GaussDB(DWS)
GaussDB(DWS)

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      • Visão geral de serviço
        • O que é o GaussDB(DWS)?
        • Tipos de Data Warehouse
        • Especificações do armazém de dados
        • Vantagens
        • Cenários de aplicação
        • Funções
        • Conceitos
        • Serviços relacionados
        • Gerenciamento de permissões do GaussDB(DWS)
        • Acesso ao GaussDB(DWS)
        • Detalhes de preços
        • Restrições
        • Service Quotas
        • Especificações técnicas
        • Descrição da versão
      • Primeiros passos
        • Passo 1: Preparação antes da entrada
        • Passo 2: criação de um cluster
        • Passo 3: conexão a um cluster
        • Passo 4: Exibindo Outros Documentos e Compensando Recursos
      • Guia de gerenciamento
        • Processo para usar o GaussDB(DWS)
        • Preparativos
        • Criação ou exclusão de um cluster
          • Acesso do console de gerenciamento do GaussDB(DWS)
          • Criação de um cluster do GaussDB(DWS) 2.0
          • Criação de um cluster do GaussDB(DWS) 3.0
          • Cobrança anual/mensal
          • Exclusão de um cluster
        • Conexão de clusters
          • Métodos de conexão a um cluster
          • Obtenção do endereço de conexão do cluster
          • Uso do DAS para conectar-se a um cluster
          • Uso do cliente de GUI do Data Studio para conectar-se a um cluster
          • Uso do cliente de CLI gsql para conectar-se a um cluster
            • Baixa do cliente do Data Studio
            • Uso do cliente gsql de Linux para conectar-se a um cluster
            • Uso do cliente gsql de Windows para conectar-se a um cluster
            • Estabelecimento de conexões TCP/IP seguras no modo SSL
          • Uso dos drivers JDBC e ODBC para conectar a um cluster
            • Especificações de desenvolvimento
            • Descrição da versão do JDBC
            • Baixa do driver JDBC ou ODBC
            • Uso do JDBC para conectar-se a um cluster
            • Configuração do JDBC para conectar-se a um cluster (modo de balanceamento de carga)
            • Configuração do JDBC para conectar-se a um cluster (modo de autenticação do IAM)
            • Uso do ODBC para conectar-se a um cluster
          • Uso da biblioteca de funções de terceiros psycopg2 do Python para conectar-se a um cluster
          • Uso da biblioteca PyGreSQL de Python para se conectar a um cluster
          • Gerenciamento de conexões de banco de dados
        • Monitoramento e alarmes
          • Painel
          • Monitoramento de banco de dados (DMS)
            • Visão geral do monitoramento de banco de dados
            • Métricas de monitoramento
            • Visão geral de cluster
            • Monitoring
              • Monitoramento de nó
              • Monitoramento de desempenho
              • Monitoramento de banco de dados
              • Consultas em tempo real
              • Consultas históricas
              • Monitoramento de instância
              • Monitoramento do pool de recursos
            • Utilities
              • Diagnóstico de SQL
              • Testes SQL
              • Diagnóstico de tabela
            • Análise da carga de trabalho
              • Visão geral da análise da carga de trabalho
              • Snapshots da carga de trabalho
              • Relatórios de carga de trabalho
            • Configurações
            • Verificação de detalhes da tarefa
            • Cenários típicos
              • Diagnóstico de SQL
              • Exibição de instruções SQL que consomem mais tempo
          • Monitoramento de clusters usando o Cloud Eye
          • Alarmes
            • Gerenciamento de alarmes
            • Regras de alarme
            • Assinaturas de alarme
            • Tratamento de alarmes
              • DWS_2000000017 Number of Queuing Query Statements Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000016 Data Spilled to Disks for a Query Statement Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000001 Node CPU Usage Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000009 Node Data Disk I/O Usage Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000006 Node Data Disk Usage Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000012 Node Data Disk Latency Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000023 Vacuum Full Operation That Holds A Table Lock Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000020 SQL Probe of the Cluster Usage Exceeds the Threshold
              • DWS_2000000018 Queue Congestion in the Cluster Default Resource Pool
          • Notificações de eventos
            • Visão geral das notificações de eventos
            • Assinatura de notificações de eventos
            • Visualização de eventos
        • Mudança e dimensionamento de especificações
          • Gerenciamento de nós
          • Dimensionamento de nós
            • Expansão de um cluster
            • Redistribuição de cluster
              • Redistribuição de dados
              • Exibição de detalhes da redistribuição
