Data Warehouse Service
Data Warehouse Service

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      • What's New
      • Product Bulletin
        • Product Notice
          • Checking the GaussDB(DWS) Version
          • New Features in 9.1.0.x
          • Version 8.3.0
            • New Features in 8.3.0.100
            • New Features and Resolved Issues in 8.3.0.x
          • Version 8.1.3
            • New Features in 8.1.3
            • New Features and Resolved Issues in 8.1.3.x
          • Version 8.1.1
          • Deleted Database Interfaces
        • Version Support Notes
      • Function Overview
      • Service Overview
        • GaussDB(DWS) Infographics
        • What Is GaussDB(DWS)?
        • Data Warehouse Types
        • Data Warehouse Flavors
        • Advantages
        • Application Scenarios
        • Functions
        • Concepts
        • Related Services
        • Security
          • Shared Responsibilities
          • Authentication and Access Control
            • Resource Access Control (IAM Permission Control)
            • Separation of Database Access Permissions
            • Permissions Management Using GRANT and REVOKE
            • Row-Level Access Control
          • Cyber Security
          • Data Protection Technologies
            • Data Backup
            • Transparent Data Encryption
            • SSL-encrypted Data Transmission
            • Data Redaction
            • Function-based Encryption
          • Audit and Logging
          • Service Resilience
          • Risk Monitoring
          • Certificates
          • Security Notices
            • Vulnerability Fixing Description
        • GaussDB(DWS) Permissions Management
        • GaussDB(DWS) Access
        • Restrictions
        • Technical Support
        • Service Quotas
        • GaussDB(DWS) Technical Specifications
      • Billing
        • GaussDB(DWS) Billing Overview
        • Billing Modes
          • GaussDB(DWS) Billing Modes
          • Pay-per-use
          • Yearly/Monthly
          • Discount package
        • Item
        • Billing Examples
        • Billing Mode Change
          • Introduction
          • Pay-per-Use to Yearly/Monthly
          • Yearly/Monthly to Pay-per-Use
        • Renewal
          • Overview
          • Manual Renewal
        • Bills
        • Arrears
        • Stopping Billing
        • Cost Management
        • Billing FAQs
          • Does Pay-per-Use Billing Stop When My Cluster Stops?
          • Why Is the Purchase Button Unavailable When I Create a Cluster?
          • How Do I Unfreeze a Cluster?
      • Getting Started
        • Quickly Creating a DWS Cluster and Importing Data for Query
        • Getting Started with DWS Data Development SQL
        • Getting Started with DWS
      • Management Guide
        • Using GaussDB(DWS)
        • Preparations
          • Creating a User and Granting DWS Permissions
          • Creating a GaussDB(DWS) Custom Policy
          • Allowing GaussDB(DWS) to Manage Resources
          • Syntax of Fine-Grained Permission Policies
          • RBAC Syntax of RBAC Policies
        • Creating a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
          • Creating a Dedicated GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
            • Creating a GaussDB(DWS)Storage-Compute Coupled Cluster
            • Creating a DWS Storage-Compute Decoupled Cluster
          • Before You Start: Performance Management Requirements
          • Before You Start: High Availability and Reliability Requirements
        • Connecting to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
          • Overview
          • Obtaining the Connection Address of a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
          • Using a Visualization Tool to Connect to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
            • Using the SQL Editor to Connect to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
              • Overview
              • Using the SQL Editor to Connect to a Cluster
              • Data Development Operations
              • Data Development Settings
            • Using Data Studio to Connect to a DWS Cluster
          • Using the CLI to Connect to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
            • Downloading the Client
            • Using the Linux gsql Client to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the Windows gsql Client to Connect to a Cluster
            • Establishing Secure TCP/IP Connections in SSL Mode
          • Using a Third-Party Database Adapter for GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Connection
            • Using the JDBC and ODBC Drivers to Connect to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
              • Development Specifications
              • JDBC Version Description
              • Downloading the JDBC or ODBC Driver
              • Using JDBC to Connect to a Cluster
              • Configuring JDBC to Connect to a Cluster (Load Balancing Mode)
              • Configuring JDBC to Connect to a Cluster (IAM Authentication Mode)
              • Third-party Connection Pool of the JDBC Configuration Database
              • Using ODBC to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the Third-Party Database Adapter Psycopg2 (in Python) for GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Connection
            • Using the Third-Party Database Adapter PyGreSQL (in Python) for GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Connection
        • Creating a GaussDB(DWS) Database and User
        • Migrating Service Data to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
          • Migrating Data to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Using GDS-Kafka
            • Overview
            • Managing Instances
            • Managing Connections
            • Managing Table Mappings
            • Managing Jobs
          • Data Source Management
            • MRS Data Sources
              • MRS Data Source Usage Overview
              • Creating an MRS Data Source Connection
              • Updating the MRS Data Source Configuration
            • Managing OBS Data Sources
        • GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Data Security and Encryption
          • Enabling Separation of Duties for GaussDB(DWS) Database Users
          • Using KMS to Encrypt GaussDB(DWS) Clusters
          • Enabling Critical Operation Protection for the GaussDB(DWS) Console
        • GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Management
          • Viewing GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Details
          • Checking the GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Status
          • Viewing the GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Topology
          • Managing GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Connections
            • Managing GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Access Domain Names
            • Binding and Unbinding ELBs for a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
            • Adding or Deleting a CN in a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
            • Managing GaussDB(DWS) Database Connections
          • GaussDB(DWS) Resource Load Management
            • DWS Resource Management Overview
            • Creating and Managing a DWS Resource Pool
            • Creating and Managing a DWS Resource Management Plan
            • Configuring the Schema Storage Space of the DWS Database
            • Configuring DWS Exception Rules
            • Using GaussDB(DWS) Query Filters to Intercept Slow SQL Statements
          • Managing GaussDB(DWS) Logical Clusters
            • Logical Cluster Overview
            • Adding/Deleting a Logical Cluster
            • Managing Logical Clusters
            • Elastically Adding or Deleting a Logical Cluster
            • Tutorial: Converting a Physical Cluster That Contains Data into a Logical Cluster
            • Tutorial: Dividing a New Physical Cluster into Logical Clusters
            • Tutorial: Setting a Read-Only Logical Cluster and Binding It to a User
          • Modifying GUC Parameters of the GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
          • Managing GaussDB(DWS) Tags
            • Overview
            • Managing Tags
          • Resetting the Password the GaussDB(DWS) Database Administrator
          • Starting, Stopping, and Deleting a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
          • Managing Enterprise Projects
        • GaussDB(DWS) Cluster O&M
          • Viewing GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Monitoring Information on the Monitoring Panel (DMS)
            • Viewing the GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Monitoring Overview
            • Enabling and Disabling GaussDB(DWS) Monitoring Metrics
            • Viewing Monitoring Metrics of a DWS Cluster
              • Viewing Node Metrics of a DWS Cluster
              • Viewing Performance Metrics of a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
              • Viewing GaussDB(DWS) Database Details
              • Viewing Real-Time SQL Records of GaussDB(DWS)
              • Viewing Historical SQL Records of GaussDB(DWS)
              • Viewing Slow DN Instances of GaussDB(DWS)
              • Viewing the Usage of the GaussDB(DWS) Resource Pool
            • Diagnosing SQL Statements of GaussDB(DWS)
            • Using SQL Probes of GaussDB(DWS)
            • Collecting Statistics on and Diagnosing GaussDB(DWS) Data Tables
            • Checking GaussDB(DWS) Workload Reports
            • Viewing Task Details on the GaussDB(DWS) Monitoring Panel
          • Viewing GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Monitoring Information on Cloud Eye
          • Monitoring and Diagnosing a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
          • Viewing and Subscribing to GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Alarms
            • Alarm Management
            • Alarm Rules
            • Alarm Subscriptions
            • Alarm Handling
              • DWS_2000000001 Node CPU Usage Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000006 Node Data Disk Usage Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000009 Node Data Disk I/O Usage Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000012 Node Data Disk Latency Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000016 Data Spilled to Disks of the Query Statement Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000017 Number of Queuing Query Statements Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000018 Queue Congestion in the Default Cluster Resource Pool
              • DWS_2000000020 Long SQL Probe Execution Duration in a Cluster
              • DWS_2000000023 A Vacuum Full Operation That Holds a Lock for A Long Time Exists in the Cluster
              • DWS_2000000026 Data Written by a CN Instance in a DWS Cluster to Disks Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000027 Memory Usage of a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Node Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000028 Dynamic Memory Usage of GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Nodes Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000029 Usage of a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Resource Pool Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000030 Session Usage in a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000031 Active Session Usage in a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000032 Number of Database Deadlocks in a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000033 GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Database Session Usage Exceeds the Threshold
              • 1078919264 Remaining DWS Database Disk Capacity Warning
              • 1078919265 Remaining DWS Database Disk Capacity Is Insufficient
              • 1078919266 Remaining DWS Database Disk Capacity Is Severely Insufficient
              • 1078919169 DWS Data Instance Connections Exceed the Threshold
          • Viewing and Subscribing to GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Events
            • Viewing GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Events
            • Subscribing to DWS Cluster Events
          • Common O&M Commands of GaussDB(DWS)
          • Backing Up and Restoring a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
            • GaussDB(DWS) Snapshot Overview
            • Configuring GaussDB(DWS) Snapshot Parameters
            • Backing Up a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
              • Creating and Managing a GaussDB(DWS) Snapshot
              • Configuring and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Automated Snapshots
            • Restoring a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
              • Constraints on Restoring a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Using Snapshots
              • Restoring a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Snapshot
              • Restoring a GaussDB(DWS) Table Snapshot
            • Viewing Snapshots of a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
          • Scaling GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Nodes
            • Viewing Inspection Results
            • Managing Nodes
            • Scaling Nodes
              • Scaling Out a Cluster
              • Cluster Redistribution
              • Scaling In a Cluster
          • Changing GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Specifications
            • Using the Elastic Specification Change
            • Changing All Specifications
            • Disk Capacity Expansion of an EVS Cluster
          • GaussDB(DWS) Cluster DR Management
            • GaussDB(DWS) Cluster DR Scenarios
            • Creating and Starting DR for a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
            • Performing a DR Switchover for the GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
            • Stopping and Deleting DR for a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
          • Upgrading a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
          • GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Log Management
            • Log Types Supported by GaussDB(DWS) Clusters
            • Dumping GaussDB(DWS) Database Audit Logs
            • Viewing GaussDB(DWS) Database Audit Logs
            • Viewing Operation Logs on the GaussDB(DWS) Console
            • Viewing Other Logs of the GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
          • Handling Abnormal GaussDB(DWS) Clusters
          • Reclaiming GaussDB(DWS) Space Using Vacuum
            • Intelligent O&M Overview
            • Managing O&M Plans
            • Viewing O&M Tasks
          • Authorizing a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster O&M Account
      • Best Practices
        • Import and Export
          • Importing Data to DWS
          • Transferring Data Between OBS Buckets and DWS Clusters
          • Using GDS to Import Table Data from a Remote Server to a DWS Cluster
          • Importing Table Data from MRS Hive to a DWS Cluster
          • Enabling Cross-Cluster Access of Hive Metastore Through an External Schema
          • Importing Table Data from DLI to a DWS Cluster
          • Exporting ORC Data from a DWS Cluster to an MRS Cluster
        • Data Migration
          • Using CDM to Migrate Oracle Data to a DWS Cluster
            • Migration Process
            • Required Tools
            • Migrating Table Definition
              • Installing the PL/SQL Developer on the Local Host
              • Migrating Table Definitions and Syntax
            • Migrating Full Table Data
              • Configuring a DWS Data Source Connection
              • Configuring an Oracle Data Source Connection
              • Migrating Tables
              • Verification
            • Migrating Service SQL Statements
              • Migrating Syntax
              • Verification
          • Using CDM to Migrate MySQL Data to a DWS Cluster
          • Using a Flink Job of DLI to Synchronize MySQL Data to a DWS Cluster in Real Time
          • Using CDM to Migrate Data from Hologres to a DWS Cluster
          • Using CDM to Migrate Data from AnalyticDB for MySQL to a DWS Cluster
          • Using a Flink Job of DLI to Synchronize Kafka Data to a DWS Cluster in Real Time
          • Migrating Data Between DWS Clusters Using GDS
        • Data Analytics
          • Using DWS to Query Vehicle Routes at Traffic Checkpoints in Seconds
          • Using DWS to Analyze the Supply Chain Requirements of a Company
          • Using DWS to Analyze the Operational Status of a Retail Department Store
          • Interconnecting DWS with Power BI
        • Data Development
          • Using Hybrid Data Warehouses and HStore Tables
          • Converting a Time Series Table to an HStore Table
          • Using the Turbo Engine to Improve Data Query Performance
          • Cutting Costs by Switching Between Cold and Hot Data Storage in DWS
          • Cutting Partition Maintenance Costs for the E-commerce and IoT Industries by Leveraging Automatic Partition Management Feature
          • Improving Development Efficiency by Leveraging the View Decoupling and Rebuilding Function
          • Best Practices of GIN Index
          • Encrypting and Decrypting Data Columns
          • Managing Data Permissions Through Views
        • Database Management
          • Role-based Access Control (RBAC)
          • Best Practices for User Management
          • Viewing Table and Database Information
          • Best Practices of Database SEQUENCE
        • Performance Tuning
          • Optimizing Table Structure Design to Enhance DWS Query Performance
            • Before Optimization: Learning Table Structure Design
            • Step 1: Creating an Initial Table and Loading Sample Data
            • Step 2: Testing System Performance of the Initial Table and Establishing a Baseline
            • Step 3: Optimizing a Table
            • Step 4: Creating Another Table and Loading Data
            • Step 5: Testing System Performance in the New Table
            • Step 6: Evaluating the Performance of the Optimized Table
            • Appendix: Table Creation Syntax
          • Excellent Practices for SQL Queries
          • Data Skew Queries
            • Real-Time Detection of Storage Skew During Data Import
            • Quickly Locating the Tables That Cause Data Skew
          • Analyzing SQL Statements That Are Being Executed to Handle DWS Performance Issues
        • Cluster Management and Resource Load Monitoring
          • Binding Different Resource Pools to Two Types of Jobs to Balance Load for DWS
          • Scaling Options for DWS with a Coupled Storage-Compute Architecture
        • Security Management
          • DWS Security Best Practices
      • Data Migration and Synchronization
        • Data Migration to DWS
        • Importing Data
          • Importing Data from OBS in Parallel
            • Parallel Data Import from OBS
            • Importing CSV/TXT Data from OBS
              • Creating Access Keys (AK and SK)
              • Uploading Data to OBS
              • Creating an OBS Foreign Table
              • Importing Data
