query Test
          • TPC-DS Performance Test
            • TPC-DS Test Result
            • TPC-DS Test Environment
            • TPC-DS Test Process
              • TPC-DS Test Data
              • TPC-DS Data Generation
              • Creating a Table and Importing TPC-DS Data
              • TPC-DS Query Test
          • SSB Performance Test
            • SSB Test Result
            • SSB Test Environment
            • SSB Test Process
              • SSB Test Data
              • SSB Data Generation
              • Creating a Table and Importing SSB Data
              • SSB Query Test
        • Performance White Paper (8.1.3.x)
          • Overview
          • Test Result
            • TPC-H Single Query Test
            • TPC-DS Single Query Test
          • Test Methods
            • Overall Process
            • Creating an ECS and a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
              • Creating an ECS
              • Creating a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
            • Constructing Data for TPC-H and TPC-DS Tests
              • Preparing Tools for the Data Construction
              • TPC-H Data Construction
              • TPC-DS Data Construction
            • Table Creation and Data Import
              • Importing Data Using GDS
                • Installing and Starting GDS
                • Using gsql to Connect to GaussDB(DWS)
                • Creating a GDS Foreign Table and Importing TPC-H Data
                • Creating a GDS Foreign Table and Importing TPC-DS Data
            • Performing Queries and Collecting Results
              • Using Shell Scripts to Automatically Execute Queries and Collect Results
          • Appendixes
            • TPC-H Test Sets
            • TPC-DS Test Sets
      • Error Code Reference
        • Management Console Error Code
          • Management Console Error Code
        • 8.2.0 and earlier versions
          • Management Console Error Code
          • Data Warehouse Service Error Codes
            • Description of SQL Error Codes
            • Third-Party Library Error Codes
            • GAUSS-00001 -- GAUSS-00100
              • GAUSS-00001 -- GAUSS-00010
              • GAUSS-00011 -- GAUSS-00020
              • GAUSS-00021 -- GAUSS-00030
              • GAUSS-00031 -- GAUSS-00040
              • GAUSS-00041 -- GAUSS-00050
              • GAUSS-00051 -- GAUSS-00060
              • GAUSS-00061 -- GAUSS-00070
              • GAUSS-00071 -- GAUSS-00080
              • GAUSS-00081 -- GAUSS-00090
              • GAUSS-00091 -- GAUSS-00100
            • GAUSS-00101 -- GAUSS-00200
              • GAUSS-00101 -- GAUSS-00110
              • GAUSS-00111 -- GAUSS-00120
              • GAUSS-00121 -- GAUSS-00130
              • GAUSS-00131 -- GAUSS-00140
              • GAUSS-00141 -- GAUSS-00150
              • GAUSS-00151 -- GAUSS-00160
              • GAUSS-00161 -- GAUSS-00170
              • GAUSS-00171 -- GAUSS-00180
              • GAUSS-00181 -- GAUSS-00190
              • GAUSS-00191 -- GAUSS-00200
            • GAUSS-00201 -- GAUSS-00300
              • GAUSS-00201 -- GAUSS-00210
              • GAUSS-00211 -- GAUSS-00220
              • GAUSS-00221 -- GAUSS-00230
              • GAUSS-00231 -- GAUSS-00240
              • GAUSS-00241 -- GAUSS-00250
              • GAUSS-00251 -- GAUSS-00260
              • GAUSS-00261 -- GAUSS-00270
              • GAUSS-00271 -- GAUSS-00280
              • GAUSS-00281 -- GAUSS-00290
              • GAUSS-00291 -- GAUSS-00300
            • GAUSS-00301 -- GAUSS-00400
              • GAUSS-00301 -- GAUSS-00310
              • GAUSS-00311 -- GAUSS-00320
              • GAUSS-00321 -- GAUSS-00330
              • GAUSS-00331 -- GAUSS-00340
              • GAUSS-00341 -- GAUSS-00350
              • GAUSS-00351 -- GAUSS-00360
              • GAUSS-00361 -- GAUSS-00370
              • GAUSS-00371 -- GAUSS-00380
              • GAUSS-00381 -- GAUSS-00390
              • GAUSS-00391 -- GAUSS-00400
            • GAUSS-00401 -- GAUSS-00500
              • GAUSS-00401 -- GAUSS-00410
              • GAUSS-00411 -- GAUSS-00420
              • GAUSS-00421 -- GAUSS-00430
              • GAUSS-00431 -- GAUSS-00440
              • GAUSS-00441 -- GAUSS-00450
              • GAUSS-00451 -- GAUSS-00460
              • GAUSS-00461 -- GAUSS-00470
              • GAUSS-00471 -- GAUSS-00480
              • GAUSS-00481 -- GAUSS-00490
              • GAUSS-00491 -- GAUSS-00500
            • GAUSS-00501 -- GAUSS-00600
              • GAUSS-00501 -- GAUSS-00510
              • GAUSS-00511 -- GAUSS-00520
              • GAUSS-00521 -- GAUSS-00530
              • GAUSS-00531 -- GAUSS-00540
              • GAUSS-00541 -- GAUSS-00550
              • GAUSS-00551 -- GAUSS-00560
              • GAUSS-00561 -- GAUSS-00570
              • GAUSS-00571 -- GAUSS-00580
              • GAUSS-00581 -- GAUSS-00590
              • GAUSS-00591 -- GAUSS-00600
            • GAUSS-00601 -- GAUSS-00700
              • GAUSS-00601 -- GAUSS-00610
              • GAUSS-00611 -- GAUSS-00620
              • GAUSS-00621 -- GAUSS-00630
              • GAUSS-00631 -- GAUSS-00640
              • GAUSS-00641 -- GAUSS-00650
              • GAUSS-00651 -- GAUSS-00660
              • GAUSS-00661 -- GAUSS-00670
              • GAUSS-00671 -- GAUSS-00680
              • GAUSS-00681 -- GAUSS-00690
              • GAUSS-00691 -- GAUSS-00700
            • GAUSS-00701 -- GAUSS-00800
              • GAUSS-00701 -- GAUSS-00710
              • GAUSS-00711 -- GAUSS-00720
              • GAUSS-00721 -- GAUSS-00730
              • GAUSS-00731 -- GAUSS-00740
              • GAUSS-00741 -- GAUSS-00750
              • GAUSS-00751 -- GAUSS-00760
              • GAUSS-00761 -- GAUSS-00770
              • GAUSS-00771 -- GAUSS-00780
              • GAUSS-00781 -- GAUSS-00790
              • GAUSS-00791 -- GAUSS-00800
            • GAUSS-00801 -- GAUSS-00900
              • GAUSS-00801 -- GAUSS-00810
              • GAUSS-00811 -- GAUSS-00820
              • GAUSS-00821 -- GAUSS-00830
              • GAUSS-00831 -- GAUSS-00840
              • GAUSS-00841 -- GAUSS-00850
              • GAUSS-00851 -- GAUSS-00860
              • GAUSS-00861 -- GAUSS-00870
              • GAUSS-00871 -- GAUSS-00880
              • GAUSS-00881 -- GAUSS-00890
              • GAUSS-00891 -- GAUSS-00900
            • GAUSS-00901 -- GAUSS-01000
              • GAUSS-00901 -- GAUSS-00910
              • GAUSS-00911 -- GAUSS-00920
              • GAUSS-00921 -- GAUSS-00930
              • GAUSS-00931 -- GAUSS-00940
              • GAUSS-00941 -- GAUSS-00950
              • GAUSS-00951 -- GAUSS-00960
              • GAUSS-00961 -- GAUSS-00970
              • GAUSS-00971 -- GAUSS-00980
              • GAUSS-00981 -- GAUSS-00990
              • GAUSS-00991 -- GAUSS-01000
            • GAUSS-01001 -- GAUSS-01100
              • GAUSS-01001 -- GAUSS-01010
              • GAUSS-01011 -- GAUSS-01020
              • GAUSS-01021 -- GAUSS-01030
              • GAUSS-01031 -- GAUSS-01040
              • GAUSS-01041 -- GAUSS-01050
              • GAUSS-01051 -- GAUSS-01060
              • GAUSS-01061 -- GAUSS-01070
              • GAUSS-01071 -- GAUSS-01080
              • GAUSS-01081 -- GAUSS-01090
              • GAUSS-01091 -- GAUSS-01100
            • GAUSS-01101 -- GAUSS-01200
              • GAUSS-01101 -- GAUSS-01110
              • GAUSS-01111 -- GAUSS-01120
              • GAUSS-01121 -- GAUSS-01130
              • GAUSS-01131 -- GAUSS-01140
              • GAUSS-01141 -- GAUSS-01150
              • GAUSS-01151 -- GAUSS-01160
              • GAUSS-01161 -- GAUSS-01170
              • GAUSS-01171 -- GAUSS-01180
              • GAUSS-01181 -- GAUSS-01190
              • GAUSS-01191 -- GAUSS-01200
            • GAUSS-01201 -- GAUSS-01300
              • GAUSS-01201 -- GAUSS-01210
              • GAUSS-01211 -- GAUSS-01220
              • GAUSS-01221 -- GAUSS-01230
              • GAUSS-01231 -- GAUSS-01240
              • GAUSS-01241 -- GAUSS-01250
              • GAUSS-01251 -- GAUSS-01260
              • GAUSS-01261 -- GAUSS-01270
              • GAUSS-01271 -- GAUSS-01280
              • GAUSS-01281 -- GAUSS-01290
              • GAUSS-01291 -- GAUSS-01300
            • GAUSS-01301 -- GAUSS-01400
              • GAUSS-01301 -- GAUSS-01310
              • GAUSS-01311 -- GAUSS-01320
              • GAUSS-01321 -- GAUSS-01330
              • GAUSS-01331 -- GAUSS-01340
              • GAUSS-01341 -- GAUSS-01350
              • GAUSS-01351 -- GAUSS-01360
              • GAUSS-01361 -- GAUSS-01370
              • GAUSS-01371 -- GAUSS-01380
              • GAUSS-01381 -- GAUSS-01390
              • GAUSS-01391 -- GAUSS-01400
            • GAUSS-01401 -- GAUSS-01500
              • GAUSS-01401 -- GAUSS-01410
              • GAUSS-01411 -- GAUSS-01420
              • GAUSS-01421 -- GAUSS-01430
              • GAUSS-01431 -- GAUSS-01440
              • GAUSS-01441 -- GAUSS-01450
              • GAUSS-01451 -- GAUSS-01460
              • GAUSS-01461 -- GAUSS-01470
              • GAUSS-01471 -- GAUSS-01480
              • GAUSS-01481 -- GAUSS-01490
              • GAUSS-01491 -- GAUSS-01500
            • GAUSS-01501 -- GAUSS-01600
              • GAUSS-01501 -- GAUSS-01510
              • GAUSS-01511 -- GAUSS-01520
              • GAUSS-01521 -- GAUSS-01530
              • GAUSS-01531 -- GAUSS-01540
              • GAUSS-01541 -- GAUSS-01550
              • GAUSS-01551 -- GAUSS-01560
              • GAUSS-01561 -- GAUSS-01570
              • GAUSS-01571 -- GAUSS-01580
              • GAUSS-01581 -- GAUSS-01590
              • GAUSS-01591 -- GAUSS-01600
            • GAUSS-01601 -- GAUSS-01700
              • GAUSS-01601 -- GAUSS-01610
              • GAUSS-01611 -- GAUSS-01620
              • GAUSS-01621 -- GAUSS-01630
              • GAUSS-01631 -- GAUSS-01640
              • GAUSS-01641 -- GAUSS-01650
              • GAUSS-01651 -- GAUSS-01660
              • GAUSS-01661 -- GAUSS-01670
              • GAUSS-01671 -- GAUSS-01680
              • GAUSS-01681 -- GAUSS-01690
              • GAUSS-01691 -- GAUSS-01700
            • GAUSS-01701 -- GAUSS-01800
              • GAUSS-01701 -- GAUSS-01710
              • GAUSS-01711 -- GAUSS-01720
              • GAUSS-01721 -- GAUSS-01730
              • GAUSS-01731 -- GAUSS-01740
              • GAUSS-01741 -- GAUSS-01750
              • GAUSS-01751 -- GAUSS-01760
              • GAUSS-01761 -- GAUSS-01770
              • GAUSS-01771 -- GAUSS-01780
              • GAUSS-01781 -- GAUSS-01790
              • GAUSS-01791 -- GAUSS-01800
            • GAUSS-01801 -- GAUSS-01900
              • GAUSS-01801 -- GAUSS-01810
              • GAUSS-01811 -- GAUSS-01820
              • GAUSS-01821 -- GAUSS-01830
              • GAUSS-01831 -- GAUSS-01840
              • GAUSS-01841 -- GAUSS-01850
              • GAUSS-01851 -- GAUSS-01860
              • GAUSS-01861 -- GAUSS-01870
              • GAUSS-01871 -- GAUSS-01880
              • GAUSS-01881 -- GAUSS-01890
              • GAUSS-01891 -- GAUSS-01900
            • GAUSS-01901 -- GAUSS-02000
              • GAUSS-01901 -- GAUSS-01910
              • GAUSS-01911 -- GAUSS-01920
              • GAUSS-01921 -- GAUSS-01930
              • GAUSS-01931 -- GAUSS-01940
              • GAUSS-01941 -- GAUSS-01950
              • GAUSS-01951 -- GAUSS-01960
              • GAUSS-01961 -- GAUSS-01970
              • GAUSS-01971 -- GAUSS-01980
              • GAUSS-01981 -- GAUSS-01990
              • GAUSS-01991 -- GAUSS-02000
            • GAUSS-02001 -- GAUSS-02100
              • GAUSS-02001 -- GAUSS-02010
              • GAUSS-02011 -- GAUSS-02020
              • GAUSS-02021 -- GAUSS-02030
              • GAUSS-02031 -- GAUSS-02040
              • GAUSS-02041 -- GAUSS-02050
              • GAUSS-02051 -- GAUSS-02060
              • GAUSS-02061 -- GAUSS-02070
              • GAUSS-02071 -- GAUSS-02080
              • GAUSS-02081 -- GAUSS-02090
              • GAUSS-02091 -- GAUSS-02100
            • GAUSS-02101 -- GAUSS-02200
              • GAUSS-02101 -- GAUSS-02110
              • GAUSS-02111 -- GAUSS-02120
              • GAUSS-02121 -- GAUSS-02130
              • GAUSS-02131 -- GAUSS-02140
              • GAUSS-02141 -- GAUSS-02150
              • GAUSS-02151 -- GAUSS-02160
              • GAUSS-02161 -- GAUSS-02170
              • GAUSS-02171 -- GAUSS-02180
              • GAUSS-02181 -- GAUSS-02190
              • GAUSS-02191 -- GAUSS-02200
            • GAUSS-02201 -- GAUSS-02300
              • GAUSS-02201 -- GAUSS-02210
              • GAUSS-02211 -- GAUSS-02220
              • GAUSS-02221 -- GAUSS-02230
              • GAUSS-02231 -- GAUSS-02240
              • GAUSS-02241 -- GAUSS-02250
              • GAUSS-02251 -- GAUSS-02260
              • GAUSS-02261 -- GAUSS-02270
              • GAUSS-02271 -- GAUSS-02280
              • GAUSS-02281 -- GAUSS-02290
              • GAUSS-02291 -- GAUSS-02300
            • GAUSS-02301 -- GAUSS-02400
              • GAUSS-02301 -- GAUSS-02310
              • GAUSS-02311 -- GAUSS-02320
              • GAUSS-02321 -- GAUSS-02330
              • GAUSS-02331 -- GAUSS-02340
              • GAUSS-02341 -- GAUSS-02350
              • GAUSS-02351 -- GAUSS-02360
              • GAUSS-02361 -- GAUSS-02370
              • GAUSS-02371 -- GAUSS-02380
              • GAUSS-02381 -- GAUSS-02390
              • GAUSS-02391 -- GAUSS-02400
            • GAUSS-02401 -- GAUSS-02500
              • GAUSS-02401 -- GAUSS-02410
              • GAUSS-02411 -- GAUSS-02420
              • GAUSS-02421 -- GAUSS-02430
              • GAUSS-02431 -- GAUSS-02440
              • GAUSS-02441 -- GAUSS-02450
              • GAUSS-02451 -- GAUSS-02460
              • GAUSS-02461 -- GAUSS-02470
              • GAUSS-02471 -- GAUSS-02480
              • GAUSS-02481 -- GAUSS-02490
              • GAUSS-02491 -- GAUSS-02500
            • GAUSS-02501 -- GAUSS-02600
              • GAUSS-02501 -- GAUSS-02510
              • GAUSS-02511 -- GAUSS-02520
              • GAUSS-02521 -- GAUSS-02530
              • GAUSS-02531 -- GAUSS-02540
              • GAUSS-02541 -- GAUSS-02550
              • GAUSS-02551 -- GAUSS-02560
              • GAUSS-02561 -- GAUSS-02570
              • GAUSS-02571 -- GAUSS-02580
              • GAUSS-02581 -- GAUSS-02590
              • GAUSS-02591 -- GAUSS-02600
            • GAUSS-02601 -- GAUSS-02700
              • GAUSS-02601 -- GAUSS-02610
              • GAUSS-02611 -- GAUSS-02620
              • GAUSS-02621 -- GAUSS-02630
              • GAUSS-02631 -- GAUSS-02640
              • GAUSS-02641 -- GAUSS-02650
              • GAUSS-02651 -- GAUSS-02660
              • GAUSS-02661 -- GAUSS-02670
              • GAUSS-02671 -- GAUSS-02680
              • GAUSS-02681 -- GAUSS-02690
              • GAUSS-02691 -- GAUSS-02700
            • GAUSS-02701 -- GAUSS-02800
              • GAUSS-02701 -- GAUSS-02710
              • GAUSS-02711 -- GAUSS-02720
              • GAUSS-02721 -- GAUSS-02730
              • GAUSS-02731 -- GAUSS-02740
              • GAUSS-02741 -- GAUSS-02750
              • GAUSS-02761 -- GAUSS-02770
              • GAUSS-02771 -- GAUSS-02780
              • GAUSS-02781 -- GAUSS-02790
              • GAUSS-02791 -- GAUSS-02800
            • GAUSS-02801 -- GAUSS-02900
              • GAUSS-02801 -- GAUSS-02810
              • GAUSS-02811 -- GAUSS-02820
              • GAUSS-02821 -- GAUSS-02830
              • GAUSS-02831 -- GAUSS-02840
              • GAUSS-02841 -- GAUSS-02850
              • GAUSS-02851 -- GAUSS-02860
              • GAUSS-02861 -- GAUSS-02870
              • GAUSS-02871 -- GAUSS-02880
              • GAUSS-02881 -- GAUSS-02890
              • GAUSS-02891 -- GAUSS-02900
            • GAUSS-02901 -- GAUSS-03000
              • GAUSS-02901 -- GAUSS-02910
              • GAUSS-02911 -- GAUSS-02920
              • GAUSS-02921 -- GAUSS-02930
              • GAUSS-02931 -- GAUSS-02940
              • GAUSS-02941 -- GAUSS-02950
              • GAUSS-02951 -- GAUSS-02960
              • GAUSS-02961 -- GAUSS-02970
              • GAUSS-02971 -- GAUSS-02980
              • GAUSS-02981 -- GAUSS-02990
              • GAUSS-02991 -- GAUSS-03000
            • GAUSS-03001 -- GAUSS-03100
              • GAUSS-03001 -- GAUSS-03010
              • GAUSS-03011 -- GAUSS-03020
              • GAUSS-03021 -- GAUSS-03030
              • GAUSS-03031 -- GAUSS-03040
              • GAUSS-03041 -- GAUSS-03050
              • GAUSS-03051 -- GAUSS-03060
              • GAUSS-03061 -- GAUSS-03070
              • GAUSS-03071 -- GAUSS-03080
              • GAUSS-03081 -- GAUSS-03090
              • GAUSS-03091 -- GAUSS-03100
            • GAUSS-03101 -- GAUSS-03200
              • GAUSS-03101 -- GAUSS-03110
              • GAUSS-03111 -- GAUSS-03120
              • GAUSS-03121 -- GAUSS-03130
              • GAUSS-03131 -- GAUSS-03140
              • GAUSS-03141 -- GAUSS-03150
              • GAUSS-03151 -- GAUSS-03160
              • GAUSS-03161 -- GAUSS-03170
              • GAUSS-03171 -- GAUSS-03180
              • GAUSS-03181 -- GAUSS-03190
              • GAUSS-03191 -- GAUSS-03200
            • GAUSS-03201 -- GAUSS-03300
              • GAUSS-03201 -- GAUSS-03210