            • Redução de um cluster
          • Alteração de especificações
            • Alteração do flavor do nó
            • Alteração de todas as especificações
            • Expansão da capacidade de disco de um cluster do EVS
        • Backup e recuperação de desastres
          • Snapshots
            • Visão geral
            • Snapshots manuais
              • Creating a Manual Snapshot
              • Exclusão de um snapshot manual
            • Snapshots automatizados
              • Visão geral de snapshot automático
              • Configuração de uma política de snapshot automatizado
              • Cópia de snapshots automatizados
              • Exclusão de um snapshot automatizado
            • Exibição de informações de snapshot
            • Restauração usando um snapshot
              • Restrições na restauração de um snapshot
              • Restoring a Snapshot to a New Cluster
              • Restoring a Snapshot to the Original Cluster
            • Configuração de um snapshot
            • Interrupção da criação de snapshot
          • DR do cluster
            • Visão geral de DR
            • Criação de uma tarefa de DR
            • Exibição de informações da DR
            • Gerenciamento de DR
            • Casos de DR mutuamente exclusivos
        • O&M inteligente
          • Visão geral
          • Planos de O&M
          • Status de O&M
        • Gerenciamento de cluster
          • Modificação de parâmetros do banco de dados
          • Verificação do status do cluster
          • Exibição de detalhes do cluster
          • Conta de O&M
          • Gerenciamento de nomes de domínio de acesso
          • Topologia do cluster
          • Gerenciamento de tags
            • Visão geral
            • Gerenciamento de tags
          • Gerenciamento de projetos empresariais
          • Gerenciamento de clusters que falham ao serem criados
          • Remoção do status somente leitura
          • Execução de um switchback primário/em espera
          • Reinicialização do cluster
          • Redefinição de uma senha
          • Atualização de cluster
          • Associação e desassociação do ELB
          • Gerenciamento dos CNs
        • Migração de dados
          • Visão geral
          • Gerenciamento de instâncias
          • Gerenciamento de configurações de conexão
          • Gerenciamento de mapeamentos de tabela
          • Gerenciamento de trabalhos
          • Acesso a dados de GDS-Kafka
        • Gerenciamento de logs de cluster
        • Gerenciamento de usuários de banco de dados
          • Gerenciamento de usuários
          • Gerenciamento de funções
        • Logs de auditoria
          • Visão geral do log de auditoria
          • Logs de auditoria do console de gerenciamento
          • Logs de auditoria de bancos de dados
            • Configuração dos logs de auditoria do banco de dados
            • Despejo dos logs de auditoria do banco de dados
            • Exibição de logs de auditoria do banco de dados
        • Gerenciamento de segurança de cluster
          • Configuração da separação de permissões
          • Criptografia de bancos de dados
            • Visão geral
            • Rotação de chaves de criptografia
          • Permissões
            • Criação de um usuário e concessão de permissões ao GaussDB(DWS)
            • Criação de uma política personalizada do GaussDB(DWS)
            • Sintaxe das políticas de permissões refinadas
            • Sintaxe RBAC das políticas de RBAC
          • Proteção para operações de missão crítica
        • Gerenciamento de recursos
          • Visão geral
          • Pool de recursos
            • Descrição de recursos
            • Visão geral da página
            • Criação de um pool de recursos
            • Modificação de um pool de recursos
            • Exclusão de um pool de recursos
          • Plano de gerenciamento de recursos
            • Gerenciamento de planos de gerenciamento de recursos
            • Gerenciamento de estágios do plano de gerenciamento de recursos
            • Importação ou exportação de um plano de gerenciamento de recursos
          • Gerenciamento do espaço de trabalho
        • Gerenciamento de fonte de dados
          • Fontes de dados do MRS
            • Visão geral do uso da fonte de dados do MRS
            • Criação de uma conexão de fonte de dados do MRS
            • Atualização da configuração da fonte de dados do MRS
          • Gerenciamento de fontes de dados do OBS
        • Gerenciamento de clusters lógicos
          • Visão geral do cluster lógico
          • Adição de clusters lógicos
          • Editação de clusters lógicos
          • Gerenciamento de recursos (em um cluster lógico)
          • Agendamento de criação e exclusão de clusters lógicos do GaussDB(DWS) 3.0
          • Reinicialização de clusters lógicos
          • Expansão de clusters lógicos
          • Exclusão de clusters lógicos
          • Tutorial: converter um cluster físico que contém dados em um cluster lógico
          • Tutorial: dividir um novo cluster físico em clusters lógicos