              • Handling Import Errors
            • Importing ORC, CarbonData, Parquet, and JSON Data from OBS
              • Preparing Data on OBS
              • Creating a Foreign Server
              • Creating a Foreign Table
              • Querying Data on OBS Through Foreign Tables
              • Deleting Resources
              • Supported Data Types
          • Using GDS to Import Data from a Remote Server
            • Importing Data In Parallel Using GDS
            • Preparing Source Data
            • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
            • Creating a GDS Foreign Table
            • Importing Data
            • Handling Import Errors
            • Stopping GDS
            • Example of Importing Data Using GDS
          • Importing Data from MRS to a Cluster
            • Overview
            • Preparing Data in an MRS Cluster
            • Manually Creating a Foreign Server
            • Creating a Foreign Table
            • Importing Data
            • Deleting Resources
          • GDS-based Cross-Cluster Interconnection
          • Using a gsql Meta-Command to Import Data
          • Using COPY FROM STDIN to Import Data
            • Data Import Using COPY FROM STDIN
            • Introduction to the CopyManager Class
          • Accessing Hive Metastore Across Clusters
        • Full Database Migration
          • Using CDM to Migrate Data to DWS
          • Using DSC to Migrate SQL Scripts
        • Real-time Import
          • Importing Kafka Data to DWS in Real Time
        • Metadata Migration
          • Using gs_dump and gs_dumpall to Export Metadata
            • Overview
            • Exporting a Single Database
              • Exporting a Database
              • Exporting a Schema
              • Exporting a Table
            • Exporting All Databases
              • Exporting All Databases
              • Exporting Global Objects
            • Data Export By a User Without Required Permissions
          • Using gs_restore to Import Data
        • Exporting Data
          • Exporting Data to OBS
            • Parallel OBS Data Export
            • Exporting CSV/TXT Data to OBS
              • Planning Data Export
              • Creating an OBS Foreign Table
              • Exporting Data
              • Examples
            • Exporting ORC and Parquet Data to OBS
              • Planning Data Export
              • Creating a Foreign Server
              • Creating a Foreign Table
              • Exporting Data
          • Exporting ORC and Parquet Data to MRS
            • Overview
            • Planning Data Export
            • Creating a Foreign Server
            • Creating a Foreign Table
            • Exporting Data
          • Using GDS to Export Data to a Remote Server
            • Exporting Data In Parallel Using GDS
            • Planning Data Export
            • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
            • Creating a GDS Foreign Table
            • Exporting Data
            • Stopping GDS
            • Examples of Exporting Data Using GDS
        • Other Operations
          • GDS Pipe FAQs
          • Checking for Data Skew
          • Analyzing a Table
          • Managing Concurrent Write Operations
            • Write and Read/Write Operations
            • Concurrent Write Examples
          • Updating Data in a Table
            • Updating a Table by Using DML Statements
            • Updating and Inserting Data by Using the MERGE INTO Statement
          • Performing a Deep Copy
      • Developer Guide
        • Standard Data Warehouse (8.1.3.x)
          • Before You Start
          • GaussDB(DWS) Development Design Specifications
            • Overview
            • GaussDB(DWS) Connection Management Specifications
            • GaussDB(DWS) Object Design Specifications
              • DATABASE Object Design
              • USER Object Design
              • Schema Object Design
              • TABLESPACE Object Design
              • TABLE Object Design (Prioritized)
              • INDEX Object Design (Prioritized)
              • VIEW Object Design
            • GaussDB(DWS) SQL Statement Development Specifications
              • DDL Operations
              • INSERT Operation
              • UPDATE and DELETE Operations
              • SELECT Operation
            • GaussDB(DWS) Foreign Table Function Development Specifications
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Development Specifications
            • Detailed Design Rules for GaussDB(DWS) Objects
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database Object Naming Rules
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database Object Design Rules
                • GaussDB(DWS) Database and Schema Design Rules
                • GaussDB(DWS) Table Design Rules
                • GaussDB(DWS) Column Design Rules
                • GaussDB(DWS) Constraint Design Rules
                • Design Rules for GaussDB(DWS) Views and Associated Tables
              • GaussDB(DWS) SQL Writing Rules
              • GaussDB(DWS) JDBC Configuration Rules
              • Rules for Using Custom GaussDB(DWS) External Functions (pgSQL/Java)
              • Rules for Using GaussDB(DWS) PL/pgSQL
          • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Database Objects
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Databases
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Schemas
            • Selecting a GaussDB(DWS) Table Storage Model
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Tables
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Partitioned Tables
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Indexes
            • Creating and Using GaussDB(DWS) Sequences
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Views
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Scheduled Tasks
            • Viewing GaussDB(DWS) System Catalogs
          • Syntax Compatibility Differences Among Oracle, Teradata, and MySQL
          • GaussDB(DWS) Database Security Management
            • GaussDB(DWS) User and Permissions Management
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database User Types
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database User Management
              • Creating a Custom Password Policy for GaussDB(DWS)
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database Permissions Management
              • Separation of Duties in GaussDB(DWS)
            • GaussDB(DWS) Sensitive Data Management
              • GaussDB(DWS) Row-Level Access Control
              • GaussDB(DWS) Data Masking
              • Encrypting and Decrypting GaussDB(DWS) Strings
          • GaussDB(DWS) Data Query
            • GaussDB(DWS) Single-Table Query
            • GaussDB(DWS) Multi-Table Join Query
            • GaussDB(DWS) Subquery Expressions
            • GaussDB(DWS) WITH Expressions
            • Usage of GaussDB(DWS) UNION
          • GaussDB(DWS) Sorting Rules
          • GaussDB(DWS) User-Defined Functions
            • GaussDB(DWS) PL/Java Functions
            • GaussDB(DWS) PL/pgSQL Functions
          • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure
            • Overview
            • Converting Data Types in GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedures
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Array and Record
              • Arrays
              • record
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Declaration Syntax
            • Basic Statements of GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedures
            • Dynamic Statements of GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedures
              • Executing Dynamic Query Statements
              • Executing Dynamic Non-query Statements
              • Dynamically Calling Stored Procedures
              • Dynamically Calling Anonymous Blocks
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Control Statements
              • RETURN Statements
              • Conditional Statements
              • Loop Statements
              • Branch Statements
              • NULL Statements
              • Error Trapping Statements
              • GOTO Statements
            • Other Statements in a GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Cursor
              • Overview
              • Explicit Cursor
              • Implicit Cursor
              • Cursor Loop
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Advanced Package
              • DBMS_LOB
              • DBMS_RANDOM
              • DBMS_OUTPUT
              • UTL_RAW
              • DBMS_JOB
              • DBMS_SQL
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Debugging
          • Using PostGIS Extension
            • PostGIS
            • Using PostGIS
            • PostGIS Support and Constraints
            • OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE NOTICE (For PostGIS)
          • Using JDBC or ODBC for GaussDB(DWS) Secondary Development
            • Prerequisites
            • JDBC-Based Development
              • JDBC Development Process
              • JDBC Package and Driver Class
              • Loading a Driver
              • Connecting to a Database
              • Executing SQL Statements
              • Processing Data in a Result Set
              • Common JDBC Development Examples
              • Processing RoaringBitmap Result Sets and Importing It to GaussDB (DWS)
              • JDBC Interfaces
            • ODBC-Based Development
              • ODBC Package and Its Dependent Libraries and Header Files
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Linux OS
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Windows OS
              • ODBC Development Example
              • ODBC APIs
          • GaussDB(DWS) Resource Monitoring
            • User Resource Monitoring
            • Resource Pool Monitoring
            • Monitoring Memory Resources
            • Instance Resource Monitoring
            • Real-time Top SQL
            • Historical Top SQL
            • TopSQL Query Example
          • GaussDB(DWS) Performance Tuning
            • Overview
            • Performance Diagnosis
              • Cluster Performance Analysis
              • Slow SQL Analysis
                • Querying SQL Statements That Affect Performance Most
                • Checking Blocked Statements
              • SQL Diagnosis
              • Table Diagnosis
            • System Optimization
              • Tuning Database Parameters
              • SMP Parallel Execution
              • Configuring LLVM
            • SQL Tuning
              • SQL Query Execution Process
              • SQL Execution Plan
              • Execution Plan Operator
              • SQL Tuning Process
              • Updating Statistics
              • Reviewing and Modifying a Table Definition
              • Advanced SQL Tuning
                • SQL Self-Diagnosis
                • Optimizing Statement Pushdown
                • Optimizing Subqueries
                • Optimizing Statistics
                • Tuning Operators
                • Optimizing Data Skew
                • SQL Statement Rewriting Rules
                • Tuning Optimizer Parameters
              • Hint-based Tuning
                • Plan Hint Optimization
                • Join Order Hints
                • Join Operation Hints
                • Rows Hints
                • Stream Operation Hints
                • Scan Operation Hints
                • Sublink Name Hints
                • Skew Hints
                • Configuration Parameter Hints
                • Hint Errors, Conflicts, and Other Warnings
                • Plan Hint Cases
              • Routinely Maintaining Tables
              • Routinely Recreating an Index
              • Automatic Retry upon SQL Statement Execution Errors
              • query_band Load Identification
            • SQL Tuning Examples
              • Case: Selecting an Appropriate Distribution Column
              • Case: Creating an Appropriate Index
              • Case: Adding NOT NULL for JOIN Columns
              • Case: Pushing Down Sort Operations to DNs
              • Case: Configuring cost_param for Better Query Performance
              • Case: Adjusting the Partial Clustering Key
              • Case: Adjusting the Table Storage Mode in a Medium Table
              • Case: Reconstructing Partition Tables
              • Case: Adjusting the GUC Parameter best_agg_plan
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Eliminating Prune Interference
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Deleting in-clause
              • Case: Setting Partial Cluster Keys
              • Case: Converting from NOT IN to NOT EXISTS
          • GaussDB(DWS) System Catalogs and Views
            • Overview of System Catalogs and System Views
            • System Catalogs
              • GS_OBSSCANINFO
              • GS_RESPOOL_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_INSTANCE_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • GS_WLM_USER_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • PG_AGGREGATE
              • PG_AM
              • PG_AMOP
              • PG_AMPROC
              • PG_ATTRDEF
              • PG_ATTRIBUTE
              • PG_AUTHID
              • PG_AUTH_HISTORY
              • PG_AUTH_MEMBERS
              • PG_CAST
              • PG_CLASS
              • PG_COLLATION
              • PG_CONSTRAINT
              • PG_CONVERSION
              • PG_DATABASE
              • PG_DB_ROLE_SETTING
              • PG_DEFAULT_ACL
              • PG_DEPEND
              • PG_DESCRIPTION
              • PG_ENUM
              • PG_EXTENSION
              • PG_EXTENSION_DATA_SOURCE
              • PG_FOREIGN_DATA_WRAPPER
              • PG_FOREIGN_SERVER
              • PG_FOREIGN_TABLE
              • PG_INDEX
              • PG_INHERITS
              • PG_JOBS
              • PG_LANGUAGE
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT_METADATA
              • PG_NAMESPACE
              • PG_OBJECT
              • PG_OBSSCANINFO
              • PG_OPCLASS
              • PG_OPERATOR
              • PG_OPFAMILY
              • PG_PARTITION
              • PG_PLTEMPLATE
              • PG_PROC
              • PG_RANGE
              • PG_REDACTION_COLUMN
              • PG_REDACTION_POLICY
              • PG_RELFILENODE_SIZE
              • PG_RLSPOLICY
              • PG_RESOURCE_POOL
              • PG_REWRITE
              • PG_SECLABEL
              • PG_SHDEPEND
              • PG_SHDESCRIPTION
              • PG_SHSECLABEL
              • PG_STATISTIC
              • PG_STATISTIC_EXT
              • PG_SYNONYM
              • PG_TABLESPACE
              • PG_TRIGGER
              • PG_TS_CONFIG
              • PG_TS_CONFIG_MAP
              • PG_TS_DICT
              • PG_TS_PARSER
              • PG_TS_TEMPLATE
              • PG_TYPE
              • PG_USER_MAPPING
              • PG_USER_STATUS
              • PG_WORKLOAD_ACTION
              • PGXC_CLASS
              • PGXC_GROUP
              • PGXC_NODE
              • PLAN_TABLE_DATA
              • SNAPSHOT
              • TABLES_SNAP_TIMESTAMP
              • System Catalogs for Performance View Snapshot
            • System Views
              • ALL_ALL_TABLES
              • ALL_CONSTRAINTS
              • ALL_CONS_COLUMNS
              • ALL_COL_COMMENTS
              • ALL_DEPENDENCIES
              • ALL_IND_COLUMNS
              • ALL_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • ALL_INDEXES
              • ALL_OBJECTS
              • ALL_PROCEDURES
              • ALL_SEQUENCES
              • ALL_SOURCE
              • ALL_SYNONYMS
              • ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
              • ALL_TAB_COMMENTS
              • ALL_TABLES
              • ALL_USERS
              • ALL_VIEWS
              • DBA_DATA_FILES
              • DBA_USERS
              • DBA_COL_COMMENTS
              • DBA_CONSTRAINTS
              • DBA_CONS_COLUMNS
              • DBA_IND_COLUMNS
              • DBA_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • DBA_IND_PARTITIONS
              • DBA_INDEXES
              • DBA_OBJECTS
              • DBA_PART_INDEXES
              • DBA_PART_TABLES
              • DBA_PROCEDURES
              • DBA_SEQUENCES
              • DBA_SOURCE
              • DBA_SYNONYMS
              • DBA_TAB_COLUMNS
              • DBA_TAB_COMMENTS
              • DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
              • DBA_TABLES
              • DBA_TABLESPACES
              • DBA_TRIGGERS
              • DBA_VIEWS
              • DUAL
              • GLOBAL_COLUMN_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • GLOBAL_REDO_STAT
              • GLOBAL_REL_IOSTAT
              • GLOBAL_ROW_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • GLOBAL_STAT_DATABASE
              • GLOBAL_TABLE_CHANGE_STAT
              • GLOBAL_TABLE_STAT
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • GS_ALL_CONTROL_GROUP_INFO
              • GS_CLUSTER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • GS_COLUMN_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • GS_INSTR_UNIQUE_SQL
              • GS_NODE_STAT_RESET_TIME
              • GS_REL_IOSTAT
              • GS_RESPOOL_RUNTIME_INFO
              • GS_RESPOOL_RESOURCE_INFO
              • GS_ROW_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • GS_SESSION_CPU_STATISTICS
              • GS_SESSION_MEMORY_STATISTICS
              • GS_SQL_COUNT
              • GS_STAT_DB_CU
              • GS_STAT_SESSION_CU
              • GS_TABLE_CHANGE_STAT
              • GS_TABLE_STAT
              • GS_TOTAL_NODEGROUP_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • GS_USER_TRANSACTION
              • GS_VIEW_DEPENDENCY
              • GS_VIEW_DEPENDENCY_PATH
              • GS_VIEW_INVALID
              • GS_WAIT_EVENTS
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
              • GS_WLM_SQL_ALLOW
              • GS_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • GS_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • GS_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • MPP_TABLES
              • PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSION_VERSIONS
              • PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSIONS
              • PG_BULKLOAD_STATISTICS
              • PG_COMM_CLIENT_INFO
              • PG_COMM_DELAY
              • PG_COMM_STATUS
              • PG_COMM_RECV_STREAM
              • PG_COMM_SEND_STREAM
              • PG_COMM_QUERY_SPEED
              • PG_CONTROL_GROUP_CONFIG
              • PG_CURSORS
              • PG_EXT_STATS
              • PG_GET_INVALID_BACKENDS
              • PG_GET_SENDERS_CATCHUP_TIME
              • PG_GROUP
              • PG_INDEXES
              • PG_JOB
              • PG_JOB_PROC
              • PG_JOB_SINGLE
              • PG_LIFECYCLE_DATA_DISTRIBUTE
              • PG_LOCKS
              • PG_NODE_ENV
              • PG_OS_THREADS
              • PG_POOLER_STATUS
              • PG_PREPARED_STATEMENTS
              • PG_PREPARED_XACTS
              • PG_QUERYBAND_ACTION
              • PG_REPLICATION_SLOTS
              • PG_ROLES
              • PG_RULES
              • PG_RUNNING_XACTS
              • PG_SECLABELS
              • PG_SESSION_WLMSTAT