              • GAUSS-03211 -- GAUSS-03220
              • GAUSS-03221 -- GAUSS-03230
              • GAUSS-03231 -- GAUSS-03240
              • GAUSS-03241 -- GAUSS-03250
              • GAUSS-03251 -- GAUSS-03260
              • GAUSS-03261 -- GAUSS-03270
              • GAUSS-03271 -- GAUSS-03280
              • GAUSS-03281 -- GAUSS-03290
              • GAUSS-03291 -- GAUSS-03300
            • GAUSS-03301 -- GAUSS-03400
              • GAUSS-03301 -- GAUSS-03310
              • GAUSS-03311 -- GAUSS-03320
              • GAUSS-03321 -- GAUSS-03330
              • GAUSS-03331 -- GAUSS-03340
              • GAUSS-03341 -- GAUSS-03350
              • GAUSS-03351 -- GAUSS-03360
              • GAUSS-03361 -- GAUSS-03370
              • GAUSS-03371 -- GAUSS-03380
              • GAUSS-03381 -- GAUSS-03390
              • GAUSS-03391 -- GAUSS-03400
            • GAUSS-03401 -- GAUSS-03500
              • GAUSS-03401 -- GAUSS-03410
              • GAUSS-03411 -- GAUSS-03420
              • GAUSS-03421 -- GAUSS-03430
              • GAUSS-03431 -- GAUSS-03440
              • GAUSS-03441 -- GAUSS-03450
              • GAUSS-03451 -- GAUSS-03460
              • GAUSS-03461 -- GAUSS-03470
              • GAUSS-03471 -- GAUSS-03480
              • GAUSS-03481 -- GAUSS-03490
              • GAUSS-03491 -- GAUSS-03500
            • GAUSS-03501 -- GAUSS-03600
              • GAUSS-03501 -- GAUSS-03510
              • GAUSS-03511 -- GAUSS-03520
              • GAUSS-03521 -- GAUSS-03530
              • GAUSS-03531 -- GAUSS-03540
              • GAUSS-03541 -- GAUSS-03550
              • GAUSS-03551 -- GAUSS-03560
              • GAUSS-03561 -- GAUSS-03570
              • GAUSS-03571 -- GAUSS-03580
              • GAUSS-03581 -- GAUSS-03590
              • GAUSS-03591 -- GAUSS-03600
            • GAUSS-03601 -- GAUSS-03700
              • GAUSS-03601 -- GAUSS-03610
              • GAUSS-03611 -- GAUSS-03620
              • GAUSS-03621 -- GAUSS-03630
              • GAUSS-03631 -- GAUSS-03640
              • GAUSS-03641 -- GAUSS-03650
              • GAUSS-03651 -- GAUSS-03660
              • GAUSS-03661 -- GAUSS-03670
              • GAUSS-03671 -- GAUSS-03680
              • GAUSS-03681 -- GAUSS-03690
              • GAUSS-03691 -- GAUSS-03700
            • GAUSS-03701 -- GAUSS-03800
              • GAUSS-03701 -- GAUSS-03710
              • GAUSS-03711 -- GAUSS-03720
              • GAUSS-03721 -- GAUSS-03730
              • GAUSS-03731 -- GAUSS-03740
              • GAUSS-03741 -- GAUSS-03750
              • GAUSS-03751 -- GAUSS-03760
              • GAUSS-03761 -- GAUSS-03770
              • GAUSS-03771 -- GAUSS-03780
              • GAUSS-03781 -- GAUSS-03790
              • GAUSS-03791 -- GAUSS-03800
            • GAUSS-03801 -- GAUSS-03900
              • GAUSS-03801 -- GAUSS-03810
              • GAUSS-03811 -- GAUSS-03820
              • GAUSS-03821 -- GAUSS-03830
              • GAUSS-03831 -- GAUSS-03840
              • GAUSS-03841 -- GAUSS-03850
              • GAUSS-03851 -- GAUSS-03860
              • GAUSS-03861 -- GAUSS-03870
              • GAUSS-03871 -- GAUSS-03880
              • GAUSS-03881 -- GAUSS-03890
              • GAUSS-03891 -- GAUSS-03900
            • GAUSS-03901 -- GAUSS-04000
              • GAUSS-03901 -- GAUSS-03910
              • GAUSS-03911 -- GAUSS-03920
              • GAUSS-03921 -- GAUSS-03930
              • GAUSS-03931 -- GAUSS-03940
              • GAUSS-03941 -- GAUSS-03950
              • GAUSS-03951 -- GAUSS-03960
              • GAUSS-03961 -- GAUSS-03970
              • GAUSS-03971 -- GAUSS-03980
              • GAUSS-03981 -- GAUSS-03990
              • GAUSS-03991 -- GAUSS-04000
            • GAUSS-04001 -- GAUSS-04100
              • GAUSS-04001 -- GAUSS-04010
              • GAUSS-04011 -- GAUSS-04020
              • GAUSS-04021 -- GAUSS-04030
              • GAUSS-04031 -- GAUSS-04040
              • GAUSS-04041 -- GAUSS-04050
              • GAUSS-04051 -- GAUSS-04060
              • GAUSS-04061 -- GAUSS-04070
              • GAUSS-04071 -- GAUSS-04080
              • GAUSS-04081 -- GAUSS-04090
              • GAUSS-04091 -- GAUSS-04100
            • GAUSS-04101 -- GAUSS-04200
              • GAUSS-04101 -- GAUSS-04110
              • GAUSS-04111 -- GAUSS-04120
              • GAUSS-04121 -- GAUSS-04130
              • GAUSS-04131 -- GAUSS-04140
              • GAUSS-04141 -- GAUSS-04150
              • GAUSS-04151 -- GAUSS-04160
              • GAUSS-04161 -- GAUSS-04170
              • GAUSS-04171 -- GAUSS-04180
              • GAUSS-04181 -- GAUSS-04190
              • GAUSS-04191 -- GAUSS-04200
            • GAUSS-04201 -- GAUSS-04300
              • GAUSS-04201 -- GAUSS-04210
              • GAUSS-04211 -- GAUSS-04220
              • GAUSS-04221 -- GAUSS-04230
              • GAUSS-04231 -- GAUSS-04240
              • GAUSS-04241 -- GAUSS-04250
              • GAUSS-04251 -- GAUSS-04260
              • GAUSS-04261 -- GAUSS-04270
              • GAUSS-04271 -- GAUSS-04280
              • GAUSS-04281 -- GAUSS-04290
              • GAUSS-04291 -- GAUSS-04300
            • GAUSS-04301 -- GAUSS-04400
              • GAUSS-04301 -- GAUSS-04310
              • GAUSS-04311 -- GAUSS-04320
              • GAUSS-04321 -- GAUSS-04330
              • GAUSS-04331 -- GAUSS-04340
              • GAUSS-04341 -- GAUSS-04350
              • GAUSS-04351 -- GAUSS-04360
              • GAUSS-04361 -- GAUSS-04370
              • GAUSS-04371 -- GAUSS-04380
              • GAUSS-04381 -- GAUSS-04390
              • GAUSS-04391 -- GAUSS-04400
            • GAUSS-04401 -- GAUSS-04500
              • GAUSS-04401 -- GAUSS-04410
              • GAUSS-04411 -- GAUSS-04420
              • GAUSS-04421 -- GAUSS-04430
              • GAUSS-04431 -- GAUSS-04440
              • GAUSS-04441 -- GAUSS-04450
              • GAUSS-04451 -- GAUSS-04460
              • GAUSS-04461 -- GAUSS-04470
              • GAUSS-04471 -- GAUSS-04480
              • GAUSS-04481 -- GAUSS-04490
              • GAUSS-04491 -- GAUSS-04500
            • GAUSS-04501 -- GAUSS-04600
              • GAUSS-04501 -- GAUSS-04510
              • GAUSS-04511 -- GAUSS-04520
              • GAUSS-04521 -- GAUSS-04530
              • GAUSS-04531 -- GAUSS-04540
              • GAUSS-04541 -- GAUSS-04550
              • GAUSS-04551 -- GAUSS-04560
              • GAUSS-04561 -- GAUSS-04570
              • GAUSS-04571 -- GAUSS-04580
              • GAUSS-04581 -- GAUSS-04590
              • GAUSS-04591 -- GAUSS-04600
            • GAUSS-04601 -- GAUSS-04700
              • GAUSS-04601 -- GAUSS-04610
              • GAUSS-04611 -- GAUSS-04620
              • GAUSS-04621 -- GAUSS-04630
              • GAUSS-04631 -- GAUSS-04640
              • GAUSS-04641 -- GAUSS-04650
              • GAUSS-04651 -- GAUSS-04660
              • GAUSS-04661 -- GAUSS-04670
              • GAUSS-04671 -- GAUSS-04680
              • GAUSS-04681 -- GAUSS-04690
              • GAUSS-04691 -- GAUSS-04700
            • GAUSS-04701 -- GAUSS-04800
              • GAUSS-04701 -- GAUSS-04710
              • GAUSS-04711 -- GAUSS-04720
              • GAUSS-04721 -- GAUSS-04730
              • GAUSS-04731 -- GAUSS-04740
              • GAUSS-04741 -- GAUSS-04750
              • GAUSS-04751 -- GAUSS-04760
              • GAUSS-04761 -- GAUSS-04770
              • GAUSS-04771 -- GAUSS-04780
              • GAUSS-04781 -- GAUSS-04790
            • GAUSS-04901 -- GAUSS-04999
              • GAUSS-04921 -- GAUSS-04930
              • GAUSS-04931 -- GAUSS-04940
            • GAUSS-05101 -- GAUSS-05200
              • GAUSS-05151 -- GAUSS-05160
              • GAUSS-05161 -- GAUSS-05170
              • GAUSS-05171 -- GAUSS-05180
            • GAUSS-05201 -- GAUSS-05800
              • GAUSS-05751 -- GAUSS-05760
            • GAUSS-05801 -- GAUSS-05900
              • GAUSS-05841 -- GAUSS-05850
              • GAUSS-05851 -- GAUSS-05860
            • GAUSS-05901 -- GAUSS-05999
              • GAUSS-05971 -- GAUSS-05980
            • GAUSS-06101 -- GAUSS-06200
              • GAUSS-06121 -- GAUSS-06130
            • GAUSS-50000 -- GAUSS-50999
              • GAUSS-50000 -- GAUSS-50099
              • GAUSS-50100 -- GAUSS-50199
              • GAUSS-50200 -- GAUSS-50299
              • GAUSS-50300 -- GAUSS-50399
              • GAUSS-50400 -- GAUSS-50499
              • GAUSS-50500 -- GAUSS-50599
              • GAUSS-50600 -- GAUSS-50699
              • GAUSS-50800 -- GAUSS-50899
            • GAUSS-51000 -- GAUSS-51999
              • GAUSS-51000 -- GAUSS-51099
              • GAUSS-51100 -- GAUSS-51199
              • GAUSS-51200 -- GAUSS-51299
              • GAUSS-51300 -- GAUSS-51399
              • GAUSS-51400 -- GAUSS-51499
              • GAUSS-51500 -- GAUSS-51599
              • GAUSS-51600 -- GAUSS-51699
              • GAUSS-51700 -- GAUSS-51799
              • GAUSS-51800 -- GAUSS-51899
              • GAUSS-51900 -- GAUSS-51999
            • GAUSS-52000 -- GAUSS-52999
              • GAUSS-52100 -- GAUSS-52199
              • GAUSS-52200 -- GAUSS-52299
              • GAUSS-52300 -- GAUSS-52399
              • GAUSS-52400 -- GAUSS-52499
              • GAUSS-52500 -- GAUSS-52599
              • GAUSS-52600 -- GAUSS-52699
              • GAUSS-52700 -- GAUSS-52799
              • GAUSS-52800 -- GAUSS-52899
              • GAUSS-52900 -- GAUSS-52999
            • GAUSS-53000 -- GAUSS-53999
              • GAUSS-53000 -- GAUSS-53099
              • GAUSS-53100 -- GAUSS-53199
              • GAUSS-53200 -- GAUSS-53299
              • GAUSS-53500 -- GAUSS-53599
            • OE000
        • 8.2.1 or later versions
          • ErrorCode Rules
          • Row-column store
            • Row-store
            • Column-store
            • GIN Index
            • Btree Index
            • Row-store Vacuum
            • SP-GiST Index
            • Hash Index
          • Transaction
            • Lock
            • GTM
            • xlog
            • Checkpoint
          • HA
            • Data page Replication
            • Log Replication
            • Replication Slot
          • SQL on Anywhere
            • SQL on Hudi
            • OBS / HDFS / DLI
          • GDS/Copy
            • Common mechanisms
            • Importing
          • Parser
            • Lexical Analysis
            • Grammatical Analysis
            • DDL
            • DML
            • Expressions
            • Metadata
          • Optimizer
            • Rewriting Queries
            • Path Generation
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            • Analyze
            • utile Interface
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            • Authorizes
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            • libpq
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          • Logical Cluster
          • Others
            • Logical Replication
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            • Advanced Packages
            • JSON
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            • Functions and Features
      • Glossary
      • More Documents
        • User Guide(ME-Abu Dhabi Region)
          • Service Overview
            • What Is GaussDB(DWS)?
            • Advantages
            • Application Scenarios
            • Functions
            • Concepts
              • GaussDB(DWS) Management Concepts
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database Concepts
            • Related Services
            • GaussDB(DWS) Permissions Management
            • GaussDB(DWS) Access
            • Billing
            • Restrictions
            • Technical Specifications
          • Getting Started
            • Creating a Cluster and Connecting to It
              • Step 1: Starting Preparations
              • Step 2: Creating a Cluster
              • Step 3: Connecting to a Cluster
              • Step 4: Viewing Other Documents and Clearing Resources
          • Process for Using GaussDB(DWS)
          • Preparations
          • Cluster Configuration
            • Accessing the GaussDB(DWS) Management Console
            • Creating a Cluster
          • Cluster Connection
            • Methods of Connecting to a Cluster
            • Obtaining the Cluster Connection Address
            • Using the gsql CLI Client to Connect to a Cluster
              • Downloading the Client
              • Preparing an ECS as the gsql Client Host
              • Using the gsql Client to Connect to a Cluster
              • Establishing Secure TCP/IP Connections in SSL Mode
              • (Optional) Configuring SSL Connection
              • (Optional) Downloading the SSL Certificate
            • Using the Data Studio GUI Client to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the JDBC and ODBC Drivers to Connect to a Cluster
              • Development Specifications
              • Downloading the JDBC or ODBC Driver
              • Using a JDBC Driver to Connect to a Database
              • Using an ODBC Driver to Connect to a Database
              • Connecting to a Cluster Using IAM Authentication
                • Overview
                • Granting an IAM Account the DWS Database Access Permission
                • Creating an IAM User Credential
                • Configuring the JDBC Connection to Connect to a Cluster Using IAM Authentication
            • Using the Python Library psycopg2 to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the Python Library PyGreSQL to Connect to a Cluster
            • Managing Database Connections
          • Clusters
            • Checking the Cluster Status
            • Viewing Basic Cluster Information
            • Managing Access Domain Names
            • Cluster Scale-out
            • Performing a Primary/Standby Switchback
            • Cluster Upgrade
            • Password Reset
            • Cluster Restart
            • Modifying Database Parameters
            • MRS Data Sources
              • Importing Data from MRS to GaussDB(DWS)
              • Creating an MRS Data Source Connection
              • Updating the MRS Data Source Configuration
            • Managing Logical Clusters
              • Overview
              • Adding Logical Clusters
              • Editing Logical Clusters
              • Deleting Logical Clusters
              • Restarting Logical Clusters
              • Scaling Out Logical Clusters
            • Managing Tags
              • Overview
              • Tag Management
            • Deleting Clusters
            • Managing Parameter Templates
            • Managing Clusters That Fail to Be Created
          • Cluster HA
            • Snapshots
              • Overview
              • Manual Snapshots
                • Manually Creating a Snapshot
                • Deleting Manual Snapshots
              • Automated Snapshots
                • Automated Snapshot Overview
                • Configuring an Automated Snapshot Policy
                • Copying Automated Snapshots
                • Deleting an Automated Snapshot
              • Viewing Snapshot Information
              • Restoration Using a Snapshot
                • Restoring a Snapshot to a New Cluster
            • Cluster DR
              • DR Overview
              • Creating a DR Task
              • Viewing DR Information
              • DR Management
              • Mutually Exclusive DR Cases
            • Associating and Disassociating ELB
            • CNs
          • Monitoring and Alarms
            • Monitoring Clusters Using Cloud Eye
            • Databases Monitoring
              • Database Monitoring Overview
              • Monitoring Metrics
              • Cluster Overview
              • Monitoring
                • Node Monitoring
                • Performance Monitoring
                • Database Monitoring
                • Session Monitoring
                • Query Monitoring
                • Instance Monitoring
                • Load Monitoring
              • Utilities
                • SQL Diagnosis
              • Settings
              • Typical Scenarios
                • SQL Diagnosis
                • Top Time-Consuming SQL Statements Viewing
            • Event Notifications
              • Event Notifications Overview
              • Subscribing to Event Notifications
              • Viewing Events
            • Alarms
              • Alarm Management
              • Alarm Rules
              • Alarm Subscriptions
          • Cluster Security Management
            • Configuring Separation of Permissions
            • Encrypting Databases
              • Overview
              • Rotating Encryption Keys
            • Permissions
              • Syntax of Fine-Grained Permissions Policies
              • RBAC Syntax of RBAC Policies
            • Fine-Grained Permissions Policies
          • Audit Logs
            • Overview
            • Viewing Audit Logs of Key Operations on the Management Console
            • Configuring the Database Audit Logs
            • Dumping the Database Audit Logs
          • FAQs
            • Product Consulting
              • What Are the Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) Users and Roles?
