Window Functions
Regular aggregate functions return a single value calculated from values in a row, or group all rows into a single output row. Window functions perform a calculation across a set of rows and return a value for each row.
- A window function call represents the application of an aggregate-like function over some portion of the rows selected by a query. Therefore, aggregate functions (Aggregate Functions) can also be used as window functions. In addition, window functions are able to scan all the rows and divide the query rows into a partition by using the PARTITION BY clause.
- Column-store tables support only the window functions rank (expression) and row_number (expression) and the aggregate functions sum, count, avg, min, and max. Row-store tables do not have such restrictions.
- Invoking a window function requires special syntax using the OVER clause to specify a window. The OVER clause is used for grouping data and sorting the elements in a group. Window functions are used for generating sequence numbers for the values in the group.
- order by in a window function must be followed by a column name. If it is followed by a number, the number is processed as a constant value and the target column is not ranked.
Syntax of a Window Function
function_name ([expression [, expression ... ]]) OVER ( window_definition ) function_name ([expression [, expression ... ]]) OVER window_namefunction_name ( * ) OVER ( window_definition ) function_name ( * ) OVER window_name
window_definition is defined as follows:
[ existing_window_name ] [ PARTITION BY expression [, ...] ] [ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] ] [ frame_clause ]
frame_clause is defined as follows:
[ RANGE | ROWS ] frame_start [ RANGE | ROWS ] BETWEEN frame_start AND frame_end
You can use RANGE and ROWS to specify the window frame. ROWS specifies the window in physical units (rows). RANGE specifies the window as a logical offset.
In RANGE and ROWS, you can use BETWEEN frame_start AND frame_end to specify the window's first and last rows. If frame_end is left blank, it defaults to CURRENT ROW.
The value options of BETWEEN frame_start AND frame_end are as follows:
- CURRENT ROW: The current row is used as the window frame's start or end point.
- N PRECEDING: The window frame starts from the nth row to the current row.
- UNBOUNDED PRECEDING: The window frame starts at the first row of the partition.
- N FOLLOWING: The window frame starts from the current row to the nth row.
- UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING: The window frame ends with the last row of the partition.
frame_start cannot be UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING, frame_end cannot be UNBOUNDED PRECEDING, and frame_end cannot be earlier than frame_start. For example, RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND value PRECEDING is not allowed.
Window Functions
- RANK()
Description: The RANK function is used for generating non-consecutive sequence numbers for the values in each group. The same values have the same sequence number.
Return type: bigint
For example:
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SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, rank() OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 7 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | rank -------+---------------+------ 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 2 | 8 1 | 2 | 8 1 | 2 | 8 1 | 2 | 8 1 | 2 | 8 1 | 2 | 8 1 | 2 | 8 1 | 3 | 15 1 | 3 | 15 1 | 3 | 15 1 | 3 | 15 1 | 3 | 15 1 | 3 | 15 1 | 3 | 15 1 | 4 | 22 1 | 4 | 22 1 | 4 | 22 1 | 4 | 22 1 | 4 | 22 1 | 4 | 22 1 | 4 | 22 1 | 5 | 29 1 | 5 | 29 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 (42 rows)
- ROW_NUMBER()
Description: The ROW_NUMBER function is used for generating consecutive sequence numbers for the values in each group. The same values have different sequence numbers.
Return type: bigint
For example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, Row_number() OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 7 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | row_number -------+---------------+------------ 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 2 1 | 1 | 3 1 | 1 | 4 1 | 1 | 5 1 | 1 | 6 1 | 1 | 7 1 | 2 | 8 1 | 2 | 9 1 | 2 | 10 1 | 2 | 11 1 | 2 | 12 1 | 2 | 13 1 | 2 | 14 1 | 3 | 15 1 | 3 | 16 1 | 3 | 17 1 | 3 | 18 1 | 3 | 19 1 | 3 | 20 1 | 3 | 21 1 | 4 | 22 1 | 4 | 23 1 | 4 | 24 1 | 4 | 25 1 | 4 | 26 1 | 4 | 27 1 | 4 | 28 1 | 5 | 29 1 | 5 | 30 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 2 2 | 5 | 3 2 | 5 | 4 2 | 5 | 5 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 7 2 | 6 | 8 2 | 6 | 9 2 | 6 | 10 2 | 6 | 11 2 | 6 | 12 (42 rows)
- DENSE_RANK()
Description: The DENSE_RANK function is used for generating consecutive sequence numbers for the values in each group. The same values have the same sequence number.
Return type: bigint
For example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, dense_rank() OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 7 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | dense_rank -------+---------------+------------ 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 5 | 5 1 | 5 | 5 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 (42 rows)
- PERCENT_RANK()
Description: The PERCENT_RANK function is used for generating corresponding sequence numbers for the values in each group. That is, the function calculates the value according to the formula Sequence number = (Rank – 1)/(Total rows – 1). Rank is the corresponding sequence number generated based on the RANK function for the value and Total rows is the total number of elements in a group.