              • PG_SESSION_IOSTAT
              • PG_SETTINGS
              • PG_SHADOW
              • PG_SHARED_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PG_STATS
              • PG_STAT_ACTIVITY
              • PG_STAT_ALL_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
              • PG_STAT_BGWRITER
              • PG_STAT_DATABASE
              • PG_STAT_DATABASE_CONFLICTS
              • PG_STAT_GET_MEM_MBYTES_RESERVED
              • PG_STAT_USER_FUNCTIONS
              • PG_STAT_USER_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_USER_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_REPLICATION
              • PG_STAT_SYS_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_USER_FUNCTIONS
              • PG_STAT_XACT_USER_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_TABLES
              • PG_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
              • PG_TABLES
              • PG_TDE_INFO
              • PG_TIMEZONE_ABBREVS
              • PG_TIMEZONE_NAMES
              • PG_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PG_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO
              • PG_TOTAL_USER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • PG_USER
              • PG_USER_MAPPINGS
              • PG_VIEWS
              • PG_WLM_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_PROGRESS
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_COLUMN_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • PGXC_COMM_CLIENT_INFO
              • PGXC_COMM_DELAY
              • PGXC_COMM_RECV_STREAM
              • PGXC_COMM_SEND_STREAM
              • PGXC_COMM_STATUS
              • PGXC_COMM_QUERY_SPEED
              • PGXC_DEADLOCK
              • PGXC_GET_STAT_ALL_TABLES
              • PGXC_GET_STAT_ALL_PARTITIONS
              • PGXC_GET_TABLE_SKEWNESS
              • PGXC_GTM_SNAPSHOT_STATUS
              • PGXC_INSTANCE_TIME
              • PGXC_LOCKWAIT_DETAIL
              • PGXC_INSTR_UNIQUE_SQL
              • PGXC_LOCK_CONFLICTS
              • PGXC_NODE_ENV
              • PGXC_NODE_STAT_RESET_TIME
              • PGXC_OS_RUN_INFO
              • PGXC_OS_THREADS
              • PGXC_PREPARED_XACTS
              • PGXC_REDO_STAT
              • PGXC_REL_IOSTAT
              • PGXC_REPLICATION_SLOTS
              • PGXC_RESPOOL_RUNTIME_INFO
              • PGXC_RESPOOL_RESOURCE_INFO
              • PGXC_RESPOOL_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • PGXC_ROW_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • PGXC_RUNNING_XACTS
              • PGXC_SETTINGS
              • PGXC_SESSION_WLMSTAT
              • PGXC_STAT_ACTIVITY
              • PGXC_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
              • PGXC_STAT_BGWRITER
              • PGXC_STAT_DATABASE
              • PGXC_STAT_REPLICATION
              • PGXC_STAT_TABLE_DIRTY
              • PGXC_SQL_COUNT
              • PGXC_TABLE_CHANGE_STAT
              • PGXC_TABLE_STAT
              • PGXC_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
              • PGXC_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PGXC_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO
              • PGXC_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO_ANALYZE
              • PGXC_USER_TRANSACTION
              • PGXC_VARIABLE_INFO
              • PGXC_WAIT_DETAIL
              • PGXC_WAIT_EVENTS
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_WLM_WORKLOAD_RECORDS
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • PLAN_TABLE
              • PV_FILE_STAT
              • PV_INSTANCE_TIME
              • PV_OS_RUN_INFO
              • PV_SESSION_MEMORY
              • PV_SESSION_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PV_SESSION_STAT
              • PV_SESSION_TIME
              • PV_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PV_REDO_STAT
              • REDACTION_COLUMNS
              • REDACTION_POLICIES
              • REMOTE_TABLE_STAT
              • USER_COL_COMMENTS
              • USER_CONSTRAINTS
              • USER_CONS_COLUMNS
              • USER_INDEXES
              • USER_IND_COLUMNS
              • USER_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • USER_IND_PARTITIONS
              • USER_JOBS
              • USER_OBJECTS
              • USER_PART_INDEXES
              • USER_PART_TABLES
              • USER_PROCEDURES
              • USER_SEQUENCES
              • USER_SOURCE
              • USER_SYNONYMS
              • USER_TAB_COLUMNS
              • USER_TAB_COMMENTS
              • USER_TAB_PARTITIONS
              • USER_TABLES
              • USER_TRIGGERS
              • USER_VIEWS
              • V$SESSION
              • V$SESSION_LONGOPS
          • GUC Parameters of the GaussDB(DWS) Database
            • Viewing GUC Parameters
            • Configuring GUC Parameters
            • GUC Parameter Usage
            • Connection and Authentication
              • Connection Settings
              • Security and Authentication (postgresql.conf)
              • Communication Library Parameters
            • Resource Consumption
              • Memory
              • Statement Disk Space Control
              • Kernel Resources
              • Cost-based Vacuum Delay
              • Asynchronous I/O Operations
            • Parallel Data Import
            • Write Ahead Logs
              • Settings
              • Checkpoints
            • HA Replication
              • Primary Server
            • Query Planning
              • Optimizer Method Configuration
              • Optimizer Cost Constants
              • Genetic Query Optimizer
              • Other Optimizer Options
            • Error Reporting and Logging
              • Logging Time
              • Logging Content
            • Runtime Statistics
              • Query and Index Statistics Collector
              • Performance Statistics
            • Resource Management
            • Automatic Cleanup
            • Default Settings of Client Connection
              • Statement Behavior
              • Zone and Formatting
              • Other Default Parameters
            • Lock Management
            • Version and Platform Compatibility
              • Compatibility with Earlier Versions
              • Platform and Client Compatibility
            • Fault Tolerance
            • Connection Pool Parameters
            • Cluster Transaction Parameters
            • Developer Operations
            • Auditing
              • Audit Switch
              • Operation Audit
            • Transaction Monitoring
            • GTM Parameters
            • Miscellaneous Parameters
          • GaussDB(DWS) Developer Terms
          • Hybrid Data Warehouse
            • Introduction to Hybrid Data Warehouse
            • Support and Constraints
            • Hybrid Data Warehouse Syntax
              • CREATE TABLE
              • INSERT
              • DELETE
              • UPDATE
              • UPSERT
              • MERGE INTO
              • SELECT
              • ALTER TABLE
            • Hybrid Data Warehouse Functions
        • Standard Data Warehouse (9.1.0.x)
          • Before You Start
          • GaussDB(DWS) Development Design Proposal
            • Overview
            • GaussDB(DWS) Connection Management Specifications
            • GaussDB(DWS) Object Design Specifications
              • DATABASE Object Design
              • USER Object Design
              • Schema Object Design
              • TABLESPACE Object Design
              • TABLE Object Design (Prioritized)
              • INDEX Object Design (Prioritized)
              • VIEW Object Design
            • GaussDB(DWS) SQL Statement Development Specifications
              • DDL Operations
              • INSERT Operation
              • UPDATE and DELETE Operations
              • SELECT Operation
            • GaussDB(DWS) Foreign Table Function Development Specifications
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Development Specifications
            • Detailed Design Rules for GaussDB(DWS) Objects
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database Object Naming Rules
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database Object Design Rules
                • GaussDB(DWS) Database and Schema Design Rules
                • GaussDB(DWS) Table Design Rules
                • GaussDB(DWS) Column Design Rules
                • GaussDB(DWS) Constraint Design Rules
                • Design Rules for GaussDB(DWS) Views and Associated Tables
              • GaussDB(DWS) JDBC Configuration Rules
              • GaussDB(DWS) SQL Writing Rules
              • Rules for Using Custom GaussDB(DWS) External Functions (pgSQL/Java)
              • Rules for Using GaussDB(DWS) PL/pgSQL
          • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Database Objects
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Databases
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Schemas
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Tables
            • Selecting a GaussDB(DWS) Table Storage Model
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Partitioned Tables
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Indexes
            • Creating and Using GaussDB(DWS) Sequences
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Views
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Scheduled Tasks
            • Viewing GaussDB(DWS) System Catalogs
          • Syntax Compatibility Differences Among Oracle, Teradata, and MySQL
          • GaussDB(DWS) Database Security Management
            • GaussDB(DWS) User and Permissions Management
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database User Types
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database User Management
              • Creating a Custom Password Policy for GaussDB(DWS)
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database Permissions Management
              • Separation of Duties in GaussDB(DWS)
            • GaussDB(DWS) Sensitive Data Management
              • GaussDB(DWS) Row-Level Access Control
              • GaussDB(DWS) Data Masking
              • Encrypting and Decrypting GaussDB(DWS) Strings
              • Using pgcrypto to Encrypt GaussDB(DWS) Data
          • GaussDB(DWS) Data Query
            • GaussDB(DWS) Single-Table Query
            • GaussDB(DWS) Multi-Table Join Query
            • GaussDB(DWS) Subquery Expressions
            • GaussDB(DWS) WITH Expressions
            • Usage of GaussDB(DWS) UNION
            • Data Reading/Writing Across Logical Clusters
            • SQL on Hudi
              • Introduction to Hudi
              • Preparations Before Using Hudi
              • Hudi User Interfaces
              • Creating a Hudi Data Description (Foreign Table)
              • Synchronizing Hudi Tasks
              • Querying a Hudi Foreign Table
              • Accessing Hudi Tables on MRS
          • GaussDB(DWS) Sorting Rules
          • GaussDB(DWS) User-Defined Functions
            • GaussDB(DWS) PL/Java Functions
            • GaussDB(DWS) PL/pgSQL Functions
          • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure
            • Overview
            • Converting Data Types in GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedures
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Array and Record
              • Arrays
              • record
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Declaration Syntax
            • Basic Statements of GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedures
            • Dynamic Statements of GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedures
              • Executing Dynamic Query Statements
              • Executing Dynamic Non-query Statements
              • Dynamically Calling Stored Procedures
              • Dynamically Calling Anonymous Blocks
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Control Statements
              • RETURN Statements
              • Conditional Statements
              • Loop Statements
              • Branch Statements
              • NULL Statements
              • Error Trapping Statements
              • GOTO Statements
            • Other Statements in a GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Cursor
              • Overview
              • Explicit Cursor
              • Implicit Cursor
              • Cursor Loop
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Advanced Package
              • DBMS_LOB
              • DBMS_RANDOM
              • DBMS_OUTPUT
              • UTL_RAW
              • DBMS_JOB
              • DBMS_SQL
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Debugging
          • Using PostGIS Extension
            • PostGIS
            • Using PostGIS
            • PostGIS Support and Constraints
            • OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE NOTICE (For PostGIS)
          • Using JDBC or ODBC for GaussDB(DWS) Secondary Development
            • Prerequisites
            • JDBC-Based Development
              • JDBC Development Process
              • JDBC Package and Driver Class
              • Loading a Driver
              • Connecting to a Database
              • Executing SQL Statements
              • Processing Data in a Result Set
              • Common JDBC Development Examples
              • Processing RoaringBitmap Result Sets and Importing It to GaussDB (DWS)
              • JDBC Interfaces
            • ODBC-Based Development
              • ODBC Package and Its Dependent Libraries and Header Files
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Linux OS
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Windows OS
              • ODBC Development Example
              • ODBC APIs
          • GaussDB(DWS) Resource Monitoring
            • User Resource Monitoring
            • Resource Pool Monitoring
            • Monitoring Memory Resources
            • Instance Resource Monitoring
            • Real-time Top SQL
            • Historical Top SQL
            • Example for Querying for Top SQLs
          • GaussDB(DWS) Performance Tuning
            • Overview
            • Performance Diagnosis
              • Cluster Performance Analysis
              • Slow SQL Analysis
                • Querying SQL Statements That Affect Performance Most
                • Checking Blocked Statements
              • SQL Diagnosis
              • Table Diagnosis
            • System Optimization
              • Tuning Database Parameters
              • SMP Parallel Execution
              • Configuring LLVM
            • SQL Tuning
              • SQL Query Execution Process
              • SQL Execution Plan
              • Execution Plan Operator
              • SQL Tuning Process
              • Updating Statistics
              • Reviewing and Modifying a Table Definition
              • Advanced SQL Tuning
                • SQL Self-Diagnosis
                • Optimizing Statement Pushdown
                • Optimizing Subqueries
                • Optimizing Statistics
                • Tuning Operators
                • Optimizing Data Skew
                • Proactive Preheating and Tuning of Disk Cache
                • SQL Statement Rewriting Rules
              • Configuring Optimizer Parameters
              • Hint-based Tuning
                • Plan Hint Optimization
                • Join Order Hints
                • Join Operation Hints
                • Rows Hints
                • Stream Operation Hints
                • Scan Operation Hints
                • Sublink Name Hints
                • Skew Hints
                • Hint That Disables Subquery Pull-up
                • Drive Hints
                • Dictionary Code Hint
                • Configuration Parameter Hints
                • Hint Errors, Conflicts, and Other Warnings
                • Plan Hint Cases
              • Routinely Maintaining Tables
              • Routinely Recreating an Index
              • Automatic Retry upon SQL Statement Execution Errors
              • Query Band Load Identification
            • SQL Tuning Examples
              • Case: Selecting an Appropriate Distribution Column
              • Case: Creating an Appropriate Index
              • Case: Adding NOT NULL for JOIN Columns
              • Case: Pushing Down Sort Operations to DNs
              • Case: Configuring cost_param for Better Query Performance
              • Case: Adjusting the Partial Clustering Key
              • Case: Adjusting the Table Storage Mode in a Medium Table
              • Case: Reconstructing Partition Tables
              • Case: Adjusting the GUC Parameter best_agg_plan
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Eliminating Prune Interference
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Deleting in-clause
              • Case: Setting Partial Cluster Keys
              • Case: Converting from NOT IN to NOT EXISTS
          • GaussDB(DWS) System Catalogs and Views
            • Overview of System Catalogs and System Views
            • System Catalogs
              • GS_BLOCKLIST_QUERY
              • GS_BLOCKLIST_SQL
              • GS_OBSSCANINFO
              • GS_RESPOOL_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_INSTANCE_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • GS_WLM_USER_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • PG_AGGREGATE
              • PG_AM
              • PG_AMOP
              • PG_AMPROC
              • PG_ATTRDEF
              • PG_ATTRIBUTE
              • PG_AUTHID
              • PG_AUTH_HISTORY
              • PG_AUTH_MEMBERS
              • PG_BLOCKLISTS
              • PG_CAST
              • PG_CLASS
              • PG_COLLATION
              • PG_CONSTRAINT
              • PG_CONVERSION
              • PG_DATABASE
              • PG_DB_ROLE_SETTING
              • PG_DEFAULT_ACL
              • PG_DEPEND
              • PG_DESCRIPTION
              • PG_ENUM
              • PG_EXCEPT_RULE
              • PG_EXTERNAL_NAMESPACE
              • PG_EXTENSION
              • PG_EXTENSION_DATA_SOURCE
              • PG_FINE_DR_INFO
              • PG_FOREIGN_DATA_WRAPPER
              • PG_FOREIGN_SERVER
              • PG_FOREIGN_TABLE
              • PG_INDEX
              • PG_INHERITS
              • PG_JOB_INFO
              • PG_JOBS
              • PG_LANGUAGE
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT_METADATA
              • PG_MATVIEW
              • PG_NAMESPACE
              • PG_OBJECT
              • PG_OBSSCANINFO
              • PG_OPCLASS
              • PG_OPERATOR
              • PG_OPFAMILY
              • PG_PARTITION
              • PG_PLTEMPLATE
              • PG_PROC
              • PG_PUBLICATION
              • PG_PUBLICATION_NAMESPACE
              • PG_PUBLICATION_REL
              • PG_RANGE
              • PG_REDACTION_COLUMN
              • PG_REDACTION_POLICY
              • PG_RELFILENODE_SIZE
              • PG_RLSPOLICY
              • PG_RESOURCE_POOL
              • PG_REWRITE
              • PG_SECLABEL
              • PG_SHDEPEND
              • PG_SHDESCRIPTION
              • PG_SHSECLABEL
              • PG_STATISTIC
              • PG_STATISTIC_EXT
              • PG_STAT_OBJECT
              • PG_SUBSCRIPTION
              • PG_SYNONYM
              • PG_TABLESPACE
              • PG_TRIGGER