              • How Do I Check the Creation Time of a GaussDB(DWS) Database User?
              • How Do I Select a GaussDB(DWS) Region and AZ?
              • Is Data Secure in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • Can I Modify the Security Group of a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster?
              • How Are Dirty Pages Generated in GaussDB(DWS)?
            • Database Connections
              • How Applications Communicate with GaussDB(DWS)?
              • Does GaussDB(DWS) Support Third-Party Clients and JDBC and ODBC Drivers?
              • How Do I Do If I Cannot Connect to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster?
              • Why Was I Not Notified of Failure After Unbinding the EIP When GaussDB(DWS) Is Connected Over the Internet?
              • How Do I Configure a Whitelist If I Want to Connect to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Using EIP?
            • Data Migration
              • What Are the Differences Between Data Formats Supported by OBS and GDS Foreign Tables in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Is Data Stored in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Much Service Data Can Be Stored in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Do I Import and Export Data in GaussDB(DWS) Using \copy?
              • How Do I Implement Fault Tolerance Import Between Different GaussDB(DWS) Encoding Libraries
              • Which Factors Are Related to GaussDB(DWS) Import Performance?
            • Database Use
              • How Do I Adjust GaussDB(DWS) Distribution Columns?
              • How Do I View and Set the Character Set Encoding Format of a GaussDB(DWS) Database?
              • How Do I Do If a Field of the Date Type Is Automatically Converted to a Timestamp Type During Table Creation in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • Do I Need to Run VACUUM FULL and ANALYZE on Common Tables Periodically in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Do I Export the Structure of a GaussDB(DWS) Table?
              • How Do I Delete Table Data Efficiently in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Do I View GaussDB(DWS) Foreign Table Information?
              • How Will Data Be Stored in a GaussDB(DWS) Table If No Distribution Column Is Specified During Its Creation?
              • How Do I Replace the Null Results with 0 in a GaussDB(DWS) Join Query?
              • How Do I Check Whether a GaussDB(DWS) Table Is Row-Stored or Column-Stored?
              • How Do I Query GaussDB(DWS) Column-Store Table Information?
              • Why Is the Index Invalid During GaussDB(DWS) Query?
              • How Do I Use a User-Defined GaussDB(DWS) Function to Rewrite the CRC32() Function?
              • What Is a GaussDB(DWS) Schema Starting with pg_toast_temp* or pg_temp*?
              • Solutions to Inconsistent GaussDB(DWS) Query Results
              • Which System Catalogs in GaussDB(DWS) Cannot Undergo the VACUUM FULL Operation?
              • In Which Scenarios Will a GaussDB(DWS) Statement Be in the idle in transaction State?
              • How Does GaussDB(DWS) Implement Row-to-Column and Column-to-Row Conversion?
              • What Are the Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) Unique Constraints and Unique Indexes?
              • What Are the Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) Functions and Stored Procedures?
              • How Do I Delete Duplicate Table Data from GaussDB(DWS)?
            • Cluster Management
              • How Can I Clear and Reclaim the GaussDB(DWS) Storage Space?
              • Why Does the Used Storage Capacity of GaussDB(DWS) Decrease Significantly After Scale-Out?
              • How Is the Disk Space or Capacity of GaussDB(DWS) Calculated?
              • How Do I Set the Session Threshold When Creating Alarm Rules for GaussDB(DWS) in Cloud Eye?
              • How Do I Determine Whether to Add CNs to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster or Scale Out the Cluster?
              • How Do I Choose Between a Small-Specification Multi-Node GaussDB(DWS) Cluster and a Large-Specification Three-Node GaussDB(DWS) Cluster with Identical CPU Cores and Memory?
              • What Are the Differences Between Hot Data Storage and Cold Data Storage in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Do I Do If the GaussDB(DWS) Scale-In Button Is Unavailable?
            • Account Permissions
              • How Does GaussDB(DWS) Isolate Workloads?
              • How Do I Change the Password of a GaussDB(DWS) Database Account When It Expires?
              • How Do I Grant Table Permissions to a Specified GaussDB(DWS) User?
              • How Do I Grant the Permissions of a Schema to a Specified GaussDB(DWS) User?
              • How Do I Create a GaussDB(DWS) Database Read-Only User?
              • How Do I Create Private Users and Tables in a GaussDB(DWS) Database?
              • How Do I Revoke the CONNECT ON DATABASE Permission of a User on GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Do I View the Table Permissions of a GaussDB(DWS) User?
              • Who Is the Ruby User in the GaussDB(DWS) Database?
            • Database Performance
              • Why Is SQL Execution Slow After Using GaussDB(DWS) for a Period of Time?
              • Why Doesn't GaussDB(DWS) Perform Better Than a Single-Node Database in Extreme Scenarios?
              • How Do I View SQL Execution Records in a Certain Period When GaussDB(DWS) Read and Write Are Blocked?
              • GaussDB(DWS) CPU Resource Isolation
              • Why Do Regular GaussDB(DWS) Users Run Statements Slower Than User dbadmin?
              • Which Factors Affect Single-Table Query Performance in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Do I Optimize a SQL Query with Many CASE WHEN Conditions?
            • Backup and Restoration
              • Why Is It Slow to Create a GaussDB(DWS) Automated Snapshot?
              • Does a GaussDB(DWS) Snapshot Have the Same Function as an EVS Snapshot?
          • Change History
        • API Reference (ME-Abu Dhabi Region)
          • Before You Start
            • Overview
            • API Calling
            • Endpoints
            • Basic Concepts
          • API Overview
          • Calling APIs
            • Making an API Request
            • Authentication
            • Response
          • Getting Started
          • API Description
            • Cluster Management APIs
              • Creating a Cluster
              • Querying the Cluster List
              • Querying Cluster Details
              • Querying the Supported Node Types
              • Deleting a Cluster
              • Restarting a Cluster
              • Scaling Out Clusters
              • Resetting a Password
            • Snapshot Management APIs
              • Creating a Snapshot
              • Querying the Snapshot List
              • Querying Snapshot Details
              • Deleting a Manual Snapshot
              • Restoring a Cluster
          • Permissions Policies and Supported Actions
          • Appendix
            • Status Code
            • Error Code
            • Creating a VPC
            • Obtaining a Project ID
            • Obtaining an Account ID
            • Obtaining the Cluster ID
          • Change History
        • Developer Guide (ME-Abu Dhabi Region)
          • Welcome
            • Target Readers
            • Reading Guide
            • Conventions
            • Prerequisites
          • System Overview
            • Highly Reliable Transaction Processing
            • High Query Performance
            • Related Concepts
          • Data Migration
            • Data Migration to GaussDB(DWS)
            • Data Import
              • Importing Data from OBS in Parallel
                • About Parallel Data Import from OBS
                • Importing CSV/TXT Data from the OBS
                  • Creating Access Keys (AK and SK)
                  • Uploading Data to OBS
                  • Creating an OBS Foreign Table
                  • Importing Data
                  • Handling Import Errors
                • Importing ORC/CarbonData Data from OBS
                  • Preparing Data on OBS
                  • Creating a Foreign Server
                  • Creating a Foreign Table
                  • Querying Data on OBS Through Foreign Tables
                  • Deleting Resources
                  • Supported Data Types
              • Using GDS to Import Data from a Remote Server
                • Importing Data In Parallel Using GDS
                • Preparing Source Data
                • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
                • Creating a GDS Foreign Table
                • Importing Data
                • Handling Import Errors
                • Stopping GDS
                • Example of Importing Data Using GDS
              • Importing Data from MRS to a Cluster
                • Overview
                • Preparing Data in an MRS Cluster
                • Manually Creating a Foreign Server
                • Creating a Foreign Table
                • Importing Data
                • Deleting Resources
                • Error Handling
              • Importing Data from One GaussDB(DWS) Cluster to Another
            • Full Database Migration
              • Using CDM to Migrate Data to GaussDB(DWS)
              • Using DSC to Migrate SQL Scripts
            • Meta-command Migration
              • Using gs_restore to Import Data
              • Using a gsql Meta-Command to Import Data
              • Running the COPY FROM STDIN Statement to Import Data
                • Data Import Using COPY FROM STDIN
                • Introduction to the CopyManager Class
                • Example: Importing and Exporting Data Through Local Files
                • Example: Migrating Data from MySQL to GaussDB(DWS)
            • Data Export
              • Exporting Data to OBS
                • Parallel OBS Data Export
                • Exporting CSV/TXT Data to OBS
                  • Planning Data Export
                  • Creating an OBS Foreign Table
                  • Exporting Data
                  • Examples
                • Exporting ORC Data to OBS
                  • Planning Data Export
                  • Creating a Foreign Server
                  • Creating a Foreign Table
                  • Exporting Data
              • Exporting ORC Data to MRS
                • Overview
                • Planning Data Export
                • Creating a Foreign Server
                • Creating a Foreign Table
                • Exporting Data
              • Using GDS to Export Data to a Remote Server
                • Exporting Data In Parallel Using GDS
                • Planning Data Export
                • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
                • Creating a GDS Foreign Table
                • Exporting Data
                • Stopping GDS
                • Examples of Exporting Data Using GDS
              • Using gs_dump and gs_dumpall to Export Metadata
                • Overview
                • Exporting a Single Database
                  • Exporting a Database
                  • Exporting a Schema
                  • Exporting a Table
                • Exporting All Databases
                  • Exporting All Databases
                  • Exporting Global Objects
                • Data Export By a User Without Required Permissions
            • Appendices
              • GDS Pipe FAQs
              • Checking for Data Skew
          • Syntax Compatibility Differences Among Oracle, Teradata, and MySQL
          • Database Security Management
            • Managing Users and Their Permissions
              • Default Permission Mechanism
              • System Administrator
              • Separation of Permissions
              • Users
              • Roles
              • Schema
              • User Permission Setting
              • Row-Level Access Control
              • Data Redaction
            • Setting Security Policies
              • Setting Account Security Policies
              • Setting the Validity Period of an Account
              • Setting a User Password
            • Querying Audit Results
          • Development and Design Proposal
            • Development and Design Proposal
            • Database Object Naming Conventions
            • Database Object Design
              • Database and Schema Design
              • Table Design
              • Column Design
              • Constraint Design
              • View and Joined Table Design
            • JDBC Configuration
            • SQL Compilation
            • PL/Java Usage
            • PL/pgSQL Usage
          • Guide: JDBC- or ODBC-Based Development
            • Development Specifications
            • Downloading Drivers
            • JDBC-Based Development
              • JDBC Package and Driver Class
              • Development Process
              • Loading a Driver
              • Connecting to a Database
              • Executing SQL Statements
              • Processing Data in a Result Set
              • Closing the Connection
              • Example: Common Operations
              • Example: Retrying SQL Queries for Applications
              • Example: Importing and Exporting Data Through Local Files
              • Example: Migrating Data from MySQL to GaussDB(DWS)
              • JDBC Interface Reference
                • java.sql.Connection
                • java.sql.CallableStatement
                • java.sql.DatabaseMetaData
                • java.sql.Driver
                • java.sql.PreparedStatement
                • java.sql.ResultSet
                • java.sql.ResultSetMetaData
                • java.sql.Statement
                • javax.sql.ConnectionPoolDataSource
                • javax.sql.DataSource
                • javax.sql.PooledConnection
                • javax.naming.Context
                • javax.naming.spi.InitialContextFactory
                • CopyManager
            • ODBC-Based Development
              • ODBC Package and Its Dependent Libraries and Header Files
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Linux OS
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Windows OS
              • ODBC Development Example
              • ODBC Interfaces
                • SQLAllocEnv
                • SQLAllocConnect
                • SQLAllocHandle
                • SQLAllocStmt
                • SQLBindCol
                • SQLBindParameter
                • SQLColAttribute
                • SQLConnect
                • SQLDisconnect
                • SQLExecDirect
                • SQLExecute
                • SQLFetch
                • SQLFreeStmt
                • SQLFreeConnect
                • SQLFreeHandle
                • SQLFreeEnv
                • SQLPrepare
                • SQLGetData
                • SQLGetDiagRec
                • SQLSetConnectAttr
                • SQLSetEnvAttr
                • SQLSetStmtAttr
          • PostGIS Extension
            • PostGIS
            • Using PostGIS
            • PostGIS Support and Constraints
            • OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE NOTICE (For PostGIS)
          • Resource Load Management
            • Overview
            • Query Band Load Identification
            • Schema Space Control
            • Memory Management
              • Overview
              • Job-Level Memory Control
            • Basic Framework for Resource Load Management
              • Resource Pools
              • Associated Jobs
            • Priority-based Scheduling
              • CPU
              • I/O
            • Storage Space Management
            • Resource Monitoring
              • User Resource Query
              • Monitoring Memory Resources
              • Instance Resource Monitoring
              • Real-time TopSQL
              • Historical TopSQL
              • TopSQL Query Example
          • Query Performance Optimization
            • Optimization Overview
            • Overview of Query Performance Optimization
            • Query Analysis
              • Query Execution Process
              • Overview of the SQL Execution Plan
              • Deep Dive on the SQL Execution Plan
              • Querying SQL Statements That Affect Performance Most
              • Checking Blocked Statements
            • System Optimization
              • Optimizing OS Parameters
              • Optimizing Database Parameters
                • Optimizing Database Memory Parameters
                • Optimizing Concurrent Queue Parameters
                • Optimizing Database Communication Parameters
              • Configuration SMP
                • Application Scenarios and Restrictions
                • Resource Impact on SMP Performance
                • Other Factors Affecting SMP Performance
                • Suggestions for SMP Parameter Settings
                • SMP Manual Optimization Suggestions
              • Configuring LLVM
                • LLVM Application Scenarios and Restrictions
                • Other Factors Affecting LLVM Performance
                • Recommended Suggestions for LLVM
            • Query Improvement
              • Query Execution Process
              • Introduction to the SQL Execution Plan
                • SQL Execution Plan
                • Description
              • Optimization Process
              • Updating Statistics
              • Reviewing and Modifying a Table Definition
                • Reviewing and Modifying a Table Definition
                • Selecting a Storage Model
                • Selecting a Distribution Mode
                • Selecting a Distribution Column
                • Using Partial Clustering
                • Using Partitioned Tables
                • Selecting a Data Type
              • Typical SQL Optimization Methods
                • SQL Self-Diagnosis
                • Optimizing Statement Pushdown
                • Optimizing Subqueries
                • Optimizing Statistics
                • Optimizing Operators
                • Optimizing Data Skew
              • Experience in Rewriting SQL Statements
              • Adjusting Key Parameters During SQL Tuning
              • Hint-based Tuning
                • Plan Hint Optimization
                • Join Order Hints
                • Join Operation Hints
                • Rows Hints
                • Stream Operation Hints
                • Scan Operation Hints
                • Sublink Name Hints
                • Skew Hints
                • Configuration Parameter Hints
                • Hint Errors, Conflicts, and Other Warnings
                • Plan Hint Cases
              • Routinely Maintaining Tables
              • Routinely Recreating an Index
              • Configuring the SMP
                • Application Scenarios and Restrictions
                • Resource Impact on SMP Performance
                • Other Factors Affecting SMP Performance
                • Suggestions for SMP Parameter Settings
                • SMP Manual Optimization Suggestions
            • Optimization Cases
              • Case: Selecting an Appropriate Distribution Column
              • Case: Creating an Appropriate Index
              • Case: Adding NOT NULL for JOIN Columns
              • Case: Pushing Down Sort Operations to DNs
              • Case: Configuring cost_param for Better Query Performance
              • Case: Adjusting the Distribution Key
              • Case: Adjusting the Partial Clustering Key
              • Case: Adjusting the Table Storage Mode in a Medium Table
              • Case: Adjusting the Local Clustering Column
              • Case: Reconstructing Partition Tables
              • Case: Adjusting the GUC Parameter best_agg_plan
              • Case: Rewriting SQL and Deleting Subqueries (Case 1)
              • Case: Rewriting SQL and Deleting Subqueries (Case 2)
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Eliminating Prune Interference
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Deleting in-clause
              • Case: Setting Partial Cluster Keys
            • SQL Execution Troubleshooting
              • Low Query Efficiency
              • DROP TABLE Fails to Be Executed
              • Different Data Is Displayed for the Same Table Queried By Multiple Users
              • An Error Occurs During the Integer Conversion
              • Automatic Retry upon SQL Statement Execution Errors
            • Common Performance Parameter Optimization Design
          • User-Defined Functions
            • PL/Java Functions
            • PL/pgSQL Functions
          • Stored Procedures
            • Stored Procedure
            • Data Types
            • Data Type Conversion
            • Arrays and Records
              • Arrays
              • record
            • Syntax
              • Basic Structure
              • Anonymous Block
              • Subprogram
            • Basic Statements
              • Variable Definition Statement
              • Assignment Statement
              • Call Statement
            • Dynamic Statements
              • Executing Dynamic Query Statements
              • Executing Dynamic Non-query Statements
              • Dynamically Calling Stored Procedures
              • Dynamically Calling Anonymous Blocks
            • Control Statements
              • RETURN Statements
                • RETURN
                • RETURN NEXT and RETURN QUERY
              • Conditional Statements
              • Loop Statements
              • Branch Statements
              • NULL Statements
              • Error Trapping Statements
              • GOTO Statements
            • Other Statements
              • Lock Operations
              • Cursor Operations
            • Cursors
              • Overview
              • Explicit Cursor
              • Implicit Cursor
              • Cursor Loop
            • Advanced Packages
              • DBMS_LOB
              • DBMS_RANDOM
              • DBMS_OUTPUT
              • UTL_RAW
              • DBMS_JOB
              • DBMS_SQL
            • Debugging
          • System Catalogs and System Views
            • Overview of System Catalogs and System Views
            • System Catalogs
              • GS_OBSSCANINFO
              • GS_WLM_INSTANCE_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • GS_WLM_USER_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • PG_AGGREGATE
              • PG_AM
              • PG_AMOP
              • PG_AMPROC
              • PG_ATTRDEF
              • PG_ATTRIBUTE
              • PG_AUTHID
              • PG_AUTH_HISTORY
              • PG_AUTH_MEMBERS
              • PG_CAST
              • PG_CLASS
              • PG_COLLATION
              • PG_CONSTRAINT
              • PG_CONVERSION
              • PG_DATABASE
              • PG_DB_ROLE_SETTING
              • PG_DEFAULT_ACL
              • PG_DEPEND
              • PG_DESCRIPTION
              • PG_ENUM
              • PG_EXTENSION
              • PG_EXTENSION_DATA_SOURCE
              • PG_FOREIGN_DATA_WRAPPER
              • PG_FOREIGN_SERVER
              • PG_FOREIGN_TABLE
              • PG_INDEX
              • PG_INHERITS
              • PG_JOBS
              • PG_LANGUAGE
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT_METADATA
              • PG_NAMESPACE
              • PG_OBJECT
              • PG_OBSSCANINFO
              • PG_OPCLASS
              • PG_OPERATOR
              • PG_OPFAMILY
              • PG_PARTITION
              • PG_PLTEMPLATE
              • PG_PROC
              • PG_RANGE
              • PG_REDACTION_COLUMN
              • PG_REDACTION_POLICY
              • PG_RLSPOLICY
              • PG_RESOURCE_POOL
              • PG_REWRITE
              • PG_SECLABEL
              • PG_SHDEPEND
              • PG_SHDESCRIPTION
              • PG_SHSECLABEL
              • PG_STATISTIC
              • PG_STATISTIC_EXT
              • PG_SYNONYM
              • PG_TABLESPACE
              • PG_TRIGGER
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              • PG_STATIO_ALL_INDEXES
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              • PG_STATIO_SYS_INDEXES
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              • PG_STATIO_SYS_TABLES
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              • PG_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
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              • PG_USER
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              • PG_VIEWS
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              • PLAN_TABLE
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              • REDACTION_COLUMNS
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          • Glossary
        • SQL Syntax Reference (ME-Abu Dhabi Region)
          • GaussDB(DWS) SQL
          • Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) and PostgreSQL
            • GaussDB(DWS) gsql, PostgreSQL psql, and libpq
            • Data Type Differences
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          • Keyword
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          • Expressions
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          • Full Text Search
            • Introduction
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              • What Is a Document?