          • Tutorial: configurar um cluster lógico somente leitura e vinculá-lo a um usuário
      • Referência de API
        • Antes de começar
          • Visão geral
          • Chamada de API
          • Endpoints
          • Restrições
          • Conceitos básicos
        • Visão geral de API
        • Chamada das API
          • Feito de uma solicitação de API
          • Autenticação
          • Resposta
        • Introdução
        • Descrição de API
          • As API de gerenciamento de cluster
            • Criação de um cluster
            • Consulta da lista de clusters
            • Consulta de detalhes do cluster
            • Consulta dos tipos de nó suportados
            • Exclusão de um cluster
            • Reiniciação de um cluster
            • Escala de clusters
            • Redefinição de uma senha
          • As API de gerenciamento de snapshot
            • Criação de um snapshot
            • Consulta da lista de snapshot
            • Consulta de detalhes do snapshot
            • Exclusão de um snapshot manual
            • Restauração de um cluster
        • Casos de aplicação
          • Uso de Postman para chamar a API para criar um snapshot
        • Políticas de permissões e ações suportadas
        • Apêndice
          • Código de status
          • Código de erro
          • Criação de uma VPC
          • Obtenção de um ID do projeto
          • Obtenção de ID de uma conta
          • Obtenção de ID de cluster
      • Melhores práticas
        • Importação e exportação
          • Melhores práticas para importação de dados
          • Guia de prática do GDS
          • Tutorial: importar dados do OBS para um cluster
          • Tutorial: usar o GDS para importar dados de um servidor remoto
          • Tutorial: exibir ou importar dados de Hive do MRS
          • Tutorial: importar fontes de dados do GaussDB(DWS) remotas
          • Tutorial: exportar dados do ORC para MRS
        • Migração de dados
          • Migração de dados do Oracle para GaussDB(DWS)
            • Progresso de migração
            • Ferramentas necessárias
            • Migração de definições de tabela
              • Instalação do PL/SQL Developer no host local
              • Migração de definições de tabela e sintaxe
            • Migração de dados de tabela completa
              • Configuração de uma conexão de fonte de dados do GaussDB(DWS)
              • Configuração de uma conexão de fonte de dados de Oracle
              • Migração de tabelas
              • Verificação
            • Migração de instruções SQL
              • Migração de sintaxe
              • Verificação
          • Sincronização de dados da tabela de MySQL para GaussDB(DWS) em tempo real
          • Uso de trabalhos de Flink de DLI para gravar dados do Kafka para GaussDB(DWS) em tempo real
          • Prática de interconexão de dados entre dois clusters do DWS baseados em GDS
        • Práticas da otimização de tabela
          • Projeto da estrutura da tabela
          • Visão geral da otimização de tabelas
          • Seleção de um modelo de tabela
          • Passo 1: criar uma tabela inicial e carregar dados de amostra
          • Passo 2: testar o desempenho do sistema da tabela inicial e estabelecer uma linha de base
          • Etapa 3: otimizar uma tabela
          • Etapa 4: criar outra tabela e carregar dados
          • Passo 5: testar o desempenho do sistema na nova tabela
          • Passo 6: avaliar o desempenho da tabela otimizada
          • Apêndice: sintaxe de criação de tabela
            • Uso
            • Criação de uma tabela inicial
            • Criação de uma outra tabela após a otimização do design
            • Criação de uma tabela estrangeira
        • Recursos avançados
          • Criação de uma tabela de séries temporais
          • Melhores práticas de gerenciamento de dados quentes e frios
          • Melhores práticas para gerenciamento automático de partições
          • Desacoplamento e reconstrução automática de exibição do GaussDB(DWS)
          • Melhores práticas de tabelas delta de armazenamento de coluna
        • Gerenciamento de banco de dados
          • Melhores práticas de gerenciamento de recursos
          • Excelentes práticas para consultas SQL
          • Análise de instruções SQL que estão sendo executadas
          • Excelentes práticas para consultas de distorção de dados
            • Detecção em tempo real de distorção de armazenamento durante a importação de dados
            • Localização rápida das tabelas que causam distorção de dados
          • Melhores práticas para gerenciamento de usuários
          • Exibição de informações sobre tabela e banco de dados
          • Melhores práticas do banco de dados SEQUENCE
        • Análise de dados de amostra
          • Análise de veículos no ponto de verificação
          • Análise de requisitos da cadeia de suprimentos de uma empresa
          • Análise de status de operações de uma loja de departamento de varejo
        • Gerenciamento de segurança
          • Controle de acesso baseado em função (RBAC)