              • PG_TS_CONFIG
              • PG_TS_CONFIG_MAP
              • PG_TS_DICT
              • PG_TS_PARSER
              • PG_TS_TEMPLATE
              • PG_TYPE
              • PG_USER_MAPPING
              • PG_USER_STATUS
              • PG_WORKLOAD_ACTION
              • PGXC_CLASS
              • PGXC_GROUP
              • PGXC_NODE
              • PLAN_TABLE_DATA
              • SNAPSHOT
              • TABLES_SNAP_TIMESTAMP
              • System Catalogs for Performance View Snapshot
            • System Views
              • ALL_ALL_TABLES
              • ALL_CONSTRAINTS
              • ALL_CONS_COLUMNS
              • ALL_COL_COMMENTS
              • ALL_DEPENDENCIES
              • ALL_IND_COLUMNS
              • ALL_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • ALL_INDEXES
              • ALL_OBJECTS
              • ALL_PROCEDURES
              • ALL_SEQUENCES
              • ALL_SOURCE
              • ALL_SYNONYMS
              • ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
              • ALL_TAB_COMMENTS
              • ALL_TABLES
              • ALL_USERS
              • ALL_VIEWS
              • DBA_DATA_FILES
              • DBA_USERS
              • DBA_COL_COMMENTS
              • DBA_CONSTRAINTS
              • DBA_CONS_COLUMNS
              • DBA_IND_COLUMNS
              • DBA_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • DBA_IND_PARTITIONS
              • DBA_INDEXES
              • DBA_OBJECTS
              • DBA_PART_INDEXES
              • DBA_PART_TABLES
              • DBA_PROCEDURES
              • DBA_SEQUENCES
              • DBA_SOURCE
              • DBA_SYNONYMS
              • DBA_TAB_COLUMNS
              • DBA_TAB_COMMENTS
              • DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
              • DBA_TABLES
              • DBA_TABLESPACES
              • DBA_TRIGGERS
              • DBA_VIEWS
              • DUAL
              • GET_ALL_TSC_INFO
              • GET_TSC_INFO
              • GLOBAL_COLUMN_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • GLOBAL_REDO_STAT
              • GLOBAL_REL_IOSTAT
              • GLOBAL_ROW_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • GLOBAL_STAT_DATABASE
              • GLOBAL_TABLE_CHANGE_STAT
              • GLOBAL_TABLE_STAT
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • GS_ALL_CONTROL_GROUP_INFO
              • GS_BLOCKLIST_QUERY
              • GS_BLOCKLIST_SQL
              • GS_CLUSTER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • GS_COLUMN_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • GS_OBS_READ_TRAFFIC
              • GS_OBS_WRITE_TRAFFIC
              • GS_INSTR_UNIQUE_SQL
              • GS_NODE_STAT_RESET_TIME
              • GS_OBS_LATENCY
              • GS_QUERY_MONITOR
              • GS_QUERY_RESOURCE_INFO
              • GS_REL_IOSTAT
              • GS_RESPOOL_RUNTIME_INFO
              • GS_RESPOOL_RESOURCE_INFO
              • GS_RESPOOL_MONITOR
              • GS_ROW_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • GS_SESSION_CPU_STATISTICS
              • GS_SESSION_MEMORY_STATISTICS
              • GS_SQL_COUNT
              • GS_STAT_DB_CU
              • GS_STAT_SESSION_CU
              • GS_TABLE_CHANGE_STAT
              • GS_TABLE_STAT
              • GS_TOTAL_NODEGROUP_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • GS_USER_MONITOR
              • GS_USER_TRANSACTION
              • GS_VIEW_DEPENDENCY
              • GS_VIEW_DEPENDENCY_PATH
              • GS_VIEW_INVALID
              • GS_WAIT_EVENTS
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
              • GS_WLM_SQL_ALLOW
              • GS_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • GS_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • GS_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • MPP_TABLES
              • PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSION_VERSIONS
              • PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSIONS
              • PG_BULKLOAD_STATISTICS
              • PG_COMM_CLIENT_INFO
              • PG_COMM_DELAY
              • PG_COMM_STATUS
              • PG_COMM_RECV_STREAM
              • PG_COMM_SEND_STREAM
              • PG_COMM_QUERY_SPEED
              • PG_CONTROL_GROUP_CONFIG
              • PG_CURSORS
              • PG_EXT_STATS
              • PG_GET_INVALID_BACKENDS
              • PG_GET_SENDERS_CATCHUP_TIME
              • PG_GLOBAL_TEMP_ATTACHED_PIDS
              • PG_GROUP
              • PG_INDEXES
              • PG_JOB
              • PG_JOB_PROC
              • PG_JOB_SINGLE
              • PG_LIFECYCLE_DATA_DISTRIBUTE
              • PG_LOCKS
              • PG_LWLOCKS
              • PG_NODE_ENV
              • PG_OS_THREADS
              • PG_POOLER_STATUS
              • PG_PREPARED_STATEMENTS
              • PG_PREPARED_XACTS
              • PG_PUBLICATION_TABLES
              • PG_QUERYBAND_ACTION
              • PG_REPLICATION_SLOTS
              • PG_ROLES
              • PG_RULES
              • PG_RUNNING_XACTS
              • PG_SECLABELS
              • PG_SEQUENCES
              • PG_SESSION_WLMSTAT
              • PG_SESSION_IOSTAT
              • PG_SETTINGS
              • PG_SHADOW
              • PG_SHARED_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PG_STATS
              • PG_STAT_ACTIVITY
              • PG_STAT_ALL_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
              • PG_STAT_BGWRITER
              • PG_STAT_DATABASE
              • PG_STAT_DATABASE_CONFLICTS
              • PG_STAT_GET_MEM_MBYTES_RESERVED
              • PG_STAT_USER_FUNCTIONS
              • PG_STAT_USER_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_USER_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_REPLICATION
              • PG_STAT_SYS_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_USER_FUNCTIONS
              • PG_STAT_XACT_USER_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_TABLES
              • PG_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
              • PG_TABLES
              • PG_TDE_INFO
              • PG_TIMEZONE_ABBREVS
              • PG_TIMEZONE_NAMES
              • PG_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PG_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO
              • PG_TOTAL_USER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • PG_USER
              • PG_USER_MAPPINGS
              • PG_VIEWS
              • PG_WLM_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_AIO_RESOURCE_POOL_STATS
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_PROGRESS
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_INFO
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_COLUMN_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • PGXC_COMM_CLIENT_INFO
              • PGXC_COMM_DELAY
              • PGXC_COMM_RECV_STREAM
              • PGXC_COMM_SEND_STREAM
              • PGXC_COMM_STATUS
              • PGXC_COMM_QUERY_SPEED
              • PGXC_DEADLOCK
              • PGXC_DISK_CACHE_STATS
              • PGXC_DISK_CACHE_ALL_STATS
              • PGXC_DISK_CACHE_PATH_INFO
              • PGXC_GET_STAT_ALL_TABLES
              • PGXC_GET_STAT_ALL_PARTITIONS
              • PGXC_GET_TABLE_SKEWNESS
              • PGXC_GLOBAL_TEMP_ATTACHED_PIDS
              • PGXC_GTM_SNAPSHOT_STATUS
              • PGXC_INSTANCE_TIME
              • PGXC_LOCKWAIT_DETAIL
              • PGXC_INSTR_UNIQUE_SQL
              • PGXC_LOCK_CONFLICTS
              • PGXC_LWLOCKS
              • PGXC_MEMORY_DEBUG_INFO
              • PGXC_NODE_ENV
              • PGXC_NODE_STAT_RESET_TIME
              • PGXC_OBS_IO_SCHEDULER_STATS
              • PGXC_OBS_IO_SCHEDULER_PERIODIC_STATS
              • PGXC_OS_RUN_INFO
              • PGXC_OS_THREADS
              • PGXC_POOLER_STATUS
              • PGXC_PREPARED_XACTS
              • PGXC_REDO_STAT
              • PGXC_REL_IOSTAT
              • PGXC_REPLICATION_SLOTS
              • PGXC_RESPOOL_RUNTIME_INFO
              • PGXC_RESPOOL_RESOURCE_INFO
              • PGXC_RESPOOL_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • PGXC_ROW_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • PGXC_RUNNING_XACTS
              • PGXC_SETTINGS
              • PGXC_SESSION_WLMSTAT
              • PGXC_STAT_ACTIVITY
              • PGXC_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
              • PGXC_STAT_BGWRITER
              • PGXC_STAT_DATABASE
              • PGXC_STAT_OBJECT
              • PGXC_STAT_REPLICATION
              • PGXC_STAT_TABLE_DIRTY
              • PGXC_STAT_WAL
              • PGXC_SQL_COUNT
              • PGXC_TABLE_CHANGE_STAT
              • PGXC_TABLE_STAT
              • PGXC_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
              • PGXC_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PGXC_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO
              • PGXC_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO_ANALYZE
              • PGXC_TOTAL_USER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • PGXC_USER_TRANSACTION
              • PGXC_VARIABLE_INFO
              • PGXC_WAIT_DETAIL
              • PGXC_WAIT_EVENTS
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_WLM_TABLE_DISTRIBUTION_SKEWNESS
              • PGXC_WLM_USER_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_WORKLOAD_RECORDS
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • PLAN_TABLE
              • PV_FILE_STAT
              • PV_INSTANCE_TIME
              • PV_MATVIEW_DETAIL
              • PV_OS_RUN_INFO
              • PV_SESSION_MEMORY
              • PV_SESSION_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PV_SESSION_STAT
              • PV_SESSION_TIME
              • PV_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PV_REDO_STAT
              • PV_RUNTIME_ATTSTATS
              • PV_RUNTIME_RELSTATS
              • REDACTION_COLUMNS
              • REDACTION_POLICIES
              • REMOTE_TABLE_STAT
              • SHOW_TSC_INFO
              • SHOW_ALL_TSC_INFO
              • USER_COL_COMMENTS
              • USER_CONSTRAINTS
              • USER_CONS_COLUMNS
              • USER_INDEXES
              • USER_IND_COLUMNS
              • USER_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • USER_IND_PARTITIONS
              • USER_JOBS
              • USER_OBJECTS
              • USER_PART_INDEXES
              • USER_PART_TABLES
              • USER_PROCEDURES
              • USER_SEQUENCES
              • USER_SOURCE
              • USER_SYNONYMS
              • USER_TAB_COLUMNS
              • USER_TAB_COMMENTS
              • USER_TAB_PARTITIONS
              • USER_TABLES
              • USER_TRIGGERS
              • USER_VIEWS
              • V$SESSION
              • V$SESSION_LONGOPS
          • GUC Parameters of the GaussDB(DWS) Database
            • Viewing GUC Parameters
            • Configuring GUC Parameters
            • GUC Parameter Usage
            • Connection and Authentication
              • Connection Settings
              • Security and Authentication (postgresql.conf)
              • Communication Library Parameters
            • Resource Consumption
              • Memory
              • Statement Disk Space Control
              • Kernel Resources
              • Cost-based Vacuum Delay
              • Asynchronous I/O Operations
              • Disk Caching
            • Parallel Data Import
            • Write Ahead Logs
              • Settings
              • Checkpoints
            • HA Replication
              • Primary Server
            • Query Planning
              • Optimizer Method Configuration
              • Optimizer Cost Constants
              • Genetic Query Optimizer
              • Other Optimizer Options
            • Error Reporting and Logging
              • Logging Destination
              • Logging Time
              • Logging Content
            • Runtime Statistics
              • Query and Index Statistics Collector
              • Performance Statistics
            • Resource Management
            • Automatic Cleanup
            • Default Settings of Client Connection
              • Statement Behavior
              • Zone and Formatting
              • Other Default Parameters
            • Lock Management
            • Version and Platform Compatibility
              • Compatibility with Earlier Versions
              • Platform and Client Compatibility
            • Fault Tolerance
            • Connection Pool Parameters
            • Cluster Transaction Parameters
            • Developer Operations
            • Auditing
              • Audit Switch
              • Operation Audit
            • Transaction Monitoring
            • GTM Parameters
            • Miscellaneous Parameters
          • GaussDB(DWS) Developer Terms
          • Hybrid Data Warehouse
            • Introduction to Hybrid Data Warehouse
            • Support and Constraints
            • Hybrid Data Warehouse Syntax
              • CREATE TABLE
              • INSERT
              • DELETE
              • UPDATE
              • UPSERT
              • MERGE INTO
              • SELECT
              • ALTER TABLE
            • Hybrid Data Warehouse Functions
            • Hybrid Data Warehouse Binlog
              • Subscribing to Hybrid Data Warehouse Binlog
              • Real-Time Binlog Consumption by Flink
      • SQL Syntax Reference
        • SQL Syntax Reference (9.1.0.x)
          • DWS SQL Overview
          • DWS SQL Syntax
          • Differences Between DWS and PostgreSQL
          • Keyword
          • Data Types
            • Numeric Types
            • Monetary Types
            • Boolean Type
            • Character Types
            • Binary Data Types
            • Date/Time Types
            • Geometric Types
            • Array
            • Enumeration Type
            • Network Address Types
            • Bit String Types
            • Text Search Types
            • UUID Type
            • JSON Types
            • RoaringBitmap
            • HLL Data Types
            • Object Identifier Types
            • Pseudo-Types
            • Range Types
            • Composite Types
            • Data Types Supported by Column-Store Tables
            • XML
          • Constant and Macro
          • Functions and Operators
            • Character Processing Functions and Operators
            • Binary String Functions and Operators
            • Bit String Functions and Operators
            • Numeric Functions and Operators
              • Numeric Operators
              • Numeric Functions
            • Date and Time Processing Functions and Operators
              • Date and Time Operators
              • Date and Time Functions
              • EXTRACT
              • date_part
              • date_format
              • time_format
            • SEQUENCE Functions
            • Array Functions and Operators
              • Array Operators
              • Array Functions
            • Logical Operators
            • Comparison Operators
            • Pattern Matching Operators
            • Aggregate Functions
            • Window Functions
            • Type Conversion Functions
            • JSON/JSONB Functions and Operators
              • JSON/JSONB Operators
              • JSON/JSONB Functions
            • Security Functions
            • Conditional Expression Functions
            • Range Functions and Operators
              • Range Operators
              • Range Functions
            • Data Redaction Functions
            • Bitmap Functions and Operators
              • Roaring Bitmap Operators
              • Bitmap Functions
              • Roaring Bitmap Aggregation Functions
              • Use Cases
            • UUID Functions
            • Text Search Functions and Operators
              • Text Search Operators
              • Text Search Functions
              • Text Search Debugging Functions
            • HLL Functions and Operators
              • HLL Operators
              • Hash Functions
              • Precision Functions
              • Aggregate Functions
              • Functional Functions
              • Built-in Functions
            • Set Returning Functions
              • Series Generating Functions
              • Subscript Generating Functions
            • Geometric Functions and Operators
              • Geometric Operators
              • Geometric Functions
              • Geometric Type Conversion Functions
            • Network Address Functions and Operators
              • cidr and inet Operators
              • Network Address Functions
            • System Information Functions
              • Session Information Functions
              • Access Privilege Inquiry Functions
              • Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions
              • System Catalog Information Functions
              • System Function Checking Function
              • Comment Checking Functions
              • Transaction IDs and Snapshots
              • Computing Node Group Function
              • Lock Information Function
            • System Management Functions
              • Configuration Settings Functions
              • Universal File Access Functions
              • Server Signaling Functions
              • Snapshot Synchronization Functions
              • Advisory Lock Functions
              • Replication Functions
              • Resource Management Functions
              • Memory Management Functions
              • Other Functions
            • Backup and Restoration Control Functions
              • Backup Control Functions
              • Restoration Control Functions
            • Database Object Functions
              • Database Object Size Functions
              • Database Object Position Functions
              • Partition Management Function
              • Collation Version Function
              • Hot and Cold Table Functions
            • Residual File Management Functions
              • Functions for Obtaining the Residual File List
              • Functions for Scanning Residual Files
              • Functions for Verifying Residual Files
              • Functions for Deleting Residual Files
              • Using Residual File Management Functions
            • Statistics Information Functions
            • Trigger Functions
            • XML Functions
              • Generating XML Content
              • XML Predicates
              • Processing XML
              • Mapping a Table to XML
            • Call Stack Recording Functions
            • Hudi System Functions
            • Funnel and Retention Functions
            • EXTERNAL SCHEMA System Functions
            • Storage-Compute Decoupling Functions
              • Data Sharing Functions
              • Function for Obtaining File Information of Tablespaces in the Trash Directory
          • Expressions
            • Simple Expressions
            • Conditional Expressions
            • Subquery Expressions
            • Array Expressions
            • Row Expressions
          • Type Conversion
            • Overview
            • Operators
            • Functions
            • Value Storage
            • UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
          • Full Text Search
            • Introduction
              • Full-Text Retrieval
              • What Is a Document?