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            • Limitations
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          • DDL Syntax
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            • ALTER DATABASE
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            • CURSOR
            • DROP DATABASE
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            • FETCH
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          • DML Syntax
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              • INSERT
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          • DCL Syntax
            • DCL Syntax Overview
            • ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
            • ANALYZE | ANALYSE
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            • DO
            • EXECUTE
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            • GRANT
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          • DQL Syntax
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          • TCL Syntax
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            • ABORT
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            • COMMIT | END
            • COMMIT PREPARED
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          • GIN Indexes
            • Introduction
            • Scalability
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            • GIN Tips and Tricks
        • Tool Guide (ME-Abu Dhabi Region)
          • Overview
          • Downloading Client Tools
          • gsql - CLI Client
            • Overview
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          • Data Studio - Integrated Database Development Tool
            • About Data Studio
              • Overview
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            • Data Studio GUI
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            • Connection Profiles
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            • Databases
              • Creating a Database
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            • Schemas
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            • Creating a Function/Procedure
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            • Debugging a PL/SQL Function
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              • Overview
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            • GaussDB(DWS) Tables
              • Table Management Overview
              • Creating Regular Table
                • Overview
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                • Overview
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              • Managing Table
                • Overview
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              • Managing Table Data
                • Exporting Table DDL
                • Exporting Table DDL and Data
                • Exporting Table Data
                • Show DDL
                • Importing Table Data
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              • Editing Temporary Tables
            • Sequences
              • Creating Sequence
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              • Working with Sequences
            • Views
              • Creating a View
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              • Working with Views
            • SQL Terminal
              • Opening Multiple SQL Terminal Tabs
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              • Opening and Saving SQL Scripts
              • Viewing Object Properties in the SQL Terminal
              • Canceling the Execution of SQL Queries
              • Formatting of SQL Queries
              • Selecting a DB Object in the SQL Terminal
              • Viewing the Execution Plan and Costs
              • Viewing the Query Execution Plan and Cost Graphically
              • Using SQL Terminals
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            • Batch Operation
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              • SQL History
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            • Troubleshooting
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          • GDS: Parallel Data Loader
            • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
            • Stopping GDS
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            • gds
            • gds_ctl.py
            • Handling Import Errors
          • DSC: SQL Syntax Migration Tool
            • Overview
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            • Constraints and Limitations
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              • Overview
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                • COLLECT STATISTICS
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              • DSQL
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              • PL/SQL
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              • Comments
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              • Tables
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        • Error Code Reference (ME-Abu Dhabi Region)
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          • Service Overview
            • What Is GaussDB(DWS)?
            • Advantages
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            • GaussDB(DWS) Permissions Management
            • GaussDB(DWS) Access
            • Restrictions
          • Getting Started
            • Step 1: Starting Preparations
            • Step 2: Creating a Cluster
            • Step 3: Connecting to a Cluster
            • Step 4: Viewing Other Documents and Deleting Resources
          • Process for Using GaussDB(DWS)
          • Preparations
          • Creating or Deleting a Cluster
            • Accessing the GaussDB(DWS) Management Console
            • Creating a Cluster
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          • Cluster Connection
            • Methods of Connecting to a Cluster
            • Obtaining the Cluster Connection Address
            • Using the Data Studio GUI Client to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the gsql CLI Client to Connect to a Cluster
              • Downloading the Data Studio client
              • Using the Linux gsql Client to Connect to a Cluster
              • Using the Windows gsql Client to Connect to a Cluster
              • Establishing Secure TCP/IP Connections in SSL Mode
            • Using the JDBC and ODBC Drivers to Connect to a Cluster
              • Development Specifications
              • Downloading the JDBC or ODBC Driver
              • Using JDBC to Connect to a Cluster
              • Configuring JDBC to Connect to a Cluster (Load Balancing Mode)
              • Configuring JDBC to Connect to a Cluster (IAM Authentication Mode)
              • Using ODBC to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the Third-Party Function Library psycopg2 of Python to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the Python Library PyGreSQL to Connect to a Cluster
            • Managing Database Connections
          • Monitoring and Alarms
            • Monitoring Clusters Using Cloud Eye
            • Alarms
              • Alarm Management
              • Alarm Rules
              • Alarm Subscriptions
            • Event Notifications
              • Event Notifications Overview
              • Viewing Events
          • Specifications Change and Scaling
            • Managing Nodes
            • Scaling Nodes
              • Scaling Out a Cluster
              • Cluster Redistribution
                • Redistributing Data
                • Viewing Redistribution Details
              • Scaling In a Cluster
            • Changing Specifications
              • Changing the Node Flavor
              • Changing All Specifications
              • Disk Capacity Expansion of an EVS Cluster
          • Backup and Disaster Recovery
            • Snapshots
              • Overview
              • Manual Snapshots
                • Creating a Manual Snapshot
                • Deleting a Manual Snapshot
              • Automated Snapshots
                • Automatic Snapshot Overview
                • Configuring an Automated Snapshot Policy
                • Copying Automated Snapshots
                • Deleting an Automated Snapshot
              • Viewing Snapshot Information
              • Restoration Using a Snapshot
                • Constraints on Restoring a Snapshot
                • Restoring a Snapshot to a New Cluster
                • Restoring a Snapshot to the Original Cluster
              • Configuring a Snapshot
              • Stopping Snapshot Creation
            • Cluster DR
              • DR Overview
              • Creating a DR Task
              • Viewing DR Information
              • DR Management
              • Mutually Exclusive DR Cases
          • Intelligent O&M
            • Overview
            • O&M Plans
            • O&M Status
          • Cluster Management
            • Modifying Database Parameters
            • Checking the Cluster Status
            • Viewing Cluster Details
            • Managing Access Domain Names
            • Cluster Topology
            • Managing Tags
              • Overview
              • Tag Management
            • Managing Enterprise Projects
            • Managing Clusters That Fail to Be Created
            • Removing the Read-only Status
            • Performing a Primary/Standby Switchback
            • Cluster Restart
            • Resetting a Password
            • Cluster Upgrade
            • Associating and Disassociating ELB
            • Managing CNs
          • Cluster Log Management
          • Database User Management
            • Managing Users
            • Managing Roles
          • Audit Logs
            • Audit Log Overview
            • Management Console Audit Logs
            • Database Audit Logs
              • Configuring the Database Audit Logs
              • Dumping the Database Audit Logs
              • Viewing Database Audit Logs
          • Cluster Security Management
            • Configuring Separation of Permissions
            • Encrypting Databases
              • Overview
              • Rotating Encryption Keys
            • Permissions
              • Syntax of Fine-Grained Permissions Policies
          • Resource Management
            • Overview
            • Resource Pool
              • Feature Description
              • Page Overview
              • Creating a Resource Pool
              • Modifying a Resource Pool
              • Deleting a Resource Pool
            • Resource Management Plan
              • Managing Resource Management Plans
              • Managing Resource Management Plan Stages
              • Importing or Exporting a Resource Management Plan
            • Workspace Management
          • Data Source Management
            • MRS Data Sources
              • MRS Data Source Usage Overview
              • Creating an MRS Data Source Connection
              • Updating the MRS Data Source Configuration
          • Managing Logical Clusters
            • Logical Cluster Overview
            • Adding Logical Clusters
            • Editing Logical Clusters
            • Managing Resources (in a Logical Cluster)
            • Restarting Logical Clusters
            • Scaling Out Logical Clusters
            • Deleting Logical Clusters
            • Tutorial: Converting a Physical Cluster That Contains Data into a Logical Cluster
            • Tutorial: Dividing a New Physical Cluster into Logical Clusters
          • FAQs
            • General Problems
              • Why Do I Need to Use a Data Warehouse?
              • What Are the Differences Between Users and Roles?
              • When Should I Use GaussDB(DWS) and MRS?
              • How Do I Check the Creation Time of a Database User?
              • Regions and AZs
              • Is My Data Secure in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Is GaussDB(DWS) Secured?
              • Can I Modify the Security Group of a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster?
              • How Are Dirty Pages Generated in GaussDB(DWS)?
            • Database Usage
              • How Do I Change Distribution Columns?
              • How Do I View and Set the Database Character Encoding?
              • What Do I Do If Date Type Is Automatically Converted to the Timestamp Type During Table Creation?
              • Do I Need to Run VACUUM FULL and ANALYZE on Common Tables Periodically?
              • Do I Need to Set a Distribution Key After Setting a Primary Key?
              • Is GaussDB(DWS) Compatible with PostgreSQL Stored Procedures?
              • What Are Partitioned Tables, Partitions, and Partition Keys?
              • How Can I Export the Table Structure?
              • How Do I Delete Table Data Efficiently?
              • How Do I View Foreign Table Information?
              • If No Distribution Column Is Specified, How Will Data Be Stored?
              • How Do I Replace the Null Result with 0?
              • How Do I Check Whether a Table Is Row-Stored or Column-Stored?
              • How Do I Query the Information About GaussDB(DWS) Column-Store Tables?
              • Why Sometimes the GaussDB(DWS) Query Indexes Become Invalid?
              • How Do I Use a User-Defined Function to Rewrite the CRC32() Function?
              • What Are the Schemas Starting with pg_toast_temp* or pg_temp*?
              • Solutions to Inconsistent GaussDB(DWS) Query Results
              • Which System Catalogs That the VACUUM FULL Operation Cannot Be Performed on?
              • In Which Scenarios Would a Statement Be "idle in transaction"?
              • How Does GaussDB(DWS) Implement Row-to-Column and Column-to-Row Conversion?
              • What Are the Differences Between Unique Constraints and Unique Indexes?
              • What Are the Differences Between Functions and Stored Procedures?
              • How Do I Delete Duplicate Table Data?
            • Cluster Management
              • What Do I Do If Creating a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Failed?
              • How Can I Clear and Reclaim the Storage Space?
              • Why Did the Used Storage Shrink After Scale-out?
              • How Do I View Node Metrics (CPU, Memory, and Disk Usage)?
              • How Is the Disk Space or Capacity of GaussDB(DWS) Calculated?
              • What Are the gaussdb and postgres Databases of GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Do I Set the Maximum Number of Sessions When Adding an Alarm Rule on Cloud Eye?
              • When Should I Add CNs or Scale out a cluster?
              • How Should I Select from a Small-Flavor Many-Node Cluster and a Large-Flavor Three-Node Cluster with Same CPU Cores and Memory?
              • What Are the Differences Between Hot Data Storage and Cold Data Storage?
              • What Do I do if the Scale-in Button Is Dimmed?
            • Database Connections
              • How Applications Communicate with GaussDB(DWS)?
              • Does GaussDB(DWS) Support Third-Party Clients and JDBC and ODBC Drivers?
              • Can I Connect to GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Nodes Using SSH?
              • What Should I Do If I Cannot Connect to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster?
              • Why Was I Not Notified of Failure Unbinding the EIP When GaussDB(DWS) Is Connected Over the Internet?
              • How Do I Configure a Whitelist to Protect Clusters Available Through a Public IP Address?
            • Data Import and Export
              • What Are the Differences Between Data Formats Supported by OBS and GDS Foreign Tables?
              • How Do I Import Incremental Data Using an OBS Foreign Table?
              • How Can I Import Data to GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Much Service Data Can a Data Warehouse Store?
              • How Do I Use \Copy to Import and Export Data?
              • How Do I Implement Fault Tolerance Import Between Different Encoding Libraries
              • Can I Import and Export Data to and from OBS Across Regions?
              • Can I Import Data over the Public/External Network Using GDS?
              • Which Are the Factors That Affect GaussDB(DWS) Import Performance?
            • Account, Password, and Permission
              • How Does GaussDB(DWS) Implement Workload Isolation?
              • How Do I Change the Password of a Database Account When the Password Expires?
              • How Do I Grant Table Permissions to a User?
              • How Do I Grant Schema Permissions to a User?
              • How Do I Create a Database Read-only User?
              • How Do I Create Private Database Users and Tables?
              • How Do I Revoke the CONNECT ON DATABASE Permission from a User?
              • How Do I View the Table Permissions of a User?
              • Who Is User Ruby?
            • Database Performance
              • Why Is SQL Execution Slow After Long GaussDB(DWS) Usage?
              • Why Does GaussDB(DWS) Perform Worse Than a Single-Server Database in Extreme Scenarios?
              • How Can I View SQL Execution Records in a Certain Period When Read and Write Requests Are Blocked?
              • What Do I Do If My Cluster Is Unavailable Because of Insufficient Space?
              • GaussDB(DWS) CPU Resource Management
              • Why the Tasks Executed by an Ordinary User Are Slower Than That Executed by the dbadmin User?
              • What Are the Factors Related to the Single-Table Query Performance in GaussDB(DWS)?
            • Snapshot Backup and Restoration
              • Why Is Creating an Automated Snapshot So Slow?
              • Does a DWS Snapshot Have the Same Function as an EVS Snapshot?