Return type: double precision
For example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, percent_rank() OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 7 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | percent_rank -------+---------------+------------------ 1 | 1 | 0 1 | 1 | 0 1 | 1 | 0 1 | 1 | 0 1 | 1 | 0 1 | 1 | 0 1 | 1 | 0 1 | 2 | .241379310344828 1 | 2 | .241379310344828 1 | 2 | .241379310344828 1 | 2 | .241379310344828 1 | 2 | .241379310344828 1 | 2 | .241379310344828 1 | 2 | .241379310344828 1 | 3 | .482758620689655 1 | 3 | .482758620689655 1 | 3 | .482758620689655 1 | 3 | .482758620689655 1 | 3 | .482758620689655 1 | 3 | .482758620689655 1 | 3 | .482758620689655 1 | 4 | .724137931034483 1 | 4 | .724137931034483 1 | 4 | .724137931034483 1 | 4 | .724137931034483 1 | 4 | .724137931034483 1 | 4 | .724137931034483 1 | 4 | .724137931034483 1 | 5 | .96551724137931 1 | 5 | .96551724137931 2 | 5 | 0 2 | 5 | 0 2 | 5 | 0 2 | 5 | 0 2 | 5 | 0 2 | 6 | .454545454545455 2 | 6 | .454545454545455 2 | 6 | .454545454545455 2 | 6 | .454545454545455 2 | 6 | .454545454545455 2 | 6 | .454545454545455 2 | 6 | .454545454545455 (42 rows)
- CUME_DIST()
Description: The CUME_DIST function is used for generating accumulative distribution sequence numbers for the values in each group. That is, the function calculates the value according to the following formula: Sequence number = Number of rows preceding or peer with current row/Total rows.
Return type: double precision
For example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, cume_dist() OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim e_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 7 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | cume_dist -------+---------------+------------------ 1 | 1 | .233333333333333 1 | 1 | .233333333333333 1 | 1 | .233333333333333 1 | 1 | .233333333333333 1 | 1 | .233333333333333 1 | 1 | .233333333333333 1 | 1 | .233333333333333 1 | 2 | .466666666666667 1 | 2 | .466666666666667 1 | 2 | .466666666666667 1 | 2 | .466666666666667 1 | 2 | .466666666666667 1 | 2 | .466666666666667 1 | 2 | .466666666666667 1 | 3 | .7 1 | 3 | .7 1 | 3 | .7 1 | 3 | .7 1 | 3 | .7 1 | 3 | .7 1 | 3 | .7 1 | 4 | .933333333333333 1 | 4 | .933333333333333 1 | 4 | .933333333333333 1 | 4 | .933333333333333 1 | 4 | .933333333333333 1 | 4 | .933333333333333 1 | 4 | .933333333333333 1 | 5 | 1 1 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | .416666666666667 2 | 5 | .416666666666667 2 | 5 | .416666666666667 2 | 5 | .416666666666667 2 | 5 | .416666666666667 2 | 6 | 1 2 | 6 | 1 2 | 6 | 1 2 | 6 | 1 2 | 6 | 1 2 | 6 | 1 2 | 6 | 1 (42 rows)
- NTILE(num_buckets integer)
Description: The NTILE function is used for equally allocating sequential data sets to the buckets whose quantity is specified by num_buckets according to num_buckets integer and allocating the bucket number to each row. Divide the partition as equally as possible.
Return type: integer
For example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, ntile(3) OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 7 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | ntile -------+---------------+------- 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 3 | 2 1 | 3 | 2 1 | 3 | 2 1 | 3 | 2 1 | 3 | 2 1 | 3 | 2 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 4 | 3 1 | 4 | 3 1 | 4 | 3 1 | 4 | 3 1 | 4 | 3 1 | 4 | 3 1 | 4 | 3 1 | 5 | 3 1 | 5 | 3 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 3 2 | 6 | 3 2 | 6 | 3 2 | 6 | 3 (42 rows)
- LAG(value any [, offset integer [, default any ]])
Description: The LAG function is used for generating lag values for the corresponding values in each group. That is, the value of the row obtained by moving forward the row corresponding to the current value by offset (integer) is the sequence number. If the row does not exist after the moving, the result value is the default value. If omitted, offset defaults to 1 and default to null.
Return type: same as the parameter type
For example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, lag(d_moy,3,null) OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 7 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | lag -------+---------------+----- 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 5 | 1 1 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 2 | 5 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 (42 rows)
- LEAD(value any [, offset integer [, default any ]])
Description: The LEAD function is used for generating leading values for the corresponding values in each group. That is, the value of the row obtained by moving backward the row corresponding to the current value by offset (integer) is the sequence number. If the number of rows after the moving exceeds the total number for the current group, the result value is the default value. If omitted, offset defaults to 1 and default to null.
Return type: same as the parameter type
For example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, lead(d_fy_week_seq,2) OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 7 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | lead -------+---------------+------ 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 2 1 | 1 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 3 1 | 2 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 4 1 | 3 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 5 1 | 4 | 5 1 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 5 2 | 5 | 5 2 | 5 | 5 2 | 5 | 6 2 | 5 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 2 | 6 | (42 rows)
- FIRST_VALUE(value any)
Description: The FIRST_VALUE function is used for returning the first value of each group.
Return type: same as the parameter type
For example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, first_value(d_fy_week_seq) OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 7 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | first_value -------+---------------+------------- 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 5 | 1 1 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 5 2 | 5 | 5 2 | 5 | 5 2 | 5 | 5 2 | 5 | 5 2 | 6 | 5 2 | 6 | 5 2 | 6 | 5 2 | 6 | 5 2 | 6 | 5 2 | 6 | 5 2 | 6 | 5 (42 rows)
- LAST_VALUE(value any)
Description: Returns the last value of each group.
Return type: same as the parameter type
For example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, last_value(d_moy) OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 6 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | last_value -------+---------------+------------ 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 5 | 1 1 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 2 2 | 5 | 2 2 | 5 | 2 2 | 5 | 2 2 | 5 | 2 (35 rows)
- NTH_VALUE(value any, nth integer)
Description: The nth row for a group is the returned value. If the row does not exist, NULL is returned by default.
Return type: same as the parameter type
For example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, nth_value(d_fy_week_seq,6) OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 6 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | nth_value -------+---------------+----------- 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 5 | 1 1 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | (35 rows)
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