              • Basic Text Matching
              • Configurations
            • Tables and Indexes
              • Searching a Table
              • Creating an Index
              • Constraints on Index Use
            • Controlling Text Search
              • Parsing Documents
              • Parsing Queries
              • Ranking Search Results
              • Highlighting Results
            • Additional Features
              • Manipulating tsvector
              • Manipulating Queries
              • Rewriting Queries
              • Gathering Document Statistics
            • Parsers
            • Dictionaries
              • Overview
              • Stop Words
              • Simple Dictionary
              • Synonym Dictionary
              • Thesaurus Dictionary
              • Ispell Dictionary
              • Snowball Dictionary
            • Configuration Examples
            • Testing and Debugging Text Search
              • Testing a Configuration
              • Testing a Parser
              • Testing a Dictionary
            • Limitations
          • System Operation
          • Transaction Management
          • DDL Syntax
            • DDL Syntax Overview
            • ALTER BLOCK RULE
            • ALTER DATABASE
            • ALTER EXCEPT RULE
            • ALTER EXTERNAL SCHEMA
            • ALTER FOREIGN TABLE (GDS Import and Export)
            • ALTER FOREIGN TABLE (for HDFS or OBS)
            • ALTER FUNCTION
            • ALTER GROUP
            • ALTER INDEX
            • ALTER LARGE OBJECT
            • ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • ALTER PUBLICATION
            • ALTER REDACTION POLICY
            • ALTER RESOURCE POOL
            • ALTER ROLE
            • ALTER SUBSCRIPTION
            • ALTER ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • ALTER SCHEMA
            • ALTER SEQUENCE
            • ALTER SERVER
            • ALTER SESSION
            • ALTER SYNONYM
            • ALTER SYSTEM KILL SESSION
            • ALTER TABLE
            • ALTER TABLE PARTITION
            • ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • ALTER TRIGGER
            • ALTER TYPE
            • ALTER USER
            • ALTER VIEW
            • CLEAN CONNECTION
            • CLOSE
            • CLUSTER
            • COMMENT
            • CREATE BARRIER
            • CREATE BLOCK RULE
            • CREATE DATABASE
            • CREATE EXCEPT RULE
            • CREATE EXTERNAL SCHEMA
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (for GDS Import and Export)
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (SQL on OBS or Hadoop)
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (for OBS Import and Export)
            • CREATE FUNCTION
            • CREATE GROUP
            • CREATE INDEX
            • CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • CREATE PROCEDURE
            • CREATE PUBLICATION
            • CREATE REDACTION POLICY
            • CREATE ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • CREATE RESOURCE POOL
            • CREATE ROLE
            • CREATE SCHEMA
            • CREATE SEQUENCE
            • CREATE SERVER
            • CREATE SUBSCRIPTION
            • CREATE SYNONYM
            • CREATE TABLE
            • CREATE TABLE AS
            • CREATE TABLE PARTITION
            • CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • CREATE TRIGGER
            • CREATE TYPE
            • CREATE USER
            • CREATE VIEW
            • CURSOR
            • DISCARD
            • DROP BLOCK RULE
            • DROP DATABASE
            • DROP EXCEPT RULE
            • DROP FOREIGN TABLE
            • DROP FUNCTION
            • DROP GROUP
            • DROP INDEX
            • DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • DROP OWNED
            • DROP PUBLICATION
            • DROP REDACTION POLICY
            • DROP ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • DROP PROCEDURE
            • DROP RESOURCE POOL
            • DROP ROLE
            • DROP SCHEMA
            • DROP SEQUENCE
            • DROP SERVER
            • DROP SUBSCRIPTION
            • DROP SYNONYM
            • DROP TABLE
            • DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • DROP TRIGGER
            • DROP TYPE
            • DROP USER
            • DROP VIEW
            • FETCH
            • MOVE
            • REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • REINDEX
            • RENAME TABLE
            • RESET
            • SET
            • SET CONSTRAINTS
            • SET ROLE
            • SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
            • SHOW
            • TRUNCATE
            • VACUUM
          • DML Syntax
            • DML Syntax Overview
            • CALL
            • COPY
            • DELETE
            • EXPLAIN
            • EXPLAIN PLAN
            • LOCK
            • MERGE INTO
            • INSERT and UPSERT
              • INSERT
              • UPSERT
            • UPDATE
            • VALUES
          • DCL Syntax
            • DCL Syntax Overview
            • ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
            • ANALYZE | ANALYSE
            • DEALLOCATE
            • DO
            • EXECUTE
            • EXECUTE DIRECT
            • GRANT
            • PREPARE
            • REASSIGN OWNED
            • REVOKE
          • DQL Syntax
            • DQL Syntax Overview
            • SELECT
            • SELECT INTO
          • TCL Syntax
            • TCL Syntax Overview
            • ABORT
            • BEGIN
            • CHECKPOINT
            • COMMIT | END
            • COMMIT PREPARED
            • PREPARE TRANSACTION
            • SAVEPOINT
            • SET TRANSACTION
            • START TRANSACTION
            • ROLLBACK
            • RELEASE SAVEPOINT
            • ROLLBACK PREPARED
            • ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
        • SQL Syntax Reference (8.1.3.x)
          • DWS SQL Overview
          • DWS SQL Syntax
          • Differences Between DWS and PostgreSQL
          • Keyword
          • Data Types
            • Numeric Types
            • Monetary Types
            • Boolean Type
            • Character Types
            • Binary Data Types
            • Date/Time Types
            • Geometric Types
            • Array
            • Enumeration Type
            • Network Address Types
            • Bit String Types
            • Text Search Types
            • UUID Type
            • JSON Types
            • RoaringBitmap
            • HLL Data Types
            • Object Identifier Types
            • Pseudo-Types
            • Range Types
            • Composite Types
            • Data Types Supported by Column-Store Tables
            • XML
          • Constant and Macro
          • Functions and Operators
            • Character Processing Functions and Operators
            • Binary String Functions and Operators
            • Bit String Functions and Operators
            • Numeric Functions and Operators
              • Numeric Operators
              • Numeric Functions
            • Date and Time Processing Functions and Operators
              • Date and Time Operators
              • Date and Time Functions
              • EXTRACT
              • date_part
              • date_format
              • time_format
            • SEQUENCE Functions
            • Array Functions and Operators
              • Array Operators
              • Array Functions
            • Logical Operators
            • Comparison Operators
            • Pattern Matching Operators
            • Aggregate Functions
            • Window Functions
            • Type Conversion Functions
            • JSON/JSONB Functions and Operators
              • JSON/JSONB Operators
              • JSON/JSONB Functions
            • Security Functions
            • Conditional Expression Functions
            • Range Functions and Operators
              • Range Operators
              • Range Functions
            • Data Redaction Functions
            • Bitmap Functions and Operators
              • Roaring Bitmap Operators
              • Bitmap Functions
              • Roaring Bitmap Aggregation Functions
              • Use Cases
            • UUID Functions
            • Text Search Functions and Operators
              • Text Search Operators
              • Text Search Functions
              • Text Search Debugging Functions
            • HLL Functions and Operators
              • HLL Operators
              • Hash Functions
              • Precision Functions
              • Aggregate Functions
              • Functional Functions
              • Built-in Functions
            • Set Returning Functions
              • Series Generating Functions
              • Subscript Generating Functions
            • Geometric Functions and Operators
              • Geometric Operators
              • Geometric Functions
              • Geometric Type Conversion Functions
            • Network Address Functions and Operators
              • cidr and inet Operators
              • Network Address Functions
            • System Information Functions
              • Session Information Functions
              • Access Privilege Inquiry Functions
              • Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions
              • System Catalog Information Functions
              • System Function Checking Function
              • Comment Checking Functions
              • Transaction IDs and Snapshots
              • Computing Node Group Function
              • Lock Information Function
            • System Management Functions
              • Configuration Settings Functions
              • Universal File Access Functions
              • Server Signaling Functions
              • Snapshot Synchronization Functions
              • Advisory Lock Functions
              • Replication Functions
              • Resource Management Functions
              • Memory Management Functions
              • Other Functions
            • Backup and Restoration Control Functions
              • Backup Control Functions
              • Restoration Control Functions
            • Database Object Functions
              • Database Object Size Functions
              • Database Object Position Functions
              • Partition Management Function
              • Collation Version Function
              • Hot and Cold Table Functions
            • Residual File Management Functions
              • Functions for Obtaining the Residual File List
              • Functions for Scanning Residual Files
              • Functions for Verifying Residual Files
              • Functions for Deleting Residual Files
              • Using Residual File Management Functions
            • Statistics Information Functions
            • Trigger Functions
            • XML Functions
              • Generating XML Content
              • XML Predicates
              • Processing XML
              • Mapping a Table to XML
            • Call Stack Recording Functions
            • Hudi System Functions
            • Funnel and Retention Functions
            • EXTERNAL SCHEMA System Functions
            • Storage-Compute Decoupling Functions
              • Data Sharing Functions
              • Function for Obtaining File Information of Tablespaces in the Trash Directory
          • Expressions
            • Simple Expressions
            • Conditional Expressions
            • Subquery Expressions
            • Array Expressions
            • Row Expressions
          • Type Conversion
            • Overview
            • Operators
            • Functions
            • Value Storage
            • UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
          • Full Text Search
            • Introduction
              • Full-Text Retrieval
              • What Is a Document?
              • Basic Text Matching
              • Configurations
            • Tables and Indexes
              • Searching a Table
              • Creating an Index
              • Constraints on Index Use
            • Controlling Text Search
              • Parsing Documents
              • Parsing Queries
              • Ranking Search Results
              • Highlighting Results
            • Additional Features
              • Manipulating tsvector
              • Manipulating Queries
              • Rewriting Queries
              • Gathering Document Statistics
            • Parsers
            • Dictionaries
              • Overview
              • Stop Words
              • Simple Dictionary
              • Synonym Dictionary
              • Thesaurus Dictionary
              • Ispell Dictionary
              • Snowball Dictionary
            • Configuration Examples
            • Testing and Debugging Text Search
              • Testing a Configuration
              • Testing a Parser
              • Testing a Dictionary
            • Limitations
          • System Operation
          • Transaction Management
          • DDL Syntax
            • DDL Syntax Overview
            • ALTER BLOCK RULE
            • ALTER DATABASE
            • ALTER EXCEPT RULE
            • ALTER EXTERNAL SCHEMA
            • ALTER FOREIGN TABLE (GDS Import and Export)
            • ALTER FOREIGN TABLE (for HDFS or OBS)
            • ALTER FUNCTION
            • ALTER GROUP
            • ALTER INDEX
            • ALTER LARGE OBJECT
            • ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • ALTER PUBLICATION
            • ALTER REDACTION POLICY
            • ALTER RESOURCE POOL
            • ALTER ROLE
            • ALTER SUBSCRIPTION
            • ALTER ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • ALTER SCHEMA
            • ALTER SEQUENCE
            • ALTER SERVER
            • ALTER SESSION
            • ALTER SYNONYM
            • ALTER SYSTEM KILL SESSION
            • ALTER TABLE
            • ALTER TABLE PARTITION
            • ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • ALTER TRIGGER
            • ALTER TYPE
            • ALTER USER
            • ALTER VIEW
            • CLEAN CONNECTION
            • CLOSE
            • CLUSTER
            • COMMENT
            • CREATE BARRIER
            • CREATE BLOCK RULE
            • CREATE DATABASE
            • CREATE EXCEPT RULE
            • CREATE EXTERNAL SCHEMA
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (for GDS Import and Export)
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (SQL on OBS or Hadoop)
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (for OBS Import and Export)
            • CREATE FUNCTION
            • CREATE GROUP
            • CREATE INDEX
            • CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • CREATE PROCEDURE
            • CREATE PUBLICATION
            • CREATE REDACTION POLICY
            • CREATE ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • CREATE RESOURCE POOL
            • CREATE ROLE
            • CREATE SCHEMA
            • CREATE SEQUENCE
            • CREATE SERVER
            • CREATE SUBSCRIPTION
            • CREATE SYNONYM
            • CREATE TABLE
            • CREATE TABLE AS
            • CREATE TABLE PARTITION
            • CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • CREATE TRIGGER
            • CREATE TYPE
            • CREATE USER
            • CREATE VIEW
            • CURSOR
            • DISCARD
            • DROP BLOCK RULE
            • DROP DATABASE
            • DROP EXCEPT RULE
            • DROP FOREIGN TABLE
            • DROP FUNCTION
            • DROP GROUP
            • DROP INDEX
            • DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • DROP OWNED
            • DROP PUBLICATION
            • DROP REDACTION POLICY
            • DROP ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • DROP PROCEDURE
            • DROP RESOURCE POOL
            • DROP ROLE
            • DROP SCHEMA
            • DROP SEQUENCE
            • DROP SERVER
            • DROP SUBSCRIPTION
            • DROP SYNONYM
            • DROP TABLE
            • DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • DROP TRIGGER
            • DROP TYPE
            • DROP USER
            • DROP VIEW
            • FETCH
            • MOVE
            • REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • REINDEX
            • RENAME TABLE
            • RESET
            • SET
            • SET CONSTRAINTS
            • SET ROLE
            • SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
            • SHOW
            • TRUNCATE
            • VACUUM
          • DML Syntax
            • DML Syntax Overview
            • CALL
            • COPY
            • DELETE
            • EXPLAIN
            • EXPLAIN PLAN
            • LOCK
            • MERGE INTO
            • INSERT and UPSERT
              • INSERT
              • UPSERT
            • UPDATE
            • VALUES
          • DCL Syntax
            • DCL Syntax Overview
            • ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
            • ANALYZE | ANALYSE
            • DEALLOCATE
            • DO
            • EXECUTE
            • EXECUTE DIRECT
            • GRANT
            • PREPARE
            • REASSIGN OWNED
            • REVOKE
          • DQL Syntax
            • DQL Syntax Overview
            • SELECT
            • SELECT INTO
          • TCL Syntax
            • TCL Syntax Overview
            • ABORT
            • BEGIN
            • CHECKPOINT
            • COMMIT | END
            • COMMIT PREPARED
            • PREPARE TRANSACTION
            • SAVEPOINT
            • SET TRANSACTION
            • START TRANSACTION
            • ROLLBACK
            • RELEASE SAVEPOINT
            • ROLLBACK PREPARED
            • ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
      • Tool Guide
        • Overview
        • Downloading Related Tools
        • gsql
          • Overview
          • Downloading the Client
          • Instruction
            • Using the Linux gsql Client to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the Windows gsql Client to Connect to a Cluster
            • Establishing Secure TCP/IP Connections in SSL Mode
          • Online Help
          • Command Reference
          • Meta-Command Reference
          • Troubleshooting
        • Data Studio
          • About Data Studio
            • Overview
            • Constraints and Limitations
            • System Requirements
            • Customizing Data Studio
          • Downloading and Installing the Data Studio Client
          • Configuring Data Studio
          • Configuring SSL Connection
          • Connection Management
          • Database Management
            • Database Management
            • Schema Management
            • Function/Procedure Management
            • Table Management
              • Creating a Regular Table
                • Defining a Regular Table
                • Managing Columns
                • Managing Constraints
                • Managing Indexes
              • Creating a Partitioned Table
              • Managing Table Data
              • Editing Temporary Tables
              • Creating a Foreign Table
            • View Management
            • Sequence Management
            • Users/Roles
          • SQL Terminal Management
            • Opening Multiple SQL Terminal Tabs
            • Managing the SQL Query Execution History
            • Opening and Saving SQL Scripts
            • Viewing Table Properties, PL/SQL Functions/Procedures on the SQL Terminal Page
            • Terminating an Ongoing SQL Query
            • Formatting of SQL Queries
            • Selecting a DB Object in the SQL Terminal
            • Viewing the Execution Plan and Costs
            • Viewing the Query Execution Plan and Cost Graphically
            • Working with SQL Terminals
            • Exporting Query Results
            • Managing Connections in the SQL Terminal
          • Security Management
          • Troubleshooting
          • FAQs
        • GDS
          • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
          • Stopping GDS
          • Example of Importing Data Using GDS
          • gds
          • gds_ctl.py
          • Handling Import Errors
        • DSC
          • About This Document
            • Intended Audience
            • Document Conventions
            • Third-party Licenses
          • Introduction to DSC
            • Overview
            • Operating Environment
          • Using DSC
            • Overview
            • Downloading and Installing DSC
            • Configuring DSC
              • DSC Configuration
              • Teradata SQL Configuration
              • Teradata Perl Configuration
              • MySQL Configuration
              • SQL Server Configuration
              • Oracle SQL Configuration
              • Netezza Configuration
            • Migration Process
              • Prerequisites
              • Preparations
              • Executing DSC
              • Viewing Output Files and Logs
              • Troubleshooting
            • Database Schema Conversion
              • Migration Parameters
              • Teradata SQL Migration
              • Teradata Perl Migration
              • MySQL SQL Migration
              • Oracle SQL Migration
              • Netezza SQL Migration
              • Verification
            • Version Command Migration
            • Help Command Migration
            • Log Reference
              • Overview
              • SQL Migration Logs
              • Perl Migration Logs
          • Teradata Syntax Migration
            • Supported Keywords and Features
            • Constraints and Limitations
            • Data Type
            • Functions and Operators
              • Analytical Functions
              • Math Functions
              • String Functions
              • Date and Time Functions
              • Comparison and List Operators
              • Table Operators
              • Query Optimization Operators
              • QUALIFY
              • ALIAS
              • FORMAT and CAST
              • Short Keys Migration
              • Migration of Object Names Starting with $
            • Migrating Tables
              • CREATE TABLE
              • CHARACTER SET and CASESPECIFIC
              • VOLATILE
              • SET
              • MULTISET
              • TITLE
              • Indexes
              • CONSTRAINT
              • COLUMN STORE
              • PARTITION
              • ANALYZE
              • Support for Specified Columns
            • Migrating Indexes
            • Migrating Views
            • COLLECT STATISTICS
            • ACCESS LOCK