          • Criptografia e descriptografia de colunas de dados
          • Gerenciamento e controle de permissões de dados por meio de exibições
      • Perguntas frequentes
        • Perguntas frequentes principais
        • Problemas gerais
          1. Por que os armazéns de dados são necessários?
          2. Quais são as diferenças entre um armazém de dados e a plataforma de Big data Hadoop?
          3. Como escolher o GaussDB (DWS) ou o RDS na nuvem pública?
          4. O que é a cota de usuário?
          5. Quais são as diferenças entre usuários e funções?
          6. Quando usar o GaussDB (DWS) e o MRS?
          7. Como verificar o tempo de criação de um usuário de banco de dados?
          8. Regiões e AZs
          9. Meus dados estão seguros no GaussDB(DWS)?
          10. Como o GaussDB (DWS) é protegido?
          11. Can I Modify the Security Group of a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster?
          12. Como LibrA, GaussDB A e GaussDB (DWS) estão relacionados?
          13. O que é um banco de dados/armazém de dados/data lake/lakehouse?
          14. How Are Dirty Pages Generated in GaussDB(DWS)?
        • Uso do banco de dados
          1. Como alterar as colunas de distribuição?
          2. Como exibir e definir a codificação de caracteres do banco de dados?
          3. O que devo fazer se o tipo de data for convertido automaticamente para o tipo de carimbo de data/hora durante a criação da tabela?
          4. Preciso executar VACUUM FULL e ANALYZE em tabelas comuns periodicamente?
          5. É necessário definir uma chave de distribuição após definir uma chave primária?
          6. O GaussDB(DWS) é compatível com os procedimentos armazenados do PostgreSQL?
          7. Quais são tabelas particionadas, partições e chaves de partição?
          8. Como exportar a estrutura da tabela?
          9. Como excluir dados da tabela de forma eficiente?
          10. Como exibir informações de tabela estrangeira?
          11. Se nenhuma coluna de distribuição for especificada, como os dados serão armazenados?
          12. Como substituir o resultado nulo por 0?
          13. Como verificar se uma tabela é armazenada em linha ou em coluna?
          14. Como consultar as informações sobre tabelas de armazenamento de colunas do GaussDB(DWS)?
          15. Por que às vezes os índices de consulta do GaussDB(DWS) se tornam inválidos?
          16. Como usar uma função definida pelo usuário para reescrever a função CRC32()?
          17. Quais são os esquemas começando com pg_toast_temp* ou pg_temp*?
          18. Soluções para resultados de consultas inconsistentes do GaussDB(DWS)
          19. Em quais catálogos do sistema a operação VACUUM FULL não pode ser executada?
          20. Em quais cenários uma instrução fica "idle in transaction"?
          21. Como o GaussDB(DWS) implementa a conversão de linha para coluna e de coluna para linha?
          22. Quais são as diferenças entre restrições únicas e índices únicos?
          23. What Are the Differences Between Functions and Stored Procedures?
        • Gerenciamento de clusters
          1. O que fazer se a criação de um cluster do GaussDB(DWS) falhar?
          2. Como limpar e recuperar o espaço de armazenamento?
          3. É possível alternar uns nós de cluster para outra região após a compra?
          4. Por que o armazenamento usado encolheu após a expansão?
          5. Como exibir métricas de nós (uso de CPU, memória e disco)?
          6. O GaussDB (DWS) suporta um nó único para um ambiente de aprendizagem?
          7. O GaussDB (DWS) suporta o BMS?
          8. Como é calculado o espaço em disco ou a capacidade do GaussDB(DWS)?
          9. Quais são os bancos de dados gaussdb e postgres do GaussDB (DWS)?
          10. Como configurar o número máximo de sessões ao adicionar uma regra de alarme no Cloud Eye?
          11. Como determinar se um cluster usa a arquitetura x86 ou ARM?
          12. O que fazer se a verificação de expansão falhar?
          13. Quando devo adicionar CNs ou expandir um cluster?
          14. Quais são os cenários de redimensionar um cluster, alterar o flavor do nó, expandir e reduzir?
          15. How Should I Select from a Small-Flavor Many-Node Cluster and a Large-Flavor Three-Node Cluster with Same CPU Cores and Memory?