        • API Reference (Paris Region)
          • Before You Start
            • Overview
            • API Calling
            • Endpoints
            • Basic Concepts
          • API Overview
          • Calling APIs
            • Making an API Request
            • Authentication
            • Response
          • Getting Started
          • API Description
            • Cluster Management APIs
              • Creating a Cluster
              • Querying the Cluster List
              • Querying Cluster Details
              • Querying the Supported Node Types
              • Deleting a Cluster
              • Restarting a Cluster
              • Scaling Out Clusters
              • Resetting a Password
            • Snapshot Management APIs
              • Creating a Snapshot
              • Querying the Snapshot List
              • Querying Snapshot Details
              • Deleting a Manual Snapshot
              • Restoring a Cluster
          • Appendix
            • Status Code
            • Error Code
            • Creating a VPC
            • Obtaining a Project ID
            • Obtaining an Account ID
            • Obtaining the Cluster ID
          • Change History
        • Developer Guide (Paris Region)
          • Welcome
            • Target Readers
            • Reading Guide
            • Conventions
            • Prerequisites
          • System Overview
            • Highly Reliable Transaction Processing
            • High Query Performance
            • Related Concepts
          • Data Migration
            • Data Migration to GaussDB(DWS)
            • Data Import
              • Importing Data from OBS in Parallel
                • About Parallel Data Import from OBS
                • Importing CSV/TXT Data from the OBS
                  • Creating Access Keys (AK and SK)
                  • Uploading Data to OBS
                  • Creating an OBS Foreign Table
                  • Importing Data
                  • Handling Import Errors
                • Importing ORC/CarbonData Data from OBS
                  • Preparing Data on OBS
                  • Creating a Foreign Server
                  • Creating a Foreign Table
                  • Querying Data on OBS Through Foreign Tables
                  • Deleting Resources
                  • Supported Data Types
              • Using GDS to Import Data from a Remote Server
                • Importing Data In Parallel Using GDS
                • Preparing Source Data
                • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
                • Creating a GDS Foreign Table
                • Importing Data
                • Handling Import Errors
                • Stopping GDS
                • Example of Importing Data Using GDS
              • Importing Data from MRS to a Cluster
                • Overview
                • Preparing Data in an MRS Cluster
                • Manually Creating a Foreign Server
                • Creating a Foreign Table
                • Importing Data
                • Deleting Resources
                • Error Handling
              • Importing Data from One GaussDB(DWS) Cluster to Another
              • Using a gsql Meta-Command to Import Data
              • Running the COPY FROM STDIN Statement to Import Data
                • Data Import Using COPY FROM STDIN
                • Introduction to the CopyManager Class
                • Example: Importing and Exporting Data Through Local Files
                • Example: Migrating Data from MySQL to GaussDB(DWS)
            • Full Database Migration
              • Using CDM to Migrate Data to GaussDB(DWS)
              • Using DSC to Migrate SQL Scripts
            • Meta-command Migration
              • Using gs_dump and gs_dumpall to Export Metadata
                • Overview
                • Exporting a Single Database
                  • Exporting a Database
                  • Exporting a Schema
                  • Exporting a Table
                • Exporting All Databases
                  • Exporting All Databases
                  • Exporting Global Objects
                • Data Export By a User Without Required Permissions
              • Using gs_restore to Import Data
            • Data Export
              • Exporting Data to OBS
                • Parallel OBS Data Export
                • Exporting CSV/TXT Data to OBS
                  • Planning Data Export
                  • Creating an OBS Foreign Table
                  • Exporting Data
                  • Examples
                • Exporting ORC Data to OBS
                  • Planning Data Export
                  • Creating a Foreign Server
                  • Creating a Foreign Table
                  • Exporting Data
              • Exporting ORC Data to MRS
                • Overview
                • Planning Data Export
                • Creating a Foreign Server
                • Creating a Foreign Table
                • Exporting Data
              • Using GDS to Export Data to a Remote Server
                • Exporting Data In Parallel Using GDS
                • Planning Data Export
                • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
                • Creating a GDS Foreign Table
                • Exporting Data
                • Stopping GDS
                • Examples of Exporting Data Using GDS
            • Other Operations
              • GDS Pipe FAQs
              • Checking for Data Skew
          • Syntax Compatibility Differences Among Oracle, Teradata, and MySQL
          • Database Security Management
            • Managing Users and Their Permissions
              • Default Permission Mechanism
              • System Administrator
              • Separation of Permissions
              • Users
              • Roles
              • Schema
              • User Permission Setting
              • Row-Level Access Control
              • Data Redaction
            • Setting Security Policies
              • Setting Account Security Policies
              • Setting the Validity Period of an Account
              • Setting a User Password
            • Querying Audit Results
          • Development and Design Proposal
            • Development and Design Proposal
            • Database Object Naming Conventions
            • Database Object Design
              • Database and Schema Design
              • Table Design
              • Column Design
              • Constraint Design
              • View and Joined Table Design
            • JDBC Configuration
            • SQL Compilation
            • PL/Java Usage
            • PL/pgSQL Usage
          • Guide: JDBC- or ODBC-Based Development
            • Development Specifications
            • Downloading Drivers
            • JDBC-Based Development
              • JDBC Package and Driver Class
              • Development Process
              • Loading a Driver
              • Connecting to a Database
              • Executing SQL Statements
              • Processing Data in a Result Set
              • Closing the Connection
              • Example: Common Operations
              • Example: Retrying SQL Queries for Applications
              • Example: Importing and Exporting Data Through Local Files
              • Example: Migrating Data from MySQL to GaussDB(DWS)
              • JDBC Interface Reference
                • java.sql.Connection
                • java.sql.CallableStatement
                • java.sql.DatabaseMetaData
                • java.sql.Driver
                • java.sql.PreparedStatement
                • java.sql.ResultSet
                • java.sql.ResultSetMetaData
                • java.sql.Statement
                • javax.sql.ConnectionPoolDataSource
                • javax.sql.DataSource
                • javax.sql.PooledConnection
                • javax.naming.Context
                • javax.naming.spi.InitialContextFactory
                • CopyManager
            • ODBC-Based Development
              • ODBC Package and Its Dependent Libraries and Header Files
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Linux OS
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Windows OS
              • ODBC Development Example
              • ODBC Interfaces
                • SQLAllocEnv
                • SQLAllocConnect
                • SQLAllocHandle
                • SQLAllocStmt
                • SQLBindCol
                • SQLBindParameter
                • SQLColAttribute
                • SQLConnect
                • SQLDisconnect
                • SQLExecDirect
                • SQLExecute
                • SQLFetch
                • SQLFreeStmt
                • SQLFreeConnect
                • SQLFreeHandle
                • SQLFreeEnv
                • SQLPrepare
                • SQLGetData
                • SQLGetDiagRec
                • SQLSetConnectAttr
                • SQLSetEnvAttr
                • SQLSetStmtAttr
          • PostGIS Extension
            • PostGIS
            • Using PostGIS
            • PostGIS Support and Constraints
            • OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE NOTICE (For PostGIS)
          • Resource Load Management
            • Overview
            • Query Band Load Identification
            • Schema Space Control
            • Memory Management
              • Overview
              • Job-Level Memory Control
            • Basic Framework for Resource Load Management
              • Resource Pools
              • Associated Jobs
            • Priority-based Scheduling
              • CPU
              • I/O
            • Storage Space Management
          • Resource Monitoring
            • User Resource Query
            • Monitoring Memory Resources
            • Instance Resource Monitoring
            • Real-time TopSQL
            • Historical TopSQL
            • TopSQL Query Example
          • Query Performance Optimization
            • Overview of Query Performance Optimization
            • Query Analysis
              • Query Execution Process
              • Overview of the SQL Execution Plan
              • Deep Dive on the SQL Execution Plan
              • Querying SQL Statements That Affect Performance Most
              • Checking Blocked Statements
            • Query Improvement
              • Optimization Process
              • Updating Statistics
              • Reviewing and Modifying a Table Definition
                • Reviewing and Modifying a Table Definition
                • Selecting a Storage Model
                • Selecting a Distribution Mode
                • Selecting a Distribution Column
                • Using Partial Clustering
                • Using Partitioned Tables
                • Selecting a Data Type
              • Typical SQL Optimization Methods
                • SQL Self-Diagnosis
                • Optimizing Statement Pushdown
                • Optimizing Subqueries
                • Optimizing Statistics
                • Optimizing Operators
                • Optimizing Data Skew
              • Experience in Rewriting SQL Statements
              • Adjusting Key Parameters During SQL Tuning
              • Hint-based Tuning
                • Plan Hint Optimization
                • Join Order Hints
                • Join Operation Hints
                • Rows Hints
                • Stream Operation Hints
                • Scan Operation Hints
                • Sublink Name Hints
                • Skew Hints
                • Configuration Parameter Hints
                • Hint Errors, Conflicts, and Other Warnings
                • Plan Hint Cases
              • Routinely Maintaining Tables
              • Routinely Recreating an Index
              • Configuring the SMP
                • Application Scenarios and Restrictions
                • Resource Impact on SMP Performance
                • Other Factors Affecting SMP Performance
                • Suggestions for SMP Parameter Settings
                • SMP Manual Optimization Suggestions
            • Optimization Cases
              • Case: Selecting an Appropriate Distribution Column
              • Case: Creating an Appropriate Index
              • Case: Adding NOT NULL for JOIN Columns
              • Case: Pushing Down Sort Operations to DNs
              • Case: Configuring cost_param for Better Query Performance
              • Case: Adjusting the Distribution Key
              • Case: Adjusting the Partial Clustering Key
              • Case: Adjusting the Table Storage Mode in a Medium Table
              • Case: Adjusting the Local Clustering Column
              • Case: Reconstructing Partition Tables
              • Case: Adjusting the GUC Parameter best_agg_plan
              • Case: Rewriting SQL and Deleting Subqueries (Case 1)
              • Case: Rewriting SQL and Deleting Subqueries (Case 2)
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Eliminating Prune Interference
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Deleting in-clause
              • Case: Setting Partial Cluster Keys
            • SQL Execution Troubleshooting
              • Low Query Efficiency
              • DROP TABLE Fails to Be Executed
              • Different Data Is Displayed for the Same Table Queried By Multiple Users
              • An Error Occurs During the Integer Conversion
              • Automatic Retry upon SQL Statement Execution Errors
            • Common Performance Parameter Optimization Design
          • User-Defined Functions
            • PL/Java Functions
            • PL/pgSQL Functions
          • Stored Procedures
            • Stored Procedure
            • Data Types
            • Data Type Conversion
            • Arrays and Records
              • Arrays
              • record
            • Syntax
              • Basic Structure
              • Anonymous Block
              • Subprogram
            • Basic Statements
              • Variable Definition Statement
              • Assignment Statement
              • Call Statement
            • Dynamic Statements
              • Executing Dynamic Query Statements
              • Executing Dynamic Non-query Statements
              • Dynamically Calling Stored Procedures
              • Dynamically Calling Anonymous Blocks
            • Control Statements
              • RETURN Statements
                • RETURN
                • RETURN NEXT and RETURN QUERY
              • Conditional Statements
              • Loop Statements
              • Branch Statements
              • NULL Statements
              • Error Trapping Statements
              • GOTO Statements
            • Other Statements
              • Lock Operations
              • Cursor Operations
            • Cursors
              • Overview
              • Explicit Cursor
              • Implicit Cursor
              • Cursor Loop
            • Advanced Packages
              • DBMS_LOB
              • DBMS_RANDOM
              • DBMS_OUTPUT
              • UTL_RAW
              • DBMS_JOB
              • DBMS_SQL
            • Debugging
          • System Catalogs and System Views
            • Overview of System Catalogs and System Views
            • System Catalogs
              • GS_OBSSCANINFO
              • GS_WLM_INSTANCE_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • GS_WLM_USER_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • PG_AGGREGATE
              • PG_AM
              • PG_AMOP
              • PG_AMPROC
              • PG_ATTRDEF
              • PG_ATTRIBUTE
              • PG_AUTHID
              • PG_AUTH_HISTORY
              • PG_AUTH_MEMBERS
              • PG_CAST
              • PG_CLASS
              • PG_COLLATION
              • PG_CONSTRAINT
              • PG_CONVERSION
              • PG_DATABASE
              • PG_DB_ROLE_SETTING
              • PG_DEFAULT_ACL
              • PG_DEPEND
              • PG_DESCRIPTION
              • PG_ENUM
              • PG_EXTENSION
              • PG_EXTENSION_DATA_SOURCE
              • PG_FOREIGN_DATA_WRAPPER
              • PG_FOREIGN_SERVER
              • PG_FOREIGN_TABLE
              • PG_INDEX
              • PG_INHERITS
              • PG_JOBS
              • PG_LANGUAGE
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT_METADATA
              • PG_NAMESPACE
              • PG_OBJECT
              • PG_OBSSCANINFO
              • PG_OPCLASS
              • PG_OPERATOR
              • PG_OPFAMILY
              • PG_PARTITION
              • PG_PLTEMPLATE
              • PG_PROC
              • PG_RANGE
              • PG_REDACTION_COLUMN
              • PG_REDACTION_POLICY
              • PG_RLSPOLICY
              • PG_RESOURCE_POOL
              • PG_REWRITE
              • PG_SECLABEL
              • PG_SHDEPEND
              • PG_SHDESCRIPTION
              • PG_SHSECLABEL
              • PG_STATISTIC
              • PG_STATISTIC_EXT
              • PG_SYNONYM
              • PG_TABLESPACE
              • PG_TRIGGER
              • PG_TS_CONFIG
              • PG_TS_CONFIG_MAP
              • PG_TS_DICT
              • PG_TS_PARSER
              • PG_TS_TEMPLATE
              • PG_TYPE
              • PG_USER_MAPPING
              • PG_USER_STATUS
              • PG_WORKLOAD_ACTION
              • PGXC_CLASS
              • PGXC_GROUP
              • PGXC_NODE
            • System Views
              • ALL_ALL_TABLES
              • ALL_CONSTRAINTS
              • ALL_CONS_COLUMNS
              • ALL_COL_COMMENTS
              • ALL_DEPENDENCIES
              • ALL_IND_COLUMNS
              • ALL_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • ALL_INDEXES
              • ALL_OBJECTS
              • ALL_PROCEDURES
              • ALL_SEQUENCES
              • ALL_SOURCE
              • ALL_SYNONYMS
              • ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
              • ALL_TAB_COMMENTS
              • ALL_TABLES
              • ALL_USERS
              • ALL_VIEWS
              • DBA_DATA_FILES
              • DBA_USERS
              • DBA_COL_COMMENTS
              • DBA_CONSTRAINTS
              • DBA_CONS_COLUMNS
              • DBA_IND_COLUMNS
              • DBA_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • DBA_IND_PARTITIONS
              • DBA_INDEXES
              • DBA_OBJECTS
              • DBA_PART_INDEXES
              • DBA_PART_TABLES
              • DBA_PROCEDURES
              • DBA_SEQUENCES
              • DBA_SOURCE
              • DBA_SYNONYMS
              • DBA_TAB_COLUMNS
              • DBA_TAB_COMMENTS
              • DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
              • DBA_TABLES
              • DBA_TABLESPACES
              • DBA_TRIGGERS
              • DBA_VIEWS
              • DUAL
              • GLOBAL_REDO_STAT
              • GLOBAL_REL_IOSTAT
              • GLOBAL_STAT_DATABASE
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • GS_ALL_CONTROL_GROUP_INFO
              • GS_CLUSTER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • GS_INSTR_UNIQUE_SQL
              • GS_REL_IOSTAT
              • GS_NODE_STAT_RESET_TIME
              • GS_SESSION_CPU_STATISTICS
              • GS_SESSION_MEMORY_STATISTICS
              • GS_SQL_COUNT
              • GS_WAIT_EVENTS
              • GS_WLM_OPERAROR_INFO
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
              • GS_WLM_SQL_ALLOW
              • GS_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • GS_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • GS_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • GS_STAT_DB_CU
              • GS_STAT_SESSION_CU
              • GS_TOTAL_NODEGROUP_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • GS_USER_TRANSACTION
              • GS_VIEW_DEPENDENCY
              • GS_VIEW_DEPENDENCY_PATH
              • GS_VIEW_INVALID
              • PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSION_VERSIONS
              • PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSIONS
              • PG_BULKLOAD_STATISTICS
              • PG_COMM_CLIENT_INFO
              • PG_COMM_DELAY
              • PG_COMM_STATUS
              • PG_COMM_RECV_STREAM
              • PG_COMM_SEND_STREAM
              • PG_CONTROL_GROUP_CONFIG
              • PG_CURSORS
              • PG_EXT_STATS
              • PG_GET_INVALID_BACKENDS
              • PG_GET_SENDERS_CATCHUP_TIME
              • PG_GROUP
              • PG_INDEXES
              • PG_JOB
              • PG_JOB_PROC
              • PG_JOB_SINGLE
              • PG_LIFECYCLE_DATA_DISTRIBUTE
              • PG_LOCKS
              • PG_NODE_ENV
              • PG_OS_THREADS
              • PG_POOLER_STATUS
              • PG_PREPARED_STATEMENTS
              • PG_PREPARED_XACTS
              • PG_QUERYBAND_ACTION
              • PG_REPLICATION_SLOTS
              • PG_ROLES
              • PG_RULES
              • PG_RUNNING_XACTS
              • PG_SECLABELS
              • PG_SESSION_WLMSTAT
              • PG_SESSION_IOSTAT
              • PG_SETTINGS
              • PG_SHADOW
              • PG_SHARED_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PG_STATS
              • PG_STAT_ACTIVITY
              • PG_STAT_ALL_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
              • PG_STAT_BGWRITER
              • PG_STAT_DATABASE
              • PG_STAT_DATABASE_CONFLICTS
              • PG_STAT_GET_MEM_MBYTES_RESERVED
              • PG_STAT_USER_FUNCTIONS
              • PG_STAT_USER_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_USER_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_REPLICATION
              • PG_STAT_SYS_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_USER_FUNCTIONS
              • PG_STAT_XACT_USER_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_TABLES
              • PG_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
              • PG_TABLES
              • PG_TIMEZONE_ABBREVS
              • PG_TIMEZONE_NAMES
              • PG_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PG_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO
              • PG_TOTAL_USER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • PG_USER
              • PG_USER_MAPPINGS
              • PG_VIEWS
              • PG_WLM_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_PROGRESS
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_COMM_CLIENT_INFO
              • PGXC_COMM_DELAY
              • PGXC_COMM_RECV_STREAM
              • PGXC_COMM_SEND_STREAM
              • PGXC_COMM_STATUS
              • PGXC_DEADLOCK
              • PGXC_GET_STAT_ALL_TABLES
              • PGXC_GET_STAT_ALL_PARTITIONS
              • PGXC_GET_TABLE_SKEWNESS
              • PGXC_GTM_SNAPSHOT_STATUS
              • PGXC_INSTANCE_TIME
              • PGXC_INSTR_UNIQUE_SQL
              • PGXC_LOCK_CONFLICTS
              • PGXC_NODE_ENV
              • PGXC_NODE_STAT_RESET_TIME
              • PGXC_OS_RUN_INFO
              • PGXC_OS_THREADS
              • PGXC_PREPARED_XACTS
              • PGXC_REDO_STAT
              • PGXC_REL_IOSTAT
              • PGXC_REPLICATION_SLOTS
              • PGXC_RUNNING_XACTS
              • PGXC_SETTINGS
              • PGXC_STAT_ACTIVITY
              • PGXC_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
              • PGXC_STAT_BGWRITER
              • PGXC_STAT_DATABASE
              • PGXC_STAT_REPLICATION
              • PGXC_SQL_COUNT
              • PGXC_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
              • PGXC_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PGXC_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO
              • PGXC_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO_ANALYZE
              • PGXC_USER_TRANSACTION
              • PGXC_VARIABLE_INFO
              • PGXC_WAIT_EVENTS
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_WLM_WORKLOAD_RECORDS
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • PLAN_TABLE
              • PLAN_TABLE_DATA
              • PV_FILE_STAT
              • PV_INSTANCE_TIME
              • PV_OS_RUN_INFO
              • PV_SESSION_MEMORY
              • PV_SESSION_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PV_SESSION_STAT
              • PV_SESSION_TIME
              • PV_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PV_REDO_STAT
              • REDACTION_COLUMNS
              • REDACTION_POLICIES
              • USER_COL_COMMENTS
              • USER_CONSTRAINTS
              • USER_CONS_COLUMNS
              • USER_INDEXES
              • USER_IND_COLUMNS
              • USER_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • USER_IND_PARTITIONS
              • USER_JOBS
              • USER_OBJECTS
              • USER_PART_INDEXES
              • USER_PART_TABLES
              • USER_PROCEDURES
              • USER_SEQUENCES
              • USER_SOURCE
              • USER_SYNONYMS
              • USER_TAB_COLUMNS
              • USER_TAB_COMMENTS
              • USER_TAB_PARTITIONS
              • USER_TABLES
              • USER_TRIGGERS
              • USER_VIEWS
              • V$SESSION
              • V$SESSION_LONGOPS
          • GUC Parameters
            • Viewing GUC Parameters
            • Configuring GUC Parameters
            • GUC Parameter Usage
            • Connection and Authentication
              • Connection Settings
              • Security and Authentication (postgresql.conf)
              • Communication Library Parameters
            • Resource Consumption
              • Memory
              • Disk Space
              • Kernel Resources
              • Cost-based Vacuum Delay
              • Asynchronous I/O Operations
            • Parallel Data Import
            • Write Ahead Logs
              • Settings
              • Checkpoints
              • Archiving
            • HA Replication
              • Sending Server
              • Primary Server
            • Query Planning
              • Optimizer Method Configuration
              • Optimizer Cost Constants
              • Genetic Query Optimizer
              • Other Optimizer Options
            • Error Reporting and Logging
              • Logging Destination
              • Logging Time
              • Logging Content
            • Alarm Detection
            • Statistics During the Database Running
              • Query and Index Statistics Collector
              • Performance Statistics
            • Workload Management
            • Automatic Cleanup
            • Default Settings of Client Connection
              • Statement Behavior
              • Zone and Formatting
              • Other Default Parameters
            • Lock Management
            • Version and Platform Compatibility
              • Compatibility with Earlier Versions
              • Platform and Client Compatibility
            • Fault Tolerance
            • Connection Pool Parameters
            • Cluster Transaction Parameters
            • Developer Operations
            • Auditing
              • Audit Switch
              • Operation Audit
            • Transaction Monitoring
            • Miscellaneous Parameters
          • Glossary
        • SQL Syntax Reference (Paris Region)
          • GaussDB(DWS) SQL
          • Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) and PostgreSQL
            • GaussDB(DWS) gsql, PostgreSQL psql, and libpq
            • Data Type Differences
            • Function Differences
            • PostgreSQL Features Unsupported by GaussDB(DWS)
          • Keyword
          • Data Types
            • Numeric Types
            • Monetary Types
            • Boolean Type
            • Character Types
            • Binary Data Types
            • Date/Time Types
            • Geometric Types
            • Network Address Types
            • Bit String Types
            • Text Search Types
            • UUID Type
            • JSON Types
            • HLL Data Types
            • Object Identifier Types
            • Pseudo-Types
            • Data Types Supported by Column-Store Tables
            • XML
          • Constant and Macro
          • Functions and Operators
            • Logical Operators
            • Comparison Operators
            • Character Processing Functions and Operators
            • Binary String Functions and Operators
            • Bit String Functions and Operators
            • Pattern Matching Operators
            • Mathematical Functions and Operators
            • Date and Time Processing Functions and Operators
            • Type Conversion Functions
            • Geometric Functions and Operators
            • Network Address Functions and Operators
            • Text Search Functions and Operators
            • UUID Functions
            • JSON Functions
            • HLL Functions and Operators
            • SEQUENCE Functions
            • Array Functions and Operators
            • Range Functions and Operators
            • Aggregate Functions
            • Window Functions
            • Security Functions
            • Set Returning Functions
            • Conditional Expression Functions
            • System Information Functions
            • System Administration Functions
              • Configuration Settings Functions
              • Universal File Access Functions
              • Server Signaling Functions
              • Backup and Restoration Control Functions
              • Snapshot Synchronization Functions
              • Database Object Functions
              • Advisory Lock Functions
              • Residual File Management Functions
              • Replication Functions
              • Other Functions
              • Resource Management Functions
            • Data Redaction Functions
            • Statistics Information Functions
            • Trigger Functions
            • XML Functions
            • Call Stack Recording Functions
          • Expressions
            • Simple Expressions
            • Conditional Expressions
            • Subquery Expressions
            • Array Expressions
            • Row Expressions
          • Type Conversion
            • Overview
            • Operators
            • Functions
            • Value Storage
            • UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
          • Full Text Search
            • Introduction
              • Full-Text Retrieval
              • What Is a Document?