            • DBC.COLUMNS
            • DBC.TABLES
            • DBC.INDICES
            • SHOW STATS VALUES SEQUENCED
            • COMMENT
            • Data Manipulation Language (DML)
              • INSERT
              • SELECT
              • UPDATE
              • DELETE
              • MERGE
              • NAMED
              • ACTIVITYCOUNT
              • TIMESTAMP
            • Type Casting and Formatting
            • BTEQ Utility Command
            • Teradata Formats
            • System Views
          • MySQL Syntax Migrating
            • Supported Keywords and Features
            • Data Types
              • Numeric Types
              • Date/Time Types
              • String Types
              • Spatial Data Types
              • LOB Types
              • Set Types
              • Boolean
              • Binary Types
              • JSON Types
            • Functions and Expressions
            • Table (Optional Parameters and Operations)
              • ALGORITHM
              • ALTER TABLE RENAME
              • AUTO_INCREMENT
              • AVG_ROW_LENGTH
              • BLOCK_SIZE
              • CHARSET
              • CHECKSUM
              • CLUSTERED KEY
              • COLLATE
              • COMMENT
              • CONNECTION
              • DEFAULT
              • DELAY_KEY_WRITE
              • DISTRIBUTE BY
              • DIRECTORY
              • ENGINE
              • FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS
              • IF NOT EXISTS
              • INDEX_ALL
              • INSERT_METHOD
              • KEY_BLOCK_SIZE
              • LOCK
              • MAX_ROWS
              • MIN_ROWS
              • PACK_KEYS
              • PARTITION BY
              • PASSWORD
              • ROW_FORMAT
              • STATS_AUTO_RECALC
              • STATS_PERSISTENT
              • STATS_SAMPLE_PAGES
              • UNION
              • WITH AS
              • CHANGE (Column Modification)
              • CHECK Constraint
              • DROP (Table Deletion)
              • LIKE (Table Cloning)
              • MODIFY (Modifying a Column)
              • TRUNCATE (Table Deletion)
              • ROUNDROBIN Table
              • RENAME (Table Renaming)
              • SET|DROP COLUMN DEFAULT VALUE
              • Renaming a Column
              • Row-Store/Column-Store Table Compression
              • Adding/Deleting a Column
            • Indexes
              • Unique Indexes
              • Normal and Prefix Indexes
              • Hash Indexes
              • B-tree Indexes
              • Spatial Indexes
              • Full-Text Indexes
              • Deleting an Index
              • Renaming an Index
            • Comment
            • Databases
            • Data Manipulation Language (DML)
              • INSERT
              • UPDATE
              • REPLACE
              • Quotation Marks
              • INTERVAL
              • Division Expressions
              • GROUP BY Conversion
              • ROLLUP
            • Transaction Management and Database Management
              • Transaction Management
              • Database Management
          • SQL-Server Syntax Migration
            • Migrating Tables
            • Migrating Data Types
          • Oracle Syntax Migration
            • Schema Objects
              • Tables
              • Temporary Tables
              • Global Temporary Tables
              • Indexes
              • Views
              • Sequences
              • PURGE
              • Database Keywords
            • COMPRESS Phrase
            • Bitmap Index
            • Custom Tablespace
            • Supplemental Log Data
            • LONG RAW
            • SYS_GUID
            • DML
            • Pseudo Columns
            • OUTER JOIN
            • OUTER QUERY (+)
            • CONNECT BY
            • System Functions
              • Date Functions
              • LOB Functions
              • String Functions
              • Analytical Functions
              • Regular Expression Functions
            • PL/SQL
            • PL/SQL Collections (Using User-Defined Types)
            • PL/SQL Packages
              • Packages
              • Package Variables
              • Splitting Packages
              • REF CURSOR
              • Creating a Schema for Package
            • VARRAY
            • Granting Execution Permissions
            • Package Name List
            • Data Type
          • Netezza Syntax Migration
            • Tables
            • PROCEDURE with RETURNS
            • Procedure
            • System Functions
            • Operator
            • DML
            • Unique Index
          • FAQs
          • Troubleshooting
          • Glossary
        • DataCheck
          • Introduction to DataCheck
            • Overview
            • Operating Environment
          • Basic Functions of DataCheck
          • Downloading and Installing DataCheck
          • Configuring DataCheck
            • Configuration of dbinfo.properties
            • Configuration of check_input.xlsx
          • Using DataCheck
        • DWS-Connector
          • DWS-Connector Version Description
          • dws-client
          • dws-connector-flink
            • Dependency
            • Stream API Job Type
            • Flink SQL Job Type
              • Introduction to Flink SQL
              • Source Table
              • Dimension Table
        • Server Tools
          • gs_dump
          • gs_dumpall
          • gs_restore
          • gds_check
          • gds_install
          • gds_uninstall
          • gds_ctl
      • API Reference
        • Before You Start
        • API Overview
        • Calling APIs
          • Making an API Request
          • Authentication
          • Response
        • Getting Started
        • API Description
          • AZ Management
            • Querying the AZ List
          • Cluster Management
            • Querying Flavor Information
            • Querying the Cluster List
            • Querying Cluster Details
            • Creating a Cluster
            • Performing a Check Before Cluster Creation
            • Restarting a Cluster
            • Resetting a Password
            • Canceling Read-only Status of a Cluster
            • Deleting a Cluster
            • Querying the DSS Storage Pool List
          • Node Change
            • Querying CN Nodes of a Cluster
            • Adding CN Nodes in Batches
            • Deleting CN Nodes in Batches
            • Scaling Out a Cluster
            • Scaling In a Cluster
          • Resource Management
            • Querying Whether Resource Management Is Enabled
            • Creating a Resource Management Plan
            • Querying Resource Pools
            • Creating a Resource Pool
            • Deleting a Resource Pool
            • Enabling or Disabling Resource Management
          • Snapshot Management
            • Creating a Snapshot
            • Querying the Snapshot List
            • Querying the Cluster Snapshot List
            • Querying a Snapshot Policy
            • Querying Snapshot Details
            • Deleting a Snapshot Policy
            • Deleting a Snapshot
            • Restoring a Cluster
            • Copying a Snapshot
            • Adding a Snapshot Policy
          • Data Sources
            • Querying Data Sources
            • Creating a Data Source
            • Editing a Data Source
            • Deleting a Data Source
          • Connection Management
            • Applying for a Domain Name
            • Modifying a Cluster Domain Name
            • Deleting a Cluster Domain Name
            • Querying the List of ELBs That Can Be Bound to a Cluster
            • Binding an ELB to a Cluster
            • Unbinding an ELB from a Cluster
            • Binding an EIP to a Cluster
            • Unbinding an EIP from a Cluster
          • Alarm Management
            • Querying Alarm Details List
            • Querying the Alarm Statistics List
            • Querying the Alarm Subscription List
            • Creating an Alarm Subscription
            • Modifying an Alarm Subscription
            • Deleting an Alarm Subscription
          • Event Management
            • Querying Event List
            • Querying Subscribed Events
            • Creating an Event Subscription
            • Modifying a Subscribed Event
            • Deleting a Subscribed Event
          • Quota Management
            • Querying Quotas
          • Tag Management
            • Querying Project Tags
            • Querying Cluster Tags
            • Adding Tags in Batches
            • Delete Tags in Batches
          • Parameter Configurations
            • Querying a Cluster Parameter Template
            • Querying Cluster Parameter Configurations
            • Modifying the Parameter Settings of a Cluster
          • Audit Logs
            • Querying Log Records
        • Application Cases
          • Using Postman to Call the API for Creating a Cluster
          • Using Postman to Call the API for Creating a Snapshot
        • Permissions and Supported Actions
        • Appendix
          • Status Code
          • Error Code
          • Creating a VPC
          • Obtaining Project ID
          • Obtaining ID
          • Obtaining the Cluster ID
      • SDK Reference
        • SDK Overview
      • FAQs
        • Product Consulting
          1. Why Do I Need to Use GaussDB(DWS)?
          2. Should I Choose Public Cloud GaussDB(DWS) or RDS?
          3. What Are the Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) Users and Roles?
          4. How Do I Check the Creation Time of a GaussDB(DWS) Database User?
          5. How Do I Select a GaussDB(DWS) Region and AZ?
          6. Is Data Secure in GaussDB(DWS)?
          7. Can I Modify the Security Group of a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster?
          8. What Is a Database/Data Warehouse/Data Lake/Lakehouse?
          9. How Are Dirty Pages Generated in GaussDB(DWS)?
        • Database Connections
          1. How Applications Communicate with GaussDB(DWS)?
          2. Does GaussDB(DWS) Support Third-Party Clients and JDBC and ODBC Drivers?
          3. How Do I Do If I Cannot Connect to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster?
          4. Why Was I Not Notified of Failure After Unbinding the EIP When GaussDB(DWS) Is Connected Over the Internet?
          5. How Do I Configure a Whitelist If I Want to Connect to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Using EIP?
        • Data Migration
          1. What Are the Differences Between Data Formats Supported by OBS and GDS Foreign Tables in GaussDB(DWS)?
          2. How Is Data Stored in GaussDB(DWS)?
          3. How Much Service Data Can Be Stored in GaussDB(DWS)?
          4. How Do I Import and Export Data in GaussDB(DWS) Using \copy?
          5. How Do I Implement Fault Tolerance Import Between Different GaussDB(DWS) Encoding Libraries
          6. Which Factors Are Related to GaussDB(DWS) Import Performance?
        • Database Use
          1. How Do I Adjust GaussDB(DWS) Distribution Columns?
          2. How Do I View and Set the Character Set Encoding Format of a GaussDB(DWS) Database?
          3. How Do I Do If a Field of the Date Type Is Automatically Converted to a Timestamp Type During Table Creation in GaussDB(DWS)?
          4. Do I Need to Run VACUUM FULL and ANALYZE on Common Tables Periodically in GaussDB(DWS)?
          5. How Do I Export the Structure of a GaussDB(DWS) Table?
          6. How Do I Delete Table Data Efficiently in GaussDB(DWS)?
          7. How Do I View GaussDB(DWS) Foreign Table Information?
          8. How Will Data Be Stored in a GaussDB(DWS) Table If No Distribution Column Is Specified During Its Creation?
          9. How Do I Replace the Null Results with 0 in a GaussDB(DWS) Join Query?
          10. How Do I Check Whether a GaussDB(DWS) Table Is Row-Stored or Column-Stored?
          11. How Do I Query GaussDB(DWS) Column-Store Table Information?
          12. Why Is the Index Invalid During GaussDB(DWS) Query?
          13. How Do I Use a User-Defined GaussDB(DWS) Function to Rewrite the CRC32() Function?
          14. What Is a GaussDB(DWS) Schema Starting with pg_toast_temp* or pg_temp*?
          15. Solutions to Inconsistent GaussDB(DWS) Query Results
          16. Which System Catalogs in GaussDB(DWS) Cannot Undergo the VACUUM FULL Operation?
          17. In Which Scenarios Will a GaussDB(DWS) Statement Be in the idle in transaction State?
          18. How Does GaussDB(DWS) Implement Row-to-Column and Column-to-Row Conversion?
          19. What Are the Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) Unique Constraints and Unique Indexes?
          20. What Are the Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) Functions and Stored Procedures?
          21. How Do I Delete Duplicate Table Data from GaussDB(DWS)?
        • Cluster Management
          1. How Can I Clear and Reclaim the GaussDB(DWS) Storage Space?
          2. Why Does the Used Storage Capacity of GaussDB(DWS) Decrease Significantly After Scale-Out?
          3. How Is the Disk Space or Capacity of GaussDB(DWS) Calculated?
          4. How Do I Set the Session Threshold When Creating Alarm Rules for GaussDB(DWS) in Cloud Eye?
          5. How Do I Do If the GaussDB(DWS) Scale-Out Check Fails?
          6. How Do I Determine Whether to Add CNs to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster or Scale Out the Cluster?
          7. How Do I Determine When to Perform Node Flavor Change, All Specification Change, Scale-Out, or Scale-In for GaussDB(DWS)?
          8. How Do I Choose Between a Small-Specification Multi-Node GaussDB(DWS) Cluster and a Large-Specification Three-Node GaussDB(DWS) Cluster with Identical CPU Cores and Memory?
          9. What Are the Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) Cloud SSDs and Local SSDs?
          10. What Are the Differences Between Hot Data Storage and Cold Data Storage in GaussDB(DWS)?
          11. How Do I Do If the GaussDB(DWS) Scale-In Button Is Unavailable?
        • Account Permissions
          1. How Does GaussDB(DWS) Isolate Workloads?
          2. How Do I Change the Password of a GaussDB(DWS) Database Account When It Expires?
          3. How Do I Grant Table Permissions to a Specified GaussDB(DWS) User?
          4. How Do I Grant the Permissions of a Schema to a Specified GaussDB(DWS) User?
          5. How Do I Create a GaussDB(DWS) Database Read-Only User?
          6. How Do I Create Private Users and Tables in a GaussDB(DWS) Database?
          7. How Do I Revoke the CONNECT ON DATABASE Permission of a User on GaussDB(DWS)?
          8. How Do I View the Table Permissions of a GaussDB(DWS) User?
          9. Who Is the Ruby User in the GaussDB(DWS) Database?
        • Database Performance
          1. Why Is SQL Execution Slow After Using GaussDB(DWS) for a Period of Time?
          2. Why Doesn't GaussDB(DWS) Perform Better Than a Single-Node Database in Extreme Scenarios?
          3. How Do I View SQL Execution Records in a Certain Period When GaussDB(DWS) Read and Write Are Blocked?
          4. What is Operator Spilling in GaussDB(DWS)?
          5. GaussDB(DWS) CPU Resource Isolation
          6. Why Do Regular GaussDB(DWS) Users Run Statements Slower Than User dbadmin?
          7. Which Factors Affect Single-Table Query Performance in GaussDB(DWS)?
          8. How Do I Optimize a SQL Query with Many CASE WHEN Conditions?
        • Backup and Restoration
          1. Why Is It Slow to Create a GaussDB(DWS) Automated Snapshot?
          2. Does a GaussDB(DWS) Snapshot Have the Same Function as an EVS Snapshot?
      • Troubleshooting
        • Database Connections
          • What Do I Do If gsql: command not found Is Displayed When I Run gsql to Connect to the Database?
          • Database Cannot Be Connected Using the gsql Client
          • An Error Indicating Too Many Client Connections Is Reported When a User Connects to a DWS Database
          • Cluster IP Address Cannot Be Pinged/Accessed
          • Error "An I/O error occurred while sending to the backend" Is Reported During Service Execution
        • JDBC/ODBC
          • Locating JDBC Issues
          • Database Connection Fails
          • Service Execution Exceptions
          • Performance Issues
          • Function Support Issues
        • Data Import and Export
          • "ERROR: invalid byte sequence for encoding 'UTF8': 0x00" Is Reported When Data Is Imported to DWS Using COPY FROM
          • Data Import and Export Faults with GDS
          • Failed to Create a GDS Foreign Table and An Error Is Reported Indicating that ROUNDROBIN Is Not Supported
          • When CDM Is Used to Import MySQL Data to DWS, the Column Length Exceeds the Threshold and Data Synchronization Fails
          • "Access Denied" Is Displayed When the SQL Statement for Creating an OBS Foreign Table Is Executed
          • Disk Usage Increases After Data Fails to Be Imported Using GDS
          • Error Message "out of memory" Is Displayed When GDS Is Used to Import Data
          • Error Message "connection failure error" Is Displayed During GDS Data Transmission
          • Data to Be Imported Contains Chinese When DataArts Studio Is Used to Create a DWS Foreign Table
        • Database Parameter Modification
          • How to Change a Database's Default Time Zone When the Database Time Is Different from the System Time
          • Error "Cannot get stream index, maybe comm_max_stream is not enough" Is Reported
          • SQL Execution Fails With the Error Message "canceling statement due to statement timeout" Reported
        • Account/Permission/Password
          • How Do I Unlock an Account?
          • Account Still Locked After Password Resetting
          • After the Permission for Querying Tables in a Schema Is Granted to a User, the User Still Cannot Query the Tables
          • How Do I Revoke the Permission of a User If grant select on table t1 to public Has Been Executed on a Table
          • An Error Message Is Displayed When a Common User Executes the Statement for Creating or Deleting a GDS or OBS Foreign Table, Indicating that the User Does Not Have the Permission or the Permission Is Insufficient
          • After the all Permission Is Granted to the Schema of a User, the Error Message "ERROR: current user does not have privilege to role tom" Persists During Table Creation
          • An Error Message Is Reported During Statement Execution, Indicating that the User Does Not Have the Required Permission
          • A User Cannot Be Deleted Due to Its Dependencies
        • Cluster Performance
          • Lock Wait Detection
          • During SQL Execution, a Table Deadlock Occurs and An Error Stating LOCK_WAIT_TIMEOUT Is Reported
          • Error "abort transaction due to concurrent update" Is Reported During SQL Execution
          • Solution to High Disk Usage and Cluster Read-Only
          • SQL Execution Is Slow with Low Performance and Sometimes Does Not End After a Long Period of Time
          • Data Skew Causes Slow SQL Statement Execution and Operations Fail on Large Tables
          • Table Size Does not Change After VACUUM FULL Is Executed on the Table
          • VACUUM Is Executed After Table Data Deletion, But the Space Is Not Released
          • Error "lock wait timeout" Is Reported When VACUUM FULL Is Executed
          • Slow VACUUM FULL Execution
          • Table Bloating Causes Slow SQL Query and Failed Data Loading on the GUI
          • Memory Overflow Occurs in a Cluster
          • Statements with User-defined Functions Cannot Be Pushed Down
          • Column-Store Tables Cannot Be Updated or Table Bloat Occurs
          • Table Bloat Occurs After Data Is Inserted into a Column-Store Table for Multiple Times
          • Writing Data to DWS Is Slow and Client Data Is Stacked
          • Low Query Efficiency
          • Poor Query Performance Due to the Lack of Statistics
          • Execution of SQL Statements Is Slow Due to Nested Loops in Execution Plans
          • SQL Query Is Slow Because Partitions Are Not Pruned
          • Optimizer Uses Nested Loop Due to the Small Estimated Number of Rows and the Performance Deteriorates
          • SQL Statements Contain the in Constant and No Result Is Returned After SQL Statement Execution
          • Performance of Single-Table Point Query Is Poor
          • CCN Queuing Under Dynamic Load Management
          • Performance Deterioration Due to Data Bloat
          • Slow Performance Caused by Too Many Small CUs in Column Storage
          • Reducing I/O Usage
          • Tuning Systems with High CPU Usage
          • Reducing Memory Usage
          • "ERROR: Session used memory xxx Kbytes is beyond the limitation (xxx Kbytes)" Is Displayed During Service Execution
        • Cluster Exceptions
          • The Disk Usage Alarm Is Frequently Generated
        • Database Use
          • An Error Is Reported When Data Is Inserted or Updated, Indicating that the Distribution Key Cannot Be Updated
          • "value too long for type character varying" Is Displayed When VARCHAR(n) Stores Chinese Characters
          • Case Sensitivity in SQL Statements
          • cannot drop table test because other objects depend on it Is Displayed When a Table Is Deleted
          • Failed to Execute MERGE INTO UPDATE for Multiple Tables
          • JDBC Error Occurs Due to session_timeout Settings
          • DROP TABLE Fails to Be Executed
          • Execution Results of the string_agg Function Are Inconsistent
          • Error "could not open relation with OID xxxx" Is Reported During Table Size Query
          • DROP TABLE IF EXISTS Syntax Misuse
          • Different Data Is Displayed for the Same Table Queried By Multiple Users
          • When a User Specifies Only an Index Name to Modify the Index, A Message Indicating That the Index Does Not Exist Is Displayed
          • An Error Is Displayed Indicating Schema Already Exists When Executing CREATE SCHEMA Statement
          • Failed to Delete a Database and an Error Is Reported Indicating that a Session Is Connected to the Database
          • Failed to Create or Delete a Database
          • Byte Type Is Returned After a Table Column of the Character Type Is Read in Java
          • "ERROR: start value of partition 'xxx' NOT EQUAL up-boundary of last partition" Is Displayed When Operations Related to Table Partitions Are Performed
          • Reindexing Fails
          • A View Failed to Be Queried
          • Global SQL Query
          • How Do I Determine Whether UPDATE or DELETE Has Been Executed on a Table?