          16. Quais são as diferenças entre SSDs em nuvem e SSDs locais?
          17. Quais são as diferenças entre armazenamento de dados a quente e armazenamento de dados a frio?
          18. O que devo fazer se o botão Scale-in estiver esmaecido?
        • Conexões de banco de dados
          1. Como as aplicações se comunicam com o GaussDB(DWS)?
          2. O GaussDB(DWS) oferece suporte a clientes de terceiros e drivers JDBC e ODBC?
          3. É possível conectar-se aos nós de um cluster do GaussDB (DWS) via SSH?
          4. O que fazer se não conseguir se conectar a um cluster de armazém de dados?
          5. Por que não for notificado de falha na desvinculação do EIP quando o GaussDB (DWS) está conectado à Internet?
          6. Como configurar uma lista branca para proteger clusters disponíveis por meio de um endereço IP público?
        • Importação e exportação de dados
          1. Quais são as diferenças entre os formatos de dados suportados pelas tabelas estrangeiras do OBS e GDS?
          2. Como importar dados incrementais usando uma tabela estrangeira do OBS?
          3. Como importar dados para o GaussDB(DWS)?
          4. Quantos dados de serviço um armazém de dados pode armazenar?
          5. Como usar \Copy para importar e exportar dados?
          6. Como implementar a importação de tolerância a falhas entre diferentes bibliotecas de codificação
          7. Posso importar e exportar dados de e para o OBS entre regiões?
          8. Como importar dados do GaussDB(DWS)/Oracle/MySQL/SQL Server para o GaussDB(DWS) (migração de banco de dados inteiro)?
          9. É possível importar dados pela rede pública/externa usando o GDS?
          10. Quais são os fatores que afetam o desempenho de importação do GaussDB(DWS)?
        • Conta, senha e permissão
          1. Como o GaussDB(DWS) implementa o isolamento da carga de trabalho?
          2. Como alterar a senha de uma conta de banco de dados quando a senha expira?
          3. Como conceder permissões de tabela a um usuário?
          4. Como conceder permissões de esquema a um usuário?
          5. Como criar um usuário somente leitura do banco de dados?
          6. Como criar usuários e tabelas de banco de dados privados?
          7. Como revogar a permissão CONNECT ON DATABASE de um usuário?
          8. Como visualizar as permissões da tabela de um usuário?
          9. Quem é o usuário Ruby?
        • Desempenho do banco de dados
          1. Por que a execução de SQL é lenta após o longo uso do GaussDB(DWS)?
          2. Por que o GaussDB(DWS) tem desempenho pior do que um banco de dados de servidor único em cenários extremes?
          3. Como exibir registros de execução de SQL em um determinado período quando as solicitações de leitura e gravação são bloqueadas?
          4. O que devo fazer se meu cluster não estiver disponível devido a espaço insuficiente?
          5. O que é derramamento de operador no GaussDB(DWS)?
          6. Gerenciamento de recursos da CPU do GaussDB(DWS)
          7. Por que as tarefas executadas por um usuário comum são mais lentas do que as executadas pelo usuário dbadmin?
          8. Quais são os fatores relacionados ao desempenho da consulta de tabela única no GaussDB(DWS)?
        • Backup e restauração do snapshot
          1. Por que criar um snapshot automatizado é tão lento?
          2. Um snapshot de DWS tem a mesma função que um snapshot de EVS?
        • Cobrança
          1. Como renovar o serviço?
          2. O reembolso é suportado?
          3. How Am I Billed for Scheduled Synchronization of GaussDB(DWS) Data to a PostgreSQL Database?
          4. Como experimentar o GaussDB(DWS) gratuitamente?
          5. Por que as taxas foram deduzidas após uma avaliação gratuita do GaussDB (DWS) expirar?
          6. Por que não poder ver um cluster após a assinatura de uma avaliação gratuita do GaussDB (DWS)?
          7. Como parar o faturamento do GaussDB(DWS)?
          8. A cobrança de pagamento por uso pára quando o meu cluster é interrompido?
          9. Por que o botão de compra não está disponível quando criar um cluster?
          10. Como descongelar um cluster?
          11. É possível congelar ou desligar um cluster do GaussDB(DWS) para interromper a cobrança?