              • Basic Text Matching
              • Configurations
            • Table and index
              • Searching a Table
              • Creating an Index
              • Constraints on Index Use
            • Controlling Text Search
              • Parsing Documents
              • Parsing Queries
              • Ranking Search Results
              • Highlighting Results
            • Additional Features
              • Manipulating tsvector
              • Manipulating Queries
              • Rewriting Queries
              • Gathering Document Statistics
            • Parsers
            • Dictionaries
              • Overview
              • Stop Words
              • Simple Dictionary
              • Synonym Dictionary
              • Thesaurus Dictionary
              • Ispell Dictionary
              • Snowball Dictionary
            • Configuration Examples
            • Testing and Debugging Text Search
              • Testing a Configuration
              • Testing a Parser
              • Testing a Dictionary
            • Limitations
          • System Operation
          • Controlling Transactions
          • DDL Syntax
            • DDL Syntax Overview
            • ALTER DATABASE
            • ALTER FOREIGN TABLE (for GDS)
            • ALTER FOREIGN TABLE (for HDFS or OBS)
            • ALTER FUNCTION
            • ALTER GROUP
            • ALTER INDEX
            • ALTER LARGE OBJECT
            • ALTER REDACTION POLICY
            • ALTER RESOURCE POOL
            • ALTER ROLE
            • ALTER ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • ALTER SCHEMA
            • ALTER SEQUENCE
            • ALTER SERVER
            • ALTER SESSION
            • ALTER SYNONYM
            • ALTER SYSTEM KILL SESSION
            • ALTER TABLE
            • ALTER TABLE PARTITION
            • ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • ALTER TRIGGER
            • ALTER TYPE
            • ALTER USER
            • ALTER VIEW
            • CLEAN CONNECTION
            • CLOSE
            • CLUSTER
            • COMMENT
            • CREATE BARRIER
            • CREATE DATABASE
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (for GDS Import and Export)
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (SQL on OBS or Hadoop )
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (for OBS Import and Export)
            • CREATE FUNCTION
            • CREATE GROUP
            • CREATE INDEX
            • CREATE REDACTION POLICY
            • CREATE ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • CREATE PROCEDURE
            • CREATE RESOURCE POOL
            • CREATE ROLE
            • CREATE SCHEMA
            • CREATE SEQUENCE
            • CREATE SERVER
            • CREATE SYNONYM
            • CREATE TABLE
            • CREATE TABLE AS
            • CREATE TABLE PARTITION
            • CREATE TABLESPACE
            • CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • CREATE TRIGGER
            • CREATE TYPE
            • CREATE USER
            • CREATE VIEW
            • CURSOR
            • DROP DATABASE
            • DROP FOREIGN TABLE
            • DROP FUNCTION
            • DROP GROUP
            • DROP INDEX
            • DROP OWNED
            • DROP REDACTION POLICY
            • DROP ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • DROP PROCEDURE
            • DROP RESOURCE POOL
            • DROP ROLE
            • DROP SCHEMA
            • DROP SEQUENCE
            • DROP SERVER
            • DROP SYNONYM
            • DROP TABLE
            • DROP TABLESPACE
            • DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • DROP TRIGGER
            • DROP TYPE
            • DROP USER
            • DROP VIEW
            • FETCH
            • MOVE
            • REINDEX
            • RESET
            • SET
            • SET CONSTRAINTS
            • SET ROLE
            • SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
            • SHOW
            • TRUNCATE
            • VACUUM
          • DML Syntax
            • DML Syntax Overview
            • CALL
            • COPY
            • DELETE
            • EXPLAIN
            • EXPLAIN PLAN
            • LOCK
            • MERGE INTO
            • INSERT and UPSERT
              • INSERT
              • UPSERT
            • UPDATE
            • VALUES
          • DCL Syntax
            • DCL Syntax Overview
            • ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
            • ANALYZE | ANALYSE
            • DEALLOCATE
            • DO
            • EXECUTE
            • EXECUTE DIRECT
            • GRANT
            • PREPARE
            • REASSIGN OWNED
            • REVOKE
          • DQL Syntax
            • DQL Syntax Overview
            • SELECT
            • SELECT INTO
          • TCL Syntax
            • TCL Syntax Overview
            • ABORT
            • BEGIN
            • CHECKPOINT
            • COMMIT | END
            • COMMIT PREPARED
            • PREPARE TRANSACTION
            • SAVEPOINT
            • SET TRANSACTION
            • START TRANSACTION
            • ROLLBACK
            • RELEASE SAVEPOINT
            • ROLLBACK PREPARED
            • ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
          • GIN Indexes
            • Introduction
            • Scalability
            • Implementation
            • GIN Tips and Tricks
        • Tool Guide (Paris Region)
          • Overview
          • Downloading Client Tools
          • gsql - CLI Client
            • Overview
            • Instruction
            • Online Help
            • Command Reference
            • Meta-Command Reference
            • Troubleshooting
          • Data Studio - Integrated Database Development Tool
            • About Data Studio
              • Overview
              • Constraints and Limitations
              • Structure of the Release Package
              • System Requirements
            • Installing and Configuring Data Studio
            • Quick Start
            • Data Studio GUI
            • Data Studio Menus
              • File
              • Edit
              • Run
              • Debug
              • Settings
              • Help
            • Data Studio Toolbar
            • Data Studio Right-Click Menus
            • Connection Profiles
              • Overview
              • Adding a Connection
              • Renaming a Connection
              • Editing a Connection
              • Removing a Connection
              • Viewing Connection Properties
              • Refreshing a Database Connection
            • Databases
              • Creating a Database
              • Disconnect All
              • Connecting to a Database
              • Disconnecting a Database
              • Renaming a Database
              • Dropping a Database
              • Viewing Properties of a Database
            • Schemas
              • Overview
              • Creating a Schema
              • Exporting Schema DDL
              • Exporting Schema DDL and Data
              • Renaming a Schema
              • Supporting Sequence DDL
              • Granting/Revoking a Privilege
              • Dropping a Schema
            • Creating a Function/Procedure
            • Editing a Function/Procedure
            • Granting/Revoking a Permission (Function/Procedure)
            • Debugging a PL/SQL Function
              • Overview
              • Using Breakpoints
              • Controlling Execution
              • Checking Debugging Information
            • Working with Functions/Procedures
              • Overview
              • Selecting a DB Object in the PL/SQL Viewer
              • Exporting the DDL of a Function or Procedure
              • Viewing Object Properties in the PL/SQL Viewer
              • Dropping a Function/Procedure
              • Executing a Function/Procedure
              • Granting/Revoking a Privilege
            • GaussDB(DWS) Tables
              • Table Management Overview
              • Creating Regular Table
                • Overview
                • Working with Columns
                • Working with Constraints
                • Managing Indexes
              • Creating Foreign Table
              • Creating Partition Table
                • Overview
                • Working with Partitions
              • Grant/Revoke Privilege - Regular/Partition Table
              • Managing Table
                • Overview
                • Renaming a Table
                • Truncating a Table
                • Reindexing a Table
                • Analyzing a Table
                • Vacuuming a Table
                • Setting the Table Description
                • Setting the Schema
                • Dropping a Table
                • Viewing Table Properties
                • Grant/Revoke Privilege
              • Managing Table Data
                • Exporting Table DDL
                • Exporting Table DDL and Data
                • Exporting Table Data
                • Show DDL
                • Importing Table Data
                • Viewing Table Data
                • Editing Table Data
              • Editing Temporary Tables
            • Sequences
              • Creating Sequence
              • Grant/Revoke Privilege
              • Working with Sequences
            • Views
              • Creating a View
              • Granting/Revoking a Privilege
              • Working with Views
            • SQL Terminal
              • Opening Multiple SQL Terminal Tabs
              • Managing the History of Executed SQL Queries
              • Opening and Saving SQL Scripts
              • Viewing Object Properties in the SQL Terminal
              • Canceling the Execution of SQL Queries
              • Formatting of SQL Queries
              • Selecting a DB Object in the SQL Terminal
              • Viewing the Execution Plan and Costs
              • Viewing the Query Execution Plan and Cost Graphically
              • Using SQL Terminals
              • Exporting Query Results
              • Managing SQL Terminal Connections
            • Batch Operation
              • Overview
              • Batch Dropping Objects
              • Granting/Revoking Privileges
            • Personalizing Data Studio
              • Overview
              • General
              • Editor
              • Environment
              • Result Management
              • Security
            • Performance Specifications
            • Security Management
              • Overview
              • Login History
              • Password Expiry Notification
              • Securing the Application In-Memory Data
              • Data Encryption for Saved Data
              • SQL History
              • SSL Certificates
            • Troubleshooting
            • FAQs
          • GDS: Parallel Data Loader
            • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
            • Stopping GDS
            • Example of Importing Data Using GDS
            • gds
            • gds_ctl.py
            • Handling Import Errors
          • DSC: SQL Syntax Migration Tool
            • Overview
            • Supported Keywords and Features
            • Constraints and Limitations
            • System Requirements
            • Installing DSC
            • Configuring DSC
              • Overview
              • DSC Configuration
              • Teradata SQL Configuration
              • Oracle SQL Configuration
              • Teradata Perl Configuration
              • MySQL SQL Configuration
              • Netezza Configuration
            • Using DSC
              • Migration Process
                • Overview
                • Prerequisites
                • Preparations
                • Migrating Data Using DSC
                • Viewing Output Files and Logs
                • Troubleshooting
              • Teradata SQL Migration
              • Oracle SQL Migration
              • Teradata Perl Migration
              • Netezza SQL Migration
              • MySQL SQL Migration
              • SQL Formatter
            • Teradata Syntax Migration
              • Overview
              • Schema Objects
                • Table Migration
                • Index Migration
                • View Migration
                • COLLECT STATISTICS
                • ACCESS LOCK
                • DBC.COLUMNS
                • DBC.TABLES
                • DBC.INDICES
              • SHOW STATS VALUES SEQUENCED
              • DML
              • Query Migration Operators
              • Query Optimization Operators
              • System Functions and Operators
              • Math Functions
              • String Functions
              • Date and Time Functions
              • Type Casting and Formatting
              • BTEQ Utility Command
              • DSQL
            • Oracle Syntax Migration
              • Overview
              • Schema Objects
                • Tables
                • Temporary Tables
                • Global Temporary Tables
                • Indexes
                • Views
                • Sequences
                • PURGE
                • Database Keywords
              • COMPRESS Phrase
              • Bitmap Index
              • Custom Tablespace
              • Supplemental Log Data
              • LONG RAW
              • DML
              • Pseudo Columns
              • OUTER JOIN
              • OUTER QUERY (+)
              • CONNECT BY
              • System Functions
                • Date Functions
                • LOB Functions
                • String Functions
                • Analytical Functions
                • Regular Expression Functions
              • PL/SQL
              • PL/SQL Collections (Using User-Defined Types)
              • PL/SQL Packages
                • Packages
                • Package Variables
                • Splitting Packages
                • REF CURSOR
                • Creating a Schema for Package
              • VARRAY
              • Granting Execution Permissions
              • Package Name List
              • Data Type
              • Chinese Character Support
            • Netezza Syntax Migration
              • Tables
              • PROCEDURE with RETURNS
              • Procedure
              • System Functions
              • Operator
              • DML
              • Index
            • MySQL Syntax Migration
              • Basic Data Types
              • Table (Optional)
              • Table Operations
              • Unique Indexes
              • Normal and Prefix Indexes
              • Hash Indexes
              • B-tree Indexes
              • Spatial Indexes
              • Delete an Index
              • Comments
              • Databases
              • Data Manipulation Language (DML)
              • Transaction Management and Database Management
            • DB2 Syntax Migration
              • Tables
              • DML
              • Index
              • NICKNAME
              • Statement
              • System Functions
            • Command Reference
              • Database Schema Conversion
              • Version
              • Help
            • Log Reference
              • Overview
              • SQL Migration Logs
              • Perl Migration Logs
            • Troubleshooting
            • FAQs
            • Security Management
          • Server Tool
            • gs_dump
            • gs_dumpall
            • gs_restore
            • gds_check
            • gds_install
            • gds_uninstall
            • gds_ctl
            • gs_sshexkey
          • Change History
        • Error Code Reference (Paris Region)
          • Management Console Error Code
        • User Guide (Kuala Lumpur Region)
          • Service Overview
            • What Is GaussDB(DWS)?
            • Advantages
            • Application Scenarios
            • Functions
            • Concepts
              • GaussDB(DWS) Management Concepts
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database Concepts
            • Related Services
            • GaussDB(DWS) Permissions Management
            • GaussDB(DWS) Access
            • Restrictions
            • Technical Specifications
          • Getting Started
            • Step 1: Starting Preparations
            • Step 2: Creating a Cluster
            • Step 3: Connecting to a Cluster
            • Step 4: Viewing Other Documents and Clearing Resources
          • Process for Using GaussDB(DWS)
          • Preparations
          • Cluster Configuration
            • Accessing the GaussDB(DWS) Management Console
            • Creating a Cluster
          • Cluster Connection
            • Methods of Connecting to a Cluster
            • Obtaining the Cluster Connection Address
            • Using the gsql CLI Client to Connect to a Cluster
              • Downloading the Client
              • Preparing an ECS as the gsql Client Host
              • Using the gsql Client to Connect to a Cluster
              • Establishing Secure TCP/IP Connections in SSL Mode
              • (Optional) Configuring SSL Connection
              • (Optional) Downloading the SSL Certificate
            • Using the Data Studio GUI Client to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the JDBC and ODBC Drivers to Connect to a Cluster
              • Development Specifications
              • Downloading the JDBC or ODBC Driver
              • Using a JDBC Driver to Connect to a Database
              • Using an ODBC Driver to Connect to a Database
              • Connecting to a Cluster Using IAM Authentication
                • Overview
                • Granting an IAM Account the DWS Database Access Permission
                • Creating an IAM User Credential
                • Configuring the JDBC Connection to Connect to a Cluster Using IAM Authentication
            • Using the Python Library psycopg2 to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the Python Library PyGreSQL to Connect to a Cluster
            • Managing Database Connections
          • Clusters
            • Checking the Cluster Status
            • Viewing Basic Cluster Information
            • Managing Access Domain Names
            • Nodes
            • Cluster Scale-out
            • Cluster Redistribution
              • Redistributing Data
              • Viewing Redistribution Details
            • Performing a Primary/Standby Switchback
            • Cluster Upgrade
            • Password Reset
            • Cluster Restart
            • Modifying Database Parameters
            • MRS Data Sources
              • Importing Data from MRS to GaussDB(DWS)
              • Creating an MRS Data Source Connection
              • Updating the MRS Data Source Configuration
            • Managing Cluster Workloads
              • Workload Management Overview
              • Adding Workload Queues
              • Modifying Workload Queues
              • Workload Queue Query
              • Deleting Workload Queues
              • Workload Plans
              • Stages of Workload Plans
              • Importing and Exporting Workload Plans
              • Schema Space Management
            • Managing Logical Clusters
              • Overview
              • Adding Logical Clusters
              • Editing Logical Clusters
              • Deleting Logical Clusters
              • Restarting Logical Clusters
              • Scaling Out Logical Clusters
            • Managing Tags
              • Overview
              • Tag Management
            • Deleting Clusters
            • Managing Parameter Templates
            • Managing Clusters That Fail to Be Created
            • Read-only Status
          • Cluster HA
            • Snapshots
              • Overview
              • Manual Snapshots
                • Manually Creating a Snapshot
                • Deleting Manual Snapshots
              • Automated Snapshots
                • Automated Snapshot Overview
                • Configuring an Automated Snapshot Policy
                • Copying Automated Snapshots
                • Deleting an Automated Snapshot
              • Viewing Snapshot Information
              • Restoration Using a Snapshot
                • Restoring a Snapshot to a New Cluster
            • Cluster DR
              • DR Overview
              • Creating a DR Task
              • Viewing DR Information
              • DR Management
              • Mutually Exclusive DR Cases
            • Associating and Disassociating ELB
            • CNs
          • Monitoring and Alarms
            • Monitoring Clusters Using Cloud Eye
            • Databases Monitoring
              • Database Monitoring Overview
              • Monitoring Metrics
              • Cluster Overview
              • Monitoring
                • Node Monitoring
                • Performance Monitoring
                • Database Monitoring
                • Session Monitoring
                • Query Monitoring
                • Instance Monitoring
                • Load Monitoring
              • Utilities
                • SQL Diagnosis
              • Settings
              • Typical Scenarios
                • SQL Diagnosis
                • Top Time-Consuming SQL Statements Viewing
            • Event Notifications
              • Event Notifications Overview
              • Subscribing to Event Notifications
              • Viewing Events
            • Alarms
              • Alarm Management
              • Alarm Rules
              • Alarm Subscriptions
          • Cluster Security Management
            • Configuring Separation of Permissions
            • Encrypting Databases
              • Overview
              • Rotating Encryption Keys
            • Permissions
              • Syntax of Fine-Grained Permissions Policies
              • RBAC Syntax of RBAC Policies
            • Fine-Grained Permissions Policies
            • Protection for Mission-Critical Operations
          • Audit Logs
            • Overview
            • Viewing Audit Logs of Key Operations on the Management Console
            • Configuring the Database Audit Logs
            • Dumping the Database Audit Logs
          • FAQs
            • General Problems
              • Why Are Data Warehouses Necessary?