          • "Can't fit xid into page" Is Reported
          • GaussDB(DWS) Metadata Inconsistency - Abnormal Partition Index
          • An Error Is Reported When the TRUNCATE Command Is Executed on the System Table gs_wlm_session_info
          • "inserted partition key does not map to any table partition" Is Reported When Data Is Inserted into a Partitioned Table
          • Error upper boundary of adding partition MUST overtop last existing partition Is Reported When a New Partition Is Added to a Range Partitioned Table
          • Error Reported During Table Query: "missing chunk number %d for toast value %u in pg_toast_XXXX"
          • When Inserting Data Into a Table, An Error Is Reported: "duplicate key value violates unique constraint "%s""
          • Error could not determine which collation to use for string hashing Reported During Service Execution
          • When the ODBC Driver of DWS Is Used, Content of Fields of the Character Type in the SQL Query Result Is Truncated
          • Execution Plan Scan Hints Do Not Take Effect
          • Error "invalid input syntax for xxx" Is Reported During Data Type Conversion
          • Error UNION types %s and %s cannot be matched Is Reported
          • "ERROR: Non-deterministic UPDATE" Is Reported During Update
          • Error Reported During Data Insertion: null value in column ' %s' violates not-null constraint
          • Error "unable to get a stable set of rows in the source table"
          • Query Results Are Inconsistent in Oracle, Teradata, and MySQL Compatibility Modes
      • Videos
      • Error Code Reference
        • Management Console Error Code
          • Management Console Error Code
        • Error Code Reference
          • Management Console Error Code
          • Data Warehouse Service Error Codes
            • Description of SQL Error Codes
            • Third-Party Library Error Codes
            • GAUSS-00001 -- GAUSS-00100
              • GAUSS-00001 -- GAUSS-00010
              • GAUSS-00011 -- GAUSS-00020
              • GAUSS-00021 -- GAUSS-00030
              • GAUSS-00031 -- GAUSS-00040
              • GAUSS-00041 -- GAUSS-00050
              • GAUSS-00051 -- GAUSS-00060
              • GAUSS-00061 -- GAUSS-00070
              • GAUSS-00071 -- GAUSS-00080
              • GAUSS-00081 -- GAUSS-00090
              • GAUSS-00091 -- GAUSS-00100
            • GAUSS-00101 -- GAUSS-00200
              • GAUSS-00101 -- GAUSS-00110
              • GAUSS-00111 -- GAUSS-00120
              • GAUSS-00121 -- GAUSS-00130
              • GAUSS-00131 -- GAUSS-00140
              • GAUSS-00141 -- GAUSS-00150
              • GAUSS-00151 -- GAUSS-00160
              • GAUSS-00161 -- GAUSS-00170
              • GAUSS-00171 -- GAUSS-00180
              • GAUSS-00181 -- GAUSS-00190
              • GAUSS-00191 -- GAUSS-00200
            • GAUSS-00201 -- GAUSS-00300
              • GAUSS-00201 -- GAUSS-00210
              • GAUSS-00211 -- GAUSS-00220
              • GAUSS-00221 -- GAUSS-00230
              • GAUSS-00231 -- GAUSS-00240
              • GAUSS-00241 -- GAUSS-00250
              • GAUSS-00251 -- GAUSS-00260
              • GAUSS-00261 -- GAUSS-00270
              • GAUSS-00271 -- GAUSS-00280
              • GAUSS-00281 -- GAUSS-00290
              • GAUSS-00291 -- GAUSS-00300
            • GAUSS-00301 -- GAUSS-00400
              • GAUSS-00301 -- GAUSS-00310
              • GAUSS-00311 -- GAUSS-00320
              • GAUSS-00321 -- GAUSS-00330
              • GAUSS-00331 -- GAUSS-00340
              • GAUSS-00341 -- GAUSS-00350
              • GAUSS-00351 -- GAUSS-00360
              • GAUSS-00361 -- GAUSS-00370
              • GAUSS-00371 -- GAUSS-00380
              • GAUSS-00381 -- GAUSS-00390
              • GAUSS-00391 -- GAUSS-00400
            • GAUSS-00401 -- GAUSS-00500
              • GAUSS-00401 -- GAUSS-00410
              • GAUSS-00411 -- GAUSS-00420
              • GAUSS-00421 -- GAUSS-00430
              • GAUSS-00431 -- GAUSS-00440
              • GAUSS-00441 -- GAUSS-00450
              • GAUSS-00451 -- GAUSS-00460
              • GAUSS-00461 -- GAUSS-00470
              • GAUSS-00471 -- GAUSS-00480
              • GAUSS-00481 -- GAUSS-00490
              • GAUSS-00491 -- GAUSS-00500
            • GAUSS-00501 -- GAUSS-00600
              • GAUSS-00501 -- GAUSS-00510
              • GAUSS-00511 -- GAUSS-00520
              • GAUSS-00521 -- GAUSS-00530
              • GAUSS-00531 -- GAUSS-00540
              • GAUSS-00541 -- GAUSS-00550
              • GAUSS-00551 -- GAUSS-00560
              • GAUSS-00561 -- GAUSS-00570
              • GAUSS-00571 -- GAUSS-00580
              • GAUSS-00581 -- GAUSS-00590
              • GAUSS-00591 -- GAUSS-00600
            • GAUSS-00601 -- GAUSS-00700
              • GAUSS-00601 -- GAUSS-00610
              • GAUSS-00611 -- GAUSS-00620
              • GAUSS-00621 -- GAUSS-00630
              • GAUSS-00631 -- GAUSS-00640
              • GAUSS-00641 -- GAUSS-00650
              • GAUSS-00651 -- GAUSS-00660
              • GAUSS-00661 -- GAUSS-00670
              • GAUSS-00671 -- GAUSS-00680
              • GAUSS-00681 -- GAUSS-00690
              • GAUSS-00691 -- GAUSS-00700
            • GAUSS-00701 -- GAUSS-00800
              • GAUSS-00701 -- GAUSS-00710
              • GAUSS-00711 -- GAUSS-00720
              • GAUSS-00721 -- GAUSS-00730
              • GAUSS-00731 -- GAUSS-00740
              • GAUSS-00741 -- GAUSS-00750
              • GAUSS-00751 -- GAUSS-00760
              • GAUSS-00761 -- GAUSS-00770
              • GAUSS-00771 -- GAUSS-00780
              • GAUSS-00781 -- GAUSS-00790
              • GAUSS-00791 -- GAUSS-00800
            • GAUSS-00801 -- GAUSS-00900
              • GAUSS-00801 -- GAUSS-00810
              • GAUSS-00811 -- GAUSS-00820
              • GAUSS-00821 -- GAUSS-00830
              • GAUSS-00831 -- GAUSS-00840
              • GAUSS-00841 -- GAUSS-00850
              • GAUSS-00851 -- GAUSS-00860
              • GAUSS-00861 -- GAUSS-00870
              • GAUSS-00871 -- GAUSS-00880
              • GAUSS-00881 -- GAUSS-00890
              • GAUSS-00891 -- GAUSS-00900
            • GAUSS-00901 -- GAUSS-01000
              • GAUSS-00901 -- GAUSS-00910
              • GAUSS-00911 -- GAUSS-00920
              • GAUSS-00921 -- GAUSS-00930
              • GAUSS-00931 -- GAUSS-00940
              • GAUSS-00941 -- GAUSS-00950
              • GAUSS-00951 -- GAUSS-00960
              • GAUSS-00961 -- GAUSS-00970
              • GAUSS-00971 -- GAUSS-00980
              • GAUSS-00981 -- GAUSS-00990
              • GAUSS-00991 -- GAUSS-01000
            • GAUSS-01001 -- GAUSS-01100
              • GAUSS-01001 -- GAUSS-01010
              • GAUSS-01011 -- GAUSS-01020
              • GAUSS-01021 -- GAUSS-01030
              • GAUSS-01031 -- GAUSS-01040
              • GAUSS-01041 -- GAUSS-01050
              • GAUSS-01051 -- GAUSS-01060
              • GAUSS-01061 -- GAUSS-01070
              • GAUSS-01071 -- GAUSS-01080
              • GAUSS-01081 -- GAUSS-01090
              • GAUSS-01091 -- GAUSS-01100
            • GAUSS-01101 -- GAUSS-01200
              • GAUSS-01101 -- GAUSS-01110
              • GAUSS-01111 -- GAUSS-01120
              • GAUSS-01121 -- GAUSS-01130
              • GAUSS-01131 -- GAUSS-01140
              • GAUSS-01141 -- GAUSS-01150
              • GAUSS-01151 -- GAUSS-01160
              • GAUSS-01161 -- GAUSS-01170
              • GAUSS-01171 -- GAUSS-01180
              • GAUSS-01181 -- GAUSS-01190
              • GAUSS-01191 -- GAUSS-01200
            • GAUSS-01201 -- GAUSS-01300
              • GAUSS-01201 -- GAUSS-01210
              • GAUSS-01211 -- GAUSS-01220
              • GAUSS-01221 -- GAUSS-01230
              • GAUSS-01231 -- GAUSS-01240
              • GAUSS-01241 -- GAUSS-01250
              • GAUSS-01251 -- GAUSS-01260
              • GAUSS-01261 -- GAUSS-01270
              • GAUSS-01271 -- GAUSS-01280
              • GAUSS-01281 -- GAUSS-01290
              • GAUSS-01291 -- GAUSS-01300
            • GAUSS-01301 -- GAUSS-01400
              • GAUSS-01301 -- GAUSS-01310
              • GAUSS-01311 -- GAUSS-01320
              • GAUSS-01321 -- GAUSS-01330
              • GAUSS-01331 -- GAUSS-01340
              • GAUSS-01341 -- GAUSS-01350
              • GAUSS-01351 -- GAUSS-01360
              • GAUSS-01361 -- GAUSS-01370
              • GAUSS-01371 -- GAUSS-01380
              • GAUSS-01381 -- GAUSS-01390
              • GAUSS-01391 -- GAUSS-01400
            • GAUSS-01401 -- GAUSS-01500
              • GAUSS-01401 -- GAUSS-01410
              • GAUSS-01411 -- GAUSS-01420
              • GAUSS-01421 -- GAUSS-01430
              • GAUSS-01431 -- GAUSS-01440
              • GAUSS-01441 -- GAUSS-01450
              • GAUSS-01451 -- GAUSS-01460
              • GAUSS-01461 -- GAUSS-01470
              • GAUSS-01471 -- GAUSS-01480
              • GAUSS-01481 -- GAUSS-01490
              • GAUSS-01491 -- GAUSS-01500
            • GAUSS-01501 -- GAUSS-01600
              • GAUSS-01501 -- GAUSS-01510
              • GAUSS-01511 -- GAUSS-01520
              • GAUSS-01521 -- GAUSS-01530
              • GAUSS-01531 -- GAUSS-01540
              • GAUSS-01541 -- GAUSS-01550
              • GAUSS-01551 -- GAUSS-01560
              • GAUSS-01561 -- GAUSS-01570
              • GAUSS-01571 -- GAUSS-01580
              • GAUSS-01581 -- GAUSS-01590
              • GAUSS-01591 -- GAUSS-01600
            • GAUSS-01601 -- GAUSS-01700
              • GAUSS-01601 -- GAUSS-01610
              • GAUSS-01611 -- GAUSS-01620
              • GAUSS-01621 -- GAUSS-01630
              • GAUSS-01631 -- GAUSS-01640
              • GAUSS-01641 -- GAUSS-01650
              • GAUSS-01651 -- GAUSS-01660
              • GAUSS-01661 -- GAUSS-01670
              • GAUSS-01671 -- GAUSS-01680
              • GAUSS-01681 -- GAUSS-01690
              • GAUSS-01691 -- GAUSS-01700
            • GAUSS-01701 -- GAUSS-01800
              • GAUSS-01701 -- GAUSS-01710
              • GAUSS-01711 -- GAUSS-01720
              • GAUSS-01721 -- GAUSS-01730
              • GAUSS-01731 -- GAUSS-01740
              • GAUSS-01741 -- GAUSS-01750
              • GAUSS-01751 -- GAUSS-01760
              • GAUSS-01761 -- GAUSS-01770
              • GAUSS-01771 -- GAUSS-01780
              • GAUSS-01781 -- GAUSS-01790
              • GAUSS-01791 -- GAUSS-01800
            • GAUSS-01801 -- GAUSS-01900
              • GAUSS-01801 -- GAUSS-01810
              • GAUSS-01811 -- GAUSS-01820
              • GAUSS-01821 -- GAUSS-01830
              • GAUSS-01831 -- GAUSS-01840
              • GAUSS-01841 -- GAUSS-01850
              • GAUSS-01851 -- GAUSS-01860
              • GAUSS-01861 -- GAUSS-01870
              • GAUSS-01871 -- GAUSS-01880
              • GAUSS-01881 -- GAUSS-01890
              • GAUSS-01891 -- GAUSS-01900
            • GAUSS-01901 -- GAUSS-02000
              • GAUSS-01901 -- GAUSS-01910
              • GAUSS-01911 -- GAUSS-01920
              • GAUSS-01921 -- GAUSS-01930
              • GAUSS-01931 -- GAUSS-01940
              • GAUSS-01941 -- GAUSS-01950
              • GAUSS-01951 -- GAUSS-01960
              • GAUSS-01961 -- GAUSS-01970
              • GAUSS-01971 -- GAUSS-01980
              • GAUSS-01981 -- GAUSS-01990
              • GAUSS-01991 -- GAUSS-02000
            • GAUSS-02001 -- GAUSS-02100
              • GAUSS-02001 -- GAUSS-02010
              • GAUSS-02011 -- GAUSS-02020
              • GAUSS-02021 -- GAUSS-02030
              • GAUSS-02031 -- GAUSS-02040
              • GAUSS-02041 -- GAUSS-02050
              • GAUSS-02051 -- GAUSS-02060
              • GAUSS-02061 -- GAUSS-02070
              • GAUSS-02071 -- GAUSS-02080
              • GAUSS-02081 -- GAUSS-02090
              • GAUSS-02091 -- GAUSS-02100
            • GAUSS-02101 -- GAUSS-02200
              • GAUSS-02101 -- GAUSS-02110
              • GAUSS-02111 -- GAUSS-02120
              • GAUSS-02121 -- GAUSS-02130
              • GAUSS-02131 -- GAUSS-02140
              • GAUSS-02141 -- GAUSS-02150
              • GAUSS-02151 -- GAUSS-02160
              • GAUSS-02161 -- GAUSS-02170
              • GAUSS-02171 -- GAUSS-02180
              • GAUSS-02181 -- GAUSS-02190
              • GAUSS-02191 -- GAUSS-02200
            • GAUSS-02201 -- GAUSS-02300
              • GAUSS-02201 -- GAUSS-02210
              • GAUSS-02211 -- GAUSS-02220
              • GAUSS-02221 -- GAUSS-02230
              • GAUSS-02231 -- GAUSS-02240
              • GAUSS-02241 -- GAUSS-02250
              • GAUSS-02251 -- GAUSS-02260
              • GAUSS-02261 -- GAUSS-02270
              • GAUSS-02271 -- GAUSS-02280
              • GAUSS-02281 -- GAUSS-02290
              • GAUSS-02291 -- GAUSS-02300
            • GAUSS-02301 -- GAUSS-02400
              • GAUSS-02301 -- GAUSS-02310
              • GAUSS-02311 -- GAUSS-02320
              • GAUSS-02321 -- GAUSS-02330
              • GAUSS-02331 -- GAUSS-02340
              • GAUSS-02341 -- GAUSS-02350
              • GAUSS-02351 -- GAUSS-02360
              • GAUSS-02361 -- GAUSS-02370
              • GAUSS-02371 -- GAUSS-02380
              • GAUSS-02381 -- GAUSS-02390
              • GAUSS-02391 -- GAUSS-02400
            • GAUSS-02401 -- GAUSS-02500
              • GAUSS-02401 -- GAUSS-02410