      • What's New
      • Function Overview
      • Product Bulletin
        • Product Notice
          • Checking the GaussDB(DWS) Version
          • New Features in 9.1.0.x
          • Version 9.0.x (cloud native 3.0)
          • Version 8.3.0
            • New Features in 8.3.0.100
            • New Features and Resolved Issues in 8.3.0.x
          • Version 8.2.1
            • New Features in 8.2.1
            • New Features and Resolved Issues in 8.2.1.x
          • Version 8.2.0
          • Version 8.1.3
            • New Features in 8.1.3
            • New Features and Resolved Issues in 8.1.3.x
          • Version 8.1.1
          • Version 8.1.0
          • Version 8.0.1
          • Deleted Database Interfaces
        • Version Support Notes
      • Billing
        • GaussDB(DWS) Billing Overview
        • Billing Modes
          • GaussDB(DWS) Billing Modes
          • Pay-per-use
          • Yearly/Monthly
          • Discount package
        • Item
        • Billing Examples
        • Billing Mode Change
          • Introduction
          • Pay-per-Use to Yearly/Monthly
          • Yearly/Monthly to Pay-per-Use
        • Renewal
          • Overview
          • Manual Renewal
        • Bills
        • Arrears
        • Stopping Billing
        • Cost Management
        • Billing FAQs
          • Does Pay-per-Use Billing Stop When My Cluster Stops?
          • Why Is the Purchase Button Unavailable When I Create a Cluster?
          • How Do I Unfreeze a Cluster?
      • Data Migration and Synchronization
        • Data Migration to GaussDB(DWS)
        • Importing Data
          • Importing Data from OBS in Parallel
            • About Parallel Data Import from OBS
            • Importing CSV/TXT Data from OBS
              • Creating Access Keys (AK and SK)
              • Uploading Data to OBS
              • Creating an OBS Foreign Table
              • Importing Data
              • Handling Import Errors
            • Importing ORC or CarbonData Data from OBS
              • Preparing Data on OBS
              • Creating a Foreign Server
              • Creating a Foreign Table
              • Querying Data on OBS Through Foreign Tables
              • Deleting Resources
              • Supported Data Types
          • Using GDS to Import Data from a Remote Server
            • Importing Data In Parallel Using GDS
            • Preparing Source Data
            • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
            • Creating a GDS Foreign Table
            • Importing Data
            • Handling Import Errors
            • Stopping GDS
            • Example of Importing Data Using GDS
          • Importing Data from MRS to a Cluster
            • Overview
            • Preparing Data in an MRS Cluster
            • Manually Creating a Foreign Server
            • Creating a Foreign Table
            • Importing Data
            • Deleting Resources
            • Error Handling
          • Importing Data from One GaussDB(DWS) Cluster to Another
          • GDS-based Cross-Cluster Interconnection
          • Using Kettle to Import Data
          • Using a gsql Meta-Command to Import Data
          • Running the COPY FROM STDIN Statement to Import Data
            • Data Import Using COPY FROM STDIN
            • Introduction to the CopyManager Class
            • Example: Importing and Exporting Data Through Local Files
            • Example: Migrating Data from MySQL to GaussDB(DWS)
        • Full Database Migration
          • Using CDM to Migrate Data to GaussDB(DWS)
          • Using DSC to Migrate SQL Scripts
        • Real-time Import
          • Real-time Data Import From Kafka GaussDB(DWS)
        • Metadata Migration
          • Using gs_dump and gs_dumpall to Export Metadata
            • Overview
            • Exporting a Single Database
              • Exporting a Database
              • Exporting a Schema
              • Exporting a Table
            • Exporting All Databases
              • Exporting All Databases
              • Exporting Global Objects
            • Data Export By a User Without Required Permissions
          • Using gs_restore to Import Data
        • Exporting Data
          • Exporting Data to OBS
            • Parallel OBS Data Export
            • Exporting CSV/TXT Data to OBS
              • Planning Data Export
              • Creating an OBS Foreign Table
              • Exporting Data
              • Examples
            • Exporting ORC Data to OBS
              • Planning Data Export
              • Creating a Foreign Server
              • Creating a Foreign Table
              • Exporting Data
          • Exporting ORC