              • What Are the Differences Between a Data Warehouse and the Hadoop Big Data Platform?
              • Why Should I Use GaussDB(DWS)?
              • When Should I Use GaussDB(DWS) and MRS?
              • What Are the Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) and Hive in Functions?
              • What Is the User Quota?
              • What Are the Differences Between Users and Roles?
              • How Do I Check the Creation Time of a Database User?
              • Regions and AZs
              • Is My Data Secure in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Is GaussDB(DWS) Secured?
              • Can I Modify the Security Group of a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster?
              • What Is a Database/Data Warehouse/Data Lake/Lakehouse?
            • Cluster Management
              • What Do I Do If Creating a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Failed?
              • How Can I Clear and Reclaim the Storage Space?
              • Why Did the Used Storage Shrink After Scale-out?
              • How Do I View Node Metrics (CPU, Memory, and Disk Usage)?
              • Does GaussDB(DWS) Support a Single Node for a Learning Environment?
              • How Is the Disk Space or Capacity of GaussDB(DWS) Calculated?
              • What Are the gaussdb and postgres Databases of GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Do I Set the Maximum Number of Sessions When Adding an Alarm Rule on Cloud Eye?
              • When Should I Add CNs or Scale out a cluster?
              • What Are the Differences Between Hot Data Storage and Cold Data Storage?
            • Database Connections
              • How Applications Communicate with GaussDB(DWS)?
              • Does GaussDB(DWS) Support Third-Party Clients and JDBC and ODBC Drivers?
              • Can I Connect to GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Nodes Using SSH?
              • What Should I Do If I Cannot Connect to a Data Warehouse Cluster?
              • Why Was I Not Notified of Failure Unbinding the EIP When GaussDB(DWS) Is Connected Over the Internet?
              • How Do I Configure a Whitelist to Protect Clusters Available Through a Public IP Address?
            • Data Import and Export
              • What Are the Differences Between Data Formats Supported by OBS and GDS Foreign Tables?
              • How Do I Import Incremental Data Using an OBS Foreign Table?
              • How Can I Import Data to GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Much Service Data Can a Data Warehouse Store?
              • How Do I Use \Copy to Import and Export Data?
              • Can I Export GaussDB(DWS) Data from/to OBS Across Regions?
              • How Do I Import GaussDB(DWS)/Oracle/MySQL/SQL Server Data to GaussDB(DWS) (Whole Database Migration)?
              • Can I Import Data over the Public/External Network Using GDS?
              • Which Are the Factors That Affect GaussDB(DWS) Import Performance?
            • Account, Password, and Permissions
              • How Does GaussDB(DWS) Implement Workload Isolation?
              • How Do I Change the Password of a Database Account When the Password Expires?
              • How Do I Grant Table Permissions to a User?
              • How Do I Grant Schema Permissions to a User?
              • How Do I Create a Database Read-only User?
              • How Do I Create Private Database Users and Tables?
              • How Do I Revoke the CONNECT ON DATABASE Permission from a User?
              • How Do I View the Table Permissions of a User?
              • Who Is User Ruby?
            • Database Usage
              • How Do I Change Distribution Columns?
              • How Do I View and Set the Database Character Encoding?
              • What Do I Do If Date Type Is Automatically Converted to the Timestamp Type During Table Creation?
              • Do I Need to Run VACUUM FULL and ANALYZE on Common Tables Periodically?
              • Do I Need to Set a Distribution Key After Setting a Primary Key?
              • Is GaussDB(DWS) Compatible with PostgreSQL Stored Procedures?
              • What Are Partitioned Tables, Partitions, and Partition Keys?
              • How Can I Export the Table Structure?
              • How Can I Export All Tables and Views from a Database?
              • How Can I Delete Table Data Efficiently?
              • How Do I View Foreign Table Information?
              • If No Distribution Column Is Specified, How Will Data Be Stored?
              • How Do I Replace the Null Result with 0?
              • How Do I Check Whether a Table Is Row-Stored or Column-Stored?
              • How Do I Query the Information About GaussDB(DWS) Column-Store Tables?
              • Why Sometimes the GaussDB(DWS) Query Indexes Become Invalid?
              • How Do I Use a User-Defined Function to Rewrite the CRC32() Function?
              • What Are the Schemas Starting with pg_toast_temp* or pg_temp*?
              • Solutions to Inconsistent GaussDB(DWS) Query Results
              • Which System Catalogs That the VACUUM FULL Operation Cannot Be Performed on?
              • In Which Scenarios Would a Statement Be "idle in transaction"?
            • Database Performance
              • Why Is SQL Execution Slow After Long GaussDB(DWS) Usage?
              • Why Does GaussDB(DWS) Perform Worse Than a Single-Server Database in Extreme Scenarios?
              • How Can I View SQL Execution Records in a Certain Period When Read and Write Requests Are Blocked?
              • What Do I Do If My Cluster Is Unavailable Because of Insufficient Space?
            • Snapshot Backup and Restoration
              • Why Is Creating an Automated Snapshot So Slow?
              • Where Can a Snapshot Be Restored To?
              • Does a DWS Snapshot Have the Same Function as an EVS Snapshot?
          • Change History
        • API Reference (Kuala Lumpur Region)
          • Before You Start
            • Overview
            • API Calling
            • Endpoints
            • Basic Concepts
          • API Overview
          • Calling APIs
            • Making an API Request
            • Authentication
            • Response
          • Getting Started
          • API Description
            • Cluster Management APIs
              • Creating a Cluster
              • Querying the Cluster List
              • Querying Cluster Details
              • Querying the Supported Node Types
              • Deleting a Cluster
              • Restarting a Cluster
              • Scaling Out Clusters
              • Resetting a Password
            • Snapshot Management APIs
              • Creating a Snapshot
              • Querying the Snapshot List
              • Querying Snapshot Details
              • Deleting a Manual Snapshot
              • Restoring a Cluster
          • Permissions Policies and Supported Actions
          • Appendix
            • Status Code
            • Error Code
            • Creating a VPC
            • Obtaining a Project ID
            • Obtaining an Account ID
            • Obtaining the Cluster ID
          • Change History
        • Developer Guide (Kuala Lumpur Region)
          • Welcome
            • Target Readers
            • Reading Guide
            • Conventions
            • Prerequisites
          • System Overview
            • Highly Reliable Transaction Processing
            • High Query Performance
            • Related Concepts
          • Data Migration
            • Data Migration to GaussDB(DWS)
            • Data Import
              • Importing Data from OBS in Parallel
                • About Parallel Data Import from OBS
                • Importing CSV/TXT Data from the OBS
                  • Creating Access Keys (AK and SK)
                  • Uploading Data to OBS
                  • Creating an OBS Foreign Table
                  • Importing Data
                  • Handling Import Errors
                • Importing ORC/CarbonData Data from OBS
                  • Preparing Data on OBS
                  • Creating a Foreign Server
                  • Creating a Foreign Table
                  • Querying Data on OBS Through Foreign Tables
                  • Deleting Resources
                  • Supported Data Types
              • Using GDS to Import Data from a Remote Server
                • Importing Data In Parallel Using GDS
                • Preparing Source Data
                • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
                • Creating a GDS Foreign Table
                • Importing Data
                • Handling Import Errors
                • Stopping GDS
                • Example of Importing Data Using GDS
              • Importing Data from MRS to a Cluster
                • Overview
                • Preparing Data in an MRS Cluster
                • Manually Creating a Foreign Server
                • Creating a Foreign Table
                • Importing Data
                • Deleting Resources
                • Error Handling
              • Importing Data from One GaussDB(DWS) Cluster to Another
              • Using the gsql Meta-Command \COPY to Import Data
              • Running the COPY FROM STDIN Statement to Import Data
                • Data Import Using COPY FROM STDIN
                • Introduction to the CopyManager Class
                • Example: Importing and Exporting Data Through Local Files
                • Example: Migrating Data from MySQL to GaussDB(DWS)
            • Full Database Migration
              • Using CDM to Migrate Data to GaussDB(DWS)
              • Using DSC to Migrate SQL Scripts
            • Metadata Migration
              • Using gs_dump and gs_dumpall to Export Metadata
                • Overview
                • Exporting a Single Database
                  • Exporting a Database
                  • Exporting a Schema
                  • Exporting a Table
                • Exporting All Databases
                  • Exporting All Databases
                  • Exporting Global Objects
                • Data Export By a User Without Required Permissions
              • Using gs_restore to Import Data
            • Data Export
              • Exporting Data to OBS
                • Parallel OBS Data Export
                • Exporting CSV/TXT Data to OBS
                  • Planning Data Export
                  • Creating an OBS Foreign Table
                  • Exporting Data
                  • Examples
                • Exporting ORC Data to OBS
                  • Planning Data Export
                  • Creating a Foreign Server
                  • Creating a Foreign Table
                  • Exporting Data
              • Exporting ORC Data to MRS
                • Overview
                • Planning Data Export
                • Creating a Foreign Server
                • Creating a Foreign Table
                • Exporting Data
              • Using GDS to Export Data to a Remote Server
                • Exporting Data In Parallel Using GDS
                • Planning Data Export
                • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
                • Creating a GDS Foreign Table
                • Exporting Data
                • Stopping GDS
                • Examples of Exporting Data Using GDS
            • Other Operations
              • GDS Pipe FAQs
              • Checking for Data Skew
          • Syntax Compatibility Differences Among Oracle, Teradata, and MySQL
          • Database Security Management
            • Managing Users and Their Permissions
              • Default Permission Mechanism
              • System Administrator
              • Separation of Permissions
              • Users
              • Roles
              • Schema
              • User Permission Setting
              • Row-Level Access Control
              • Data Redaction
            • Setting Security Policies
              • Setting Account Security Policies
              • Setting the Validity Period of an Account
              • Setting a User Password
            • Querying Audit Results
          • Development and Design Proposal
            • Development and Design Proposal
            • Database Object Naming Conventions
            • Database Object Design
              • Database and Schema Design
              • Table Design
              • Column Design
              • Constraint Design
              • View and Joined Table Design
            • JDBC Configuration
            • SQL Compilation
            • PL/Java Usage
            • PL/pgSQL Usage
          • Guide: JDBC- or ODBC-Based Development
            • Development Specifications
            • Downloading Drivers
            • JDBC-Based Development
              • JDBC Package and Driver Class
              • Development Process
              • Loading a Driver
              • Connecting to a Database
              • Executing SQL Statements
              • Processing Data in a Result Set
              • Closing the Connection
              • Example: Common Operations
              • Example: Retrying SQL Queries for Applications
              • Example: Importing and Exporting Data Through Local Files
              • Example: Migrating Data from MySQL to GaussDB(DWS)
              • JDBC Interface Reference
                • java.sql.Connection
                • java.sql.CallableStatement
                • java.sql.DatabaseMetaData
                • java.sql.Driver
                • java.sql.PreparedStatement
                • java.sql.ResultSet
                • java.sql.ResultSetMetaData
                • java.sql.Statement
                • javax.sql.ConnectionPoolDataSource
                • javax.sql.DataSource
                • javax.sql.PooledConnection
                • javax.naming.Context
                • javax.naming.spi.InitialContextFactory
                • CopyManager
            • ODBC-Based Development
              • ODBC Package and Its Dependent Libraries and Header Files
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Linux OS
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Windows OS
              • ODBC Development Example
              • ODBC Interfaces
                • SQLAllocEnv
                • SQLAllocConnect
                • SQLAllocHandle
                • SQLAllocStmt
                • SQLBindCol
                • SQLBindParameter
                • SQLColAttribute
                • SQLConnect
                • SQLDisconnect
                • SQLExecDirect
                • SQLExecute
                • SQLFetch
                • SQLFreeStmt
                • SQLFreeConnect
                • SQLFreeHandle
                • SQLFreeEnv
                • SQLPrepare
                • SQLGetData
                • SQLGetDiagRec
                • SQLSetConnectAttr
                • SQLSetEnvAttr
                • SQLSetStmtAttr
          • PostGIS Extension
            • PostGIS
            • Using PostGIS
            • PostGIS Support and Constraints
            • OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE NOTICE (For PostGIS)
          • Resource Load Management
            • Overview
            • Query Band Load Identification
            • Schema Space Control
            • Memory Management
              • Overview
              • Job-Level Memory Control
            • Basic Framework for Resource Load Management
              • Resource Pools
              • Associated Jobs
            • Priority-based Scheduling
              • CPU
              • I/O
            • Storage Space Management
          • Resource Monitoring
            • User Resource Query
            • Monitoring Memory Resources
            • Instance Resource Monitoring
            • Real-time TopSQL
            • Historical TopSQL
            • TopSQL Query Example
          • Query Performance Optimization
            • Overview of Query Performance Optimization
            • Query Analysis
              • Query Execution Process
              • Overview of the SQL Execution Plan
              • Deep Dive on the SQL Execution Plan
              • Querying SQL Statements That Affect Performance Most
              • Checking Blocked Statements
            • Query Improvement
              • Optimization Process
              • Updating Statistics
              • Reviewing and Modifying a Table Definition
                • Reviewing and Modifying a Table Definition
                • Selecting a Storage Model
                • Selecting a Distribution Mode
                • Selecting a Distribution Column
                • Using Partial Clustering
                • Using Partitioned Tables
                • Selecting a Data Type
              • Typical SQL Optimization Methods
                • SQL Self-Diagnosis
                • Optimizing Statement Pushdown
                • Optimizing Subqueries
                • Optimizing Statistics
                • Optimizing Operators
                • Optimizing Data Skew
              • Experience in Rewriting SQL Statements
              • Adjusting Key Parameters During SQL Tuning
              • Hint-based Tuning
                • Plan Hint Optimization
                • Join Order Hints
                • Join Operation Hints
                • Rows Hints
                • Stream Operation Hints
                • Scan Operation Hints
                • Sublink Name Hints
                • Skew Hints
                • Configuration Parameter Hints
                • Hint Errors, Conflicts, and Other Warnings
                • Plan Hint Cases
              • Routinely Maintaining Tables
              • Routinely Recreating an Index
              • Configuring the SMP
                • Application Scenarios and Restrictions
                • Resource Impact on SMP Performance
                • Other Factors Affecting SMP Performance
                • Suggestions for SMP Parameter Settings
                • SMP Manual Optimization Suggestions
            • Optimization Cases
              • Case: Selecting an Appropriate Distribution Column
              • Case: Creating an Appropriate Index
              • Case: Adding NOT NULL for JOIN Columns
              • Case: Pushing Down Sort Operations to DNs
              • Case: Configuring cost_param for Better Query Performance
              • Case: Adjusting the Distribution Key
              • Case: Adjusting the Partial Clustering Key
              • Case: Adjusting the Table Storage Mode in a Medium Table
              • Case: Adjusting the Local Clustering Column
              • Case: Reconstructing Partition Tables
              • Case: Adjusting the GUC Parameter best_agg_plan
              • Case: Rewriting SQL and Deleting Subqueries (Case 1)
              • Case: Rewriting SQL and Deleting Subqueries (Case 2)
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Eliminating Prune Interference
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Deleting in-clause
              • Case: Setting Partial Cluster Keys
            • SQL Execution Troubleshooting
              • Low Query Efficiency
              • DROP TABLE Fails to Be Executed
              • Different Data Is Displayed for the Same Table Queried By Multiple Users
              • An Error Occurs During the Integer Conversion
              • Automatic Retry upon SQL Statement Execution Errors
            • Common Performance Parameter Optimization Design
          • User-Defined Functions
            • PL/Java Functions
            • PL/pgSQL Functions
          • Stored Procedures
            • Stored Procedure
            • Data Types
            • Data Type Conversion
            • Arrays and Records
              • Arrays
              • record
            • Syntax
              • Basic Structure
              • Anonymous Block
              • Subprogram
            • Basic Statements
              • Variable Definition Statement
              • Assignment Statement
              • Call Statement
            • Dynamic Statements
              • Executing Dynamic Query Statements
              • Executing Dynamic Non-query Statements
              • Dynamically Calling Stored Procedures
              • Dynamically Calling Anonymous Blocks
            • Control Statements
              • RETURN Statements
                • RETURN
                • RETURN NEXT and RETURN QUERY
              • Conditional Statements
              • Loop Statements
              • Branch Statements
              • NULL Statements
              • Error Trapping Statements
              • GOTO Statements
            • Other Statements
              • Lock Operations
              • Cursor Operations
            • Cursors
              • Overview
              • Explicit Cursor
              • Implicit Cursor
              • Cursor Loop
            • Advanced Packages
              • DBMS_LOB
              • DBMS_RANDOM
              • DBMS_OUTPUT
              • UTL_RAW
              • DBMS_JOB
              • DBMS_SQL
            • Debugging
          • System Catalogs and System Views
            • Overview of System Catalogs and System Views
            • System Catalogs
              • GS_OBSSCANINFO
              • GS_WLM_INSTANCE_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • GS_WLM_USER_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • PG_AGGREGATE
              • PG_AM
              • PG_AMOP
              • PG_AMPROC
              • PG_ATTRDEF
              • PG_ATTRIBUTE
              • PG_AUTHID
              • PG_AUTH_HISTORY
              • PG_AUTH_MEMBERS
              • PG_CAST
              • PG_CLASS
              • PG_COLLATION
              • PG_CONSTRAINT
              • PG_CONVERSION
              • PG_DATABASE
              • PG_DB_ROLE_SETTING
              • PG_DEFAULT_ACL
              • PG_DEPEND
              • PG_DESCRIPTION
              • PG_ENUM
              • PG_EXTENSION
              • PG_EXTENSION_DATA_SOURCE
              • PG_FOREIGN_DATA_WRAPPER
              • PG_FOREIGN_SERVER
              • PG_FOREIGN_TABLE
              • PG_INDEX
              • PG_INHERITS
              • PG_JOBS
              • PG_LANGUAGE
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT_METADATA
              • PG_NAMESPACE
              • PG_OBJECT
              • PG_OBSSCANINFO
              • PG_OPCLASS
              • PG_OPERATOR
              • PG_OPFAMILY
              • PG_PARTITION
              • PG_PLTEMPLATE
              • PG_PROC
              • PG_RANGE
              • PG_REDACTION_COLUMN
              • PG_REDACTION_POLICY
              • PG_RLSPOLICY
              • PG_RESOURCE_POOL
              • PG_REWRITE
              • PG_SECLABEL
              • PG_SHDEPEND
              • PG_SHDESCRIPTION
              • PG_SHSECLABEL
              • PG_STATISTIC
              • PG_STATISTIC_EXT
              • PG_SYNONYM
              • PG_TABLESPACE
              • PG_TRIGGER
              • PG_TS_CONFIG
              • PG_TS_CONFIG_MAP
              • PG_TS_DICT
              • PG_TS_PARSER
              • PG_TS_TEMPLATE
              • PG_TYPE
              • PG_USER_MAPPING
              • PG_USER_STATUS
              • PG_WORKLOAD_ACTION
              • PGXC_CLASS
              • PGXC_GROUP
              • PGXC_NODE
            • System Views
              • ALL_ALL_TABLES
              • ALL_CONSTRAINTS