              • GAUSS-02411 -- GAUSS-02420
              • GAUSS-02421 -- GAUSS-02430
              • GAUSS-02431 -- GAUSS-02440
              • GAUSS-02441 -- GAUSS-02450
              • GAUSS-02451 -- GAUSS-02460
              • GAUSS-02461 -- GAUSS-02470
              • GAUSS-02471 -- GAUSS-02480
              • GAUSS-02481 -- GAUSS-02490
              • GAUSS-02491 -- GAUSS-02500
            • GAUSS-02501 -- GAUSS-02600
              • GAUSS-02501 -- GAUSS-02510
              • GAUSS-02511 -- GAUSS-02520
              • GAUSS-02521 -- GAUSS-02530
              • GAUSS-02531 -- GAUSS-02540
              • GAUSS-02541 -- GAUSS-02550
              • GAUSS-02551 -- GAUSS-02560
              • GAUSS-02561 -- GAUSS-02570
              • GAUSS-02571 -- GAUSS-02580
              • GAUSS-02581 -- GAUSS-02590
              • GAUSS-02591 -- GAUSS-02600
            • GAUSS-02601 -- GAUSS-02700
              • GAUSS-02601 -- GAUSS-02610
              • GAUSS-02611 -- GAUSS-02620
              • GAUSS-02621 -- GAUSS-02630
              • GAUSS-02631 -- GAUSS-02640
              • GAUSS-02641 -- GAUSS-02650
              • GAUSS-02651 -- GAUSS-02660
              • GAUSS-02661 -- GAUSS-02670
              • GAUSS-02671 -- GAUSS-02680
              • GAUSS-02681 -- GAUSS-02690
              • GAUSS-02691 -- GAUSS-02700
            • GAUSS-02701 -- GAUSS-02800
              • GAUSS-02701 -- GAUSS-02710
              • GAUSS-02711 -- GAUSS-02720
              • GAUSS-02721 -- GAUSS-02730
              • GAUSS-02731 -- GAUSS-02740
              • GAUSS-02741 -- GAUSS-02750
              • GAUSS-02761 -- GAUSS-02770
              • GAUSS-02771 -- GAUSS-02780
              • GAUSS-02781 -- GAUSS-02790
              • GAUSS-02791 -- GAUSS-02800
            • GAUSS-02801 -- GAUSS-02900
              • GAUSS-02801 -- GAUSS-02810
              • GAUSS-02811 -- GAUSS-02820
              • GAUSS-02821 -- GAUSS-02830
              • GAUSS-02831 -- GAUSS-02840
              • GAUSS-02841 -- GAUSS-02850
              • GAUSS-02851 -- GAUSS-02860
              • GAUSS-02861 -- GAUSS-02870
              • GAUSS-02871 -- GAUSS-02880
              • GAUSS-02881 -- GAUSS-02890
              • GAUSS-02891 -- GAUSS-02900
            • GAUSS-02901 -- GAUSS-03000
              • GAUSS-02901 -- GAUSS-02910
              • GAUSS-02911 -- GAUSS-02920
              • GAUSS-02921 -- GAUSS-02930
              • GAUSS-02931 -- GAUSS-02940
              • GAUSS-02941 -- GAUSS-02950
              • GAUSS-02951 -- GAUSS-02960
              • GAUSS-02961 -- GAUSS-02970
              • GAUSS-02971 -- GAUSS-02980
              • GAUSS-02981 -- GAUSS-02990
              • GAUSS-02991 -- GAUSS-03000
            • GAUSS-03001 -- GAUSS-03100
              • GAUSS-03001 -- GAUSS-03010
              • GAUSS-03011 -- GAUSS-03020
              • GAUSS-03021 -- GAUSS-03030
              • GAUSS-03031 -- GAUSS-03040
              • GAUSS-03041 -- GAUSS-03050
              • GAUSS-03051 -- GAUSS-03060
              • GAUSS-03061 -- GAUSS-03070
              • GAUSS-03071 -- GAUSS-03080
              • GAUSS-03081 -- GAUSS-03090
              • GAUSS-03091 -- GAUSS-03100
            • GAUSS-03101 -- GAUSS-03200
              • GAUSS-03101 -- GAUSS-03110
              • GAUSS-03111 -- GAUSS-03120
              • GAUSS-03121 -- GAUSS-03130
              • GAUSS-03131 -- GAUSS-03140
              • GAUSS-03141 -- GAUSS-03150
              • GAUSS-03151 -- GAUSS-03160
              • GAUSS-03161 -- GAUSS-03170
              • GAUSS-03171 -- GAUSS-03180
              • GAUSS-03181 -- GAUSS-03190
              • GAUSS-03191 -- GAUSS-03200
            • GAUSS-03201 -- GAUSS-03300
              • GAUSS-03201 -- GAUSS-03210
              • GAUSS-03211 -- GAUSS-03220
              • GAUSS-03221 -- GAUSS-03230
              • GAUSS-03231 -- GAUSS-03240
              • GAUSS-03241 -- GAUSS-03250
              • GAUSS-03251 -- GAUSS-03260
              • GAUSS-03261 -- GAUSS-03270
              • GAUSS-03271 -- GAUSS-03280
              • GAUSS-03281 -- GAUSS-03290
              • GAUSS-03291 -- GAUSS-03300
            • GAUSS-03301 -- GAUSS-03400
              • GAUSS-03301 -- GAUSS-03310
              • GAUSS-03311 -- GAUSS-03320
              • GAUSS-03321 -- GAUSS-03330
              • GAUSS-03331 -- GAUSS-03340
              • GAUSS-03341 -- GAUSS-03350
              • GAUSS-03351 -- GAUSS-03360
              • GAUSS-03361 -- GAUSS-03370
              • GAUSS-03371 -- GAUSS-03380
              • GAUSS-03381 -- GAUSS-03390
              • GAUSS-03391 -- GAUSS-03400
            • GAUSS-03401 -- GAUSS-03500
              • GAUSS-03401 -- GAUSS-03410
              • GAUSS-03411 -- GAUSS-03420
              • GAUSS-03421 -- GAUSS-03430
              • GAUSS-03431 -- GAUSS-03440
              • GAUSS-03441 -- GAUSS-03450
              • GAUSS-03451 -- GAUSS-03460
              • GAUSS-03461 -- GAUSS-03470
              • GAUSS-03471 -- GAUSS-03480
              • GAUSS-03481 -- GAUSS-03490
              • GAUSS-03491 -- GAUSS-03500
            • GAUSS-03501 -- GAUSS-03600
              • GAUSS-03501 -- GAUSS-03510
              • GAUSS-03511 -- GAUSS-03520
              • GAUSS-03521 -- GAUSS-03530
              • GAUSS-03531 -- GAUSS-03540
              • GAUSS-03541 -- GAUSS-03550
              • GAUSS-03551 -- GAUSS-03560
              • GAUSS-03561 -- GAUSS-03570
              • GAUSS-03571 -- GAUSS-03580
              • GAUSS-03581 -- GAUSS-03590
              • GAUSS-03591 -- GAUSS-03600
            • GAUSS-03601 -- GAUSS-03700
              • GAUSS-03601 -- GAUSS-03610
              • GAUSS-03611 -- GAUSS-03620
              • GAUSS-03621 -- GAUSS-03630
              • GAUSS-03631 -- GAUSS-03640
              • GAUSS-03641 -- GAUSS-03650
              • GAUSS-03651 -- GAUSS-03660
              • GAUSS-03661 -- GAUSS-03670
              • GAUSS-03671 -- GAUSS-03680
              • GAUSS-03681 -- GAUSS-03690
              • GAUSS-03691 -- GAUSS-03700
            • GAUSS-03701 -- GAUSS-03800
              • GAUSS-03701 -- GAUSS-03710
              • GAUSS-03711 -- GAUSS-03720
              • GAUSS-03721 -- GAUSS-03730
              • GAUSS-03731 -- GAUSS-03740
              • GAUSS-03741 -- GAUSS-03750
              • GAUSS-03751 -- GAUSS-03760
              • GAUSS-03761 -- GAUSS-03770
              • GAUSS-03771 -- GAUSS-03780
              • GAUSS-03781 -- GAUSS-03790
              • GAUSS-03791 -- GAUSS-03800
            • GAUSS-03801 -- GAUSS-03900
              • GAUSS-03801 -- GAUSS-03810
              • GAUSS-03811 -- GAUSS-03820
              • GAUSS-03821 -- GAUSS-03830
              • GAUSS-03831 -- GAUSS-03840
              • GAUSS-03841 -- GAUSS-03850
              • GAUSS-03851 -- GAUSS-03860
              • GAUSS-03861 -- GAUSS-03870
              • GAUSS-03871 -- GAUSS-03880
              • GAUSS-03881 -- GAUSS-03890
              • GAUSS-03891 -- GAUSS-03900
            • GAUSS-03901 -- GAUSS-04000
              • GAUSS-03901 -- GAUSS-03910
              • GAUSS-03911 -- GAUSS-03920
              • GAUSS-03921 -- GAUSS-03930
              • GAUSS-03931 -- GAUSS-03940
              • GAUSS-03941 -- GAUSS-03950
              • GAUSS-03951 -- GAUSS-03960
              • GAUSS-03961 -- GAUSS-03970
              • GAUSS-03971 -- GAUSS-03980
              • GAUSS-03981 -- GAUSS-03990
              • GAUSS-03991 -- GAUSS-04000
            • GAUSS-04001 -- GAUSS-04100
              • GAUSS-04001 -- GAUSS-04010
              • GAUSS-04011 -- GAUSS-04020
              • GAUSS-04021 -- GAUSS-04030
              • GAUSS-04031 -- GAUSS-04040
              • GAUSS-04041 -- GAUSS-04050
              • GAUSS-04051 -- GAUSS-04060
              • GAUSS-04061 -- GAUSS-04070
              • GAUSS-04071 -- GAUSS-04080
              • GAUSS-04081 -- GAUSS-04090
              • GAUSS-04091 -- GAUSS-04100
            • GAUSS-04101 -- GAUSS-04200
              • GAUSS-04101 -- GAUSS-04110
              • GAUSS-04111 -- GAUSS-04120
              • GAUSS-04121 -- GAUSS-04130
              • GAUSS-04131 -- GAUSS-04140
              • GAUSS-04141 -- GAUSS-04150
              • GAUSS-04151 -- GAUSS-04160
              • GAUSS-04161 -- GAUSS-04170
              • GAUSS-04171 -- GAUSS-04180
              • GAUSS-04181 -- GAUSS-04190
              • GAUSS-04191 -- GAUSS-04200
            • GAUSS-04201 -- GAUSS-04300
              • GAUSS-04201 -- GAUSS-04210
              • GAUSS-04211 -- GAUSS-04220
              • GAUSS-04221 -- GAUSS-04230
              • GAUSS-04231 -- GAUSS-04240
              • GAUSS-04241 -- GAUSS-04250
              • GAUSS-04251 -- GAUSS-04260
              • GAUSS-04261 -- GAUSS-04270
              • GAUSS-04271 -- GAUSS-04280
              • GAUSS-04281 -- GAUSS-04290
              • GAUSS-04291 -- GAUSS-04300
            • GAUSS-04301 -- GAUSS-04400
              • GAUSS-04301 -- GAUSS-04310
              • GAUSS-04311 -- GAUSS-04320
              • GAUSS-04321 -- GAUSS-04330
              • GAUSS-04331 -- GAUSS-04340
              • GAUSS-04341 -- GAUSS-04350
              • GAUSS-04351 -- GAUSS-04360
              • GAUSS-04361 -- GAUSS-04370
              • GAUSS-04371 -- GAUSS-04380
              • GAUSS-04381 -- GAUSS-04390
              • GAUSS-04391 -- GAUSS-04400
            • GAUSS-04401 -- GAUSS-04500
              • GAUSS-04401 -- GAUSS-04410
              • GAUSS-04411 -- GAUSS-04420
              • GAUSS-04421 -- GAUSS-04430
              • GAUSS-04431 -- GAUSS-04440
              • GAUSS-04441 -- GAUSS-04450
              • GAUSS-04451 -- GAUSS-04460
              • GAUSS-04461 -- GAUSS-04470
              • GAUSS-04471 -- GAUSS-04480
              • GAUSS-04481 -- GAUSS-04490
              • GAUSS-04491 -- GAUSS-04500
            • GAUSS-04501 -- GAUSS-04600
              • GAUSS-04501 -- GAUSS-04510
              • GAUSS-04511 -- GAUSS-04520
              • GAUSS-04521 -- GAUSS-04530
              • GAUSS-04531 -- GAUSS-04540
              • GAUSS-04541 -- GAUSS-04550
              • GAUSS-04551 -- GAUSS-04560
              • GAUSS-04561 -- GAUSS-04570
              • GAUSS-04571 -- GAUSS-04580
              • GAUSS-04581 -- GAUSS-04590
              • GAUSS-04591 -- GAUSS-04600
            • GAUSS-04601 -- GAUSS-04700
              • GAUSS-04601 -- GAUSS-04610
              • GAUSS-04611 -- GAUSS-04620
              • GAUSS-04621 -- GAUSS-04630
              • GAUSS-04631 -- GAUSS-04640
              • GAUSS-04641 -- GAUSS-04650
              • GAUSS-04651 -- GAUSS-04660
              • GAUSS-04661 -- GAUSS-04670
              • GAUSS-04671 -- GAUSS-04680
              • GAUSS-04681 -- GAUSS-04690
              • GAUSS-04691 -- GAUSS-04700
            • GAUSS-04701 -- GAUSS-04800
              • GAUSS-04701 -- GAUSS-04710
              • GAUSS-04711 -- GAUSS-04720
              • GAUSS-04721 -- GAUSS-04730
              • GAUSS-04731 -- GAUSS-04740
              • GAUSS-04741 -- GAUSS-04750
              • GAUSS-04751 -- GAUSS-04760
              • GAUSS-04761 -- GAUSS-04770
              • GAUSS-04771 -- GAUSS-04780
              • GAUSS-04781 -- GAUSS-04790
            • GAUSS-04901 -- GAUSS-04999
              • GAUSS-04921 -- GAUSS-04930
              • GAUSS-04931 -- GAUSS-04940
            • GAUSS-05101 -- GAUSS-05200
              • GAUSS-05151 -- GAUSS-05160
              • GAUSS-05161 -- GAUSS-05170
              • GAUSS-05171 -- GAUSS-05180
            • GAUSS-05201 -- GAUSS-05800
              • GAUSS-05751 -- GAUSS-05760
            • GAUSS-05801 -- GAUSS-05900
              • GAUSS-05841 -- GAUSS-05850
              • GAUSS-05851 -- GAUSS-05860
            • GAUSS-05901 -- GAUSS-05999
              • GAUSS-05971 -- GAUSS-05980
            • GAUSS-06101 -- GAUSS-06200
              • GAUSS-06121 -- GAUSS-06130
            • GAUSS-50000 -- GAUSS-50999
              • GAUSS-50000 -- GAUSS-50099
              • GAUSS-50100 -- GAUSS-50199
              • GAUSS-50200 -- GAUSS-50299
              • GAUSS-50300 -- GAUSS-50399
              • GAUSS-50400 -- GAUSS-50499
              • GAUSS-50500 -- GAUSS-50599
              • GAUSS-50600 -- GAUSS-50699
              • GAUSS-50800 -- GAUSS-50899
            • GAUSS-51000 -- GAUSS-51999
              • GAUSS-51000 -- GAUSS-51099
              • GAUSS-51100 -- GAUSS-51199
              • GAUSS-51200 -- GAUSS-51299
              • GAUSS-51300 -- GAUSS-51399
              • GAUSS-51400 -- GAUSS-51499
              • GAUSS-51500 -- GAUSS-51599
              • GAUSS-51600 -- GAUSS-51699
              • GAUSS-51700 -- GAUSS-51799
              • GAUSS-51800 -- GAUSS-51899
              • GAUSS-51900 -- GAUSS-51999
            • GAUSS-52000 -- GAUSS-52999
              • GAUSS-52100 -- GAUSS-52199
              • GAUSS-52200 -- GAUSS-52299
              • GAUSS-52300 -- GAUSS-52399
              • GAUSS-52400 -- GAUSS-52499
              • GAUSS-52500 -- GAUSS-52599
              • GAUSS-52600 -- GAUSS-52699
              • GAUSS-52700 -- GAUSS-52799
              • GAUSS-52800 -- GAUSS-52899
              • GAUSS-52900 -- GAUSS-52999
            • GAUSS-53000 -- GAUSS-53999
              • GAUSS-53000 -- GAUSS-53099
              • GAUSS-53100 -- GAUSS-53199
              • GAUSS-53200 -- GAUSS-53299
              • GAUSS-53500 -- GAUSS-53599
            • OE000