              • ALL_CONS_COLUMNS
              • ALL_COL_COMMENTS
              • ALL_DEPENDENCIES
              • ALL_IND_COLUMNS
              • ALL_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • ALL_INDEXES
              • ALL_OBJECTS
              • ALL_PROCEDURES
              • ALL_SEQUENCES
              • ALL_SOURCE
              • ALL_SYNONYMS
              • ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
              • ALL_TAB_COMMENTS
              • ALL_TABLES
              • ALL_USERS
              • ALL_VIEWS
              • DBA_DATA_FILES
              • DBA_USERS
              • DBA_COL_COMMENTS
              • DBA_CONSTRAINTS
              • DBA_CONS_COLUMNS
              • DBA_IND_COLUMNS
              • DBA_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • DBA_IND_PARTITIONS
              • DBA_INDEXES
              • DBA_OBJECTS
              • DBA_PART_INDEXES
              • DBA_PART_TABLES
              • DBA_PROCEDURES
              • DBA_SEQUENCES
              • DBA_SOURCE
              • DBA_SYNONYMS
              • DBA_TAB_COLUMNS
              • DBA_TAB_COMMENTS
              • DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
              • DBA_TABLES
              • DBA_TABLESPACES
              • DBA_TRIGGERS
              • DBA_VIEWS
              • DUAL
              • GLOBAL_REDO_STAT
              • GLOBAL_REL_IOSTAT
              • GLOBAL_STAT_DATABASE
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • GS_ALL_CONTROL_GROUP_INFO
              • GS_CLUSTER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • GS_INSTR_UNIQUE_SQL
              • GS_REL_IOSTAT
              • GS_NODE_STAT_RESET_TIME
              • GS_SESSION_CPU_STATISTICS
              • GS_SESSION_MEMORY_STATISTICS
              • GS_SQL_COUNT
              • GS_WAIT_EVENTS
              • GS_WLM_OPERAROR_INFO
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
              • GS_WLM_SQL_ALLOW
              • GS_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • GS_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • GS_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • GS_STAT_DB_CU
              • GS_STAT_SESSION_CU
              • GS_TOTAL_NODEGROUP_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • GS_USER_TRANSACTION
              • GS_VIEW_DEPENDENCY
              • GS_VIEW_DEPENDENCY_PATH
              • GS_VIEW_INVALID
              • PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSION_VERSIONS
              • PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSIONS
              • PG_BULKLOAD_STATISTICS
              • PG_COMM_CLIENT_INFO
              • PG_COMM_DELAY
              • PG_COMM_STATUS
              • PG_COMM_RECV_STREAM
              • PG_COMM_SEND_STREAM
              • PG_CONTROL_GROUP_CONFIG
              • PG_CURSORS
              • PG_EXT_STATS
              • PG_GET_INVALID_BACKENDS
              • PG_GET_SENDERS_CATCHUP_TIME
              • PG_GROUP
              • PG_INDEXES
              • PG_JOB
              • PG_JOB_PROC
              • PG_JOB_SINGLE
              • PG_LIFECYCLE_DATA_DISTRIBUTE
              • PG_LOCKS
              • PG_NODE_ENV
              • PG_OS_THREADS
              • PG_POOLER_STATUS
              • PG_PREPARED_STATEMENTS
              • PG_PREPARED_XACTS
              • PG_QUERYBAND_ACTION
              • PG_REPLICATION_SLOTS
              • PG_ROLES
              • PG_RULES
              • PG_RUNNING_XACTS
              • PG_SECLABELS
              • PG_SESSION_WLMSTAT
              • PG_SESSION_IOSTAT
              • PG_SETTINGS
              • PG_SHADOW
              • PG_SHARED_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PG_STATS
              • PG_STAT_ACTIVITY
              • PG_STAT_ALL_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
              • PG_STAT_BGWRITER
              • PG_STAT_DATABASE
              • PG_STAT_DATABASE_CONFLICTS
              • PG_STAT_GET_MEM_MBYTES_RESERVED
              • PG_STAT_USER_FUNCTIONS
              • PG_STAT_USER_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_USER_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_REPLICATION
              • PG_STAT_SYS_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_USER_FUNCTIONS
              • PG_STAT_XACT_USER_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_TABLES
              • PG_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
              • PG_TABLES
              • PG_TDE_INFO
              • PG_TIMEZONE_ABBREVS
              • PG_TIMEZONE_NAMES
              • PG_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PG_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO
              • PG_TOTAL_USER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • PG_USER
              • PG_USER_MAPPINGS
              • PG_VIEWS
              • PG_WLM_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_PROGRESS
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_COMM_CLIENT_INFO
              • PGXC_COMM_DELAY
              • PGXC_COMM_RECV_STREAM
              • PGXC_COMM_SEND_STREAM
              • PGXC_COMM_STATUS
              • PGXC_DEADLOCK
              • PGXC_GET_STAT_ALL_TABLES
              • PGXC_GET_STAT_ALL_PARTITIONS
              • PGXC_GET_TABLE_SKEWNESS
              • PGXC_GTM_SNAPSHOT_STATUS
              • PGXC_INSTANCE_TIME
              • PGXC_INSTR_UNIQUE_SQL
              • PGXC_LOCK_CONFLICTS
              • PGXC_NODE_ENV
              • PGXC_NODE_STAT_RESET_TIME
              • PGXC_OS_RUN_INFO
              • PGXC_OS_THREADS
              • PGXC_PREPARED_XACTS
              • PGXC_REDO_STAT
              • PGXC_REL_IOSTAT
              • PGXC_REPLICATION_SLOTS
              • PGXC_RUNNING_XACTS
              • PGXC_SETTINGS
              • PGXC_STAT_ACTIVITY
              • PGXC_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
              • PGXC_STAT_BGWRITER
              • PGXC_STAT_DATABASE
              • PGXC_STAT_REPLICATION
              • PGXC_SQL_COUNT
              • PGXC_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
              • PGXC_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PGXC_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO
              • PGXC_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO_ANALYZE
              • PGXC_USER_TRANSACTION
              • PGXC_VARIABLE_INFO
              • PGXC_WAIT_EVENTS
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_WLM_WORKLOAD_RECORDS
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • PLAN_TABLE
              • PLAN_TABLE_DATA
              • PV_FILE_STAT
              • PV_INSTANCE_TIME
              • PV_OS_RUN_INFO
              • PV_SESSION_MEMORY
              • PV_SESSION_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PV_SESSION_STAT
              • PV_SESSION_TIME
              • PV_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PV_REDO_STAT
              • REDACTION_COLUMNS
              • REDACTION_POLICIES
              • USER_COL_COMMENTS
              • USER_CONSTRAINTS
              • USER_CONS_COLUMNS
              • USER_INDEXES
              • USER_IND_COLUMNS
              • USER_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • USER_IND_PARTITIONS
              • USER_JOBS
              • USER_OBJECTS
              • USER_PART_INDEXES
              • USER_PART_TABLES
              • USER_PROCEDURES
              • USER_SEQUENCES
              • USER_SOURCE
              • USER_SYNONYMS
              • USER_TAB_COLUMNS
              • USER_TAB_COMMENTS
              • USER_TAB_PARTITIONS
              • USER_TABLES
              • USER_TRIGGERS
              • USER_VIEWS
              • V$SESSION
              • V$SESSION_LONGOPS
          • GUC Parameters
            • Viewing GUC Parameters
            • Configuring GUC Parameters
            • GUC Parameter Usage
            • Connection and Authentication
              • Connection Settings
              • Security and Authentication (postgresql.conf)
              • Communication Library Parameters
            • Resource Consumption
              • Memory
              • Disk Space
              • Kernel Resources
              • Cost-based Vacuum Delay
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            • Error Reporting and Logging
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            • Statistics During the Database Running
              • Query and Index Statistics Collector
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            • Default Settings of Client Connection
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            • Lock Management
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            • Fault Tolerance
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            • Developer Operations
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          • Glossary
        • SQL Syntax Reference (Kuala Lumpur Region)
          • GaussDB(DWS) SQL
          • Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) and PostgreSQL
            • GaussDB(DWS) gsql, PostgreSQL psql, and libpq
            • Data Type Differences
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            • PostgreSQL Features Unsupported by GaussDB(DWS)
          • Keyword
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            • Pseudo-Types
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            • XML
          • Constant and Macro
          • Functions and Operators
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            • Mathematical Functions and Operators
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            • Type Conversion Functions
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            • Network Address Functions and Operators
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              • Resource Management Functions
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          • Expressions
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          • Type Conversion
            • Overview
            • Operators
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          • Full Text Search
            • Introduction
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              • What Is a Document?
              • Basic Text Matching
              • Configurations
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            • Configuration Examples
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            • Limitations
          • System Operation
          • Controlling Transactions
          • DDL Syntax
            • DDL Syntax Overview
            • ALTER DATABASE
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            • ALTER FUNCTION
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            • CLEAN CONNECTION
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            • CLUSTER
            • COMMENT
            • CREATE BARRIER
            • CREATE DATABASE
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (for GDS Import and Export)
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (SQL on OBS or Hadoop )
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (for OBS Import and Export)
            • CREATE FUNCTION
            • CREATE GROUP
            • CREATE INDEX
            • CREATE REDACTION POLICY
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            • CREATE PROCEDURE
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            • CREATE ROLE
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            • CREATE SERVER
            • CREATE SYNONYM
            • CREATE TABLE
            • CREATE TABLE AS
            • CREATE TABLE PARTITION
            • CREATE TABLESPACE
            • CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
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            • CREATE TRIGGER
            • CREATE TYPE
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            • CREATE VIEW
            • CURSOR
            • DROP DATABASE
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            • DROP SERVER
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            • DROP TABLE
            • DROP TABLESPACE
            • DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
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            • DROP TRIGGER
            • DROP TYPE
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            • DROP VIEW
            • FETCH
            • MOVE
            • REINDEX
            • RESET
            • SET
            • SET CONSTRAINTS
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            • TRUNCATE
            • VACUUM
          • DML Syntax
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            • CALL
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              • INSERT
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          • DCL Syntax
            • DCL Syntax Overview
            • ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
            • ANALYZE | ANALYSE
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            • GRANT
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          • DQL Syntax
            • DQL Syntax Overview
            • SELECT
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          • TCL Syntax
            • TCL Syntax Overview
            • ABORT
            • BEGIN
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            • COMMIT | END
            • COMMIT PREPARED
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            • SAVEPOINT
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            • ROLLBACK
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            • ROLLBACK PREPARED
            • ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
          • GIN Indexes
            • Introduction
            • Scalability
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        • Tool Guide (Kuala Lumpur Region)
          • Overview
          • Downloading Client Tools
          • gsql - CLI Client
            • Overview
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          • Data Studio - Integrated Database Development Tool
            • About Data Studio
              • Overview
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              • System Requirements
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            • Quick Start
            • Data Studio GUI
            • Data Studio Menus
              • File
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            • Connection Profiles
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            • Databases
              • Creating a Database
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            • Schemas
              • Overview
              • Creating a Schema
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              • Renaming a Schema
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            • Creating a Function/Procedure
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            • Debugging a PL/SQL Function
              • Overview
              • Using Breakpoints
              • Controlling Execution
              • Checking Debugging Information
            • Working with Functions/Procedures
              • Overview
              • Selecting a DB Object in the PL/SQL Viewer
              • Exporting the DDL of a Function or Procedure
              • Viewing Object Properties in the PL/SQL Viewer
              • Dropping a Function/Procedure
              • Executing a Function/Procedure
              • Granting/Revoking a Privilege
            • GaussDB(DWS) Tables
              • Table Management Overview
              • Creating Regular Table
                • Overview
                • Working with Columns
                • Working with Constraints
                • Managing Indexes
              • Creating Foreign Table
              • Creating Partition Table
                • Overview
                • Working with Partitions
              • Grant/Revoke Privilege - Regular/Partition Table
              • Managing Table
                • Overview
                • Renaming a Table
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                • Reindexing a Table
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                • Vacuuming a Table
                • Setting the Table Description
                • Setting the Schema
                • Dropping a Table
                • Viewing Table Properties
                • Grant/Revoke Privilege
              • Managing Table Data
                • Exporting Table DDL
                • Exporting Table DDL and Data
                • Exporting Table Data
                • Show DDL
                • Importing Table Data
                • Viewing Table Data
                • Editing Table Data
              • Editing Temporary Tables
            • Sequences
              • Creating Sequence
              • Grant/Revoke Privilege
              • Working with Sequences
            • Views
              • Creating a View
              • Granting/Revoking a Privilege
              • Working with Views
            • SQL Terminal
              • Opening Multiple SQL Terminal Tabs
              • Managing the History of Executed SQL Queries
              • Opening and Saving SQL Scripts
              • Viewing Object Properties in the SQL Terminal
              • Canceling the Execution of SQL Queries
              • Formatting of SQL Queries
              • Selecting a DB Object in the SQL Terminal
              • Viewing the Execution Plan and Costs
              • Viewing the Query Execution Plan and Cost Graphically
              • Using SQL Terminals
              • Exporting Query Results
              • Managing SQL Terminal Connections
            • Batch Operation
              • Overview
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              • Granting/Revoking Privileges
            • Personalizing Data Studio
              • Overview
              • General
              • Editor
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              • Security
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            • Security Management
              • Overview
              • Login History
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              • Securing the Application In-Memory Data
              • Data Encryption for Saved Data
              • SQL History
              • SSL Certificates
            • Troubleshooting
            • FAQs
          • GDS: Parallel Data Loader
            • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
            • Stopping GDS
            • Example of Importing Data Using GDS
            • gds
            • gds_ctl.py
            • Handling Import Errors
          • DSC: SQL Syntax Migration Tool
            • Overview
            • Supported Keywords and Features
            • Constraints and Limitations
            • System Requirements
            • Installing DSC
            • Configuring DSC
              • Overview
              • DSC Configuration
              • Teradata SQL Configuration
              • Oracle SQL Configuration
              • Teradata Perl Configuration
              • MySQL SQL Configuration
              • Netezza Configuration
            • Using DSC
              • Migration Process
                • Overview
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                • Viewing Output Files and Logs
                • Troubleshooting
              • Teradata SQL Migration
              • Oracle SQL Migration
              • Teradata Perl Migration
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              • MySQL SQL Migration
              • SQL Formatter
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              • Overview
              • Schema Objects
                • Table Migration
                • Index Migration
                • View Migration
                • COLLECT STATISTICS
                • ACCESS LOCK
                • DBC.COLUMNS
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              • SHOW STATS VALUES SEQUENCED
              • DML
              • Query Migration Operators
              • Query Optimization Operators
              • System Functions and Operators
              • Math Functions
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              • Type Casting and Formatting
              • BTEQ Utility Command
              • DSQL
            • Oracle Syntax Migration
              • Overview
              • Schema Objects
                • Tables
                • Temporary Tables
                • Global Temporary Tables
                • Indexes
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                • PURGE
                • Database Keywords
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              • Supplemental Log Data
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              • DML
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              • CONNECT BY
              • System Functions
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                • Regular Expression Functions
              • PL/SQL
              • PL/SQL Collections (Using User-Defined Types)
              • PL/SQL Packages
                • Packages
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                • Splitting Packages
                • REF CURSOR
                • Creating a Schema for Package
              • VARRAY
              • Granting Execution Permissions
              • Package Name List
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            • Netezza Syntax Migration
              • Tables
              • PROCEDURE with RETURNS
              • Procedure
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            • MySQL Syntax Migration
              • Basic Data Types
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              • Table Operations
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              • Delete an Index
              • Comments
              • Databases
              • Data Manipulation Language (DML)
              • Transaction Management and Database Management
            • DB2 Syntax Migration
              • Tables
              • DML
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              • NICKNAME
              • Statement
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            • Command Reference
              • Database Schema Conversion
              • Version
              • Help
            • Log Reference
              • Overview
              • SQL Migration Logs
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            • Troubleshooting
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            • Security Management
          • Server Tool
            • gs_dump
            • gs_dumpall
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            • gds_install
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            • gds_ctl
            • gs_sshexkey
          • Change History
        • Error Code Reference (Kuala Lumpur Region)
          • Management Console Error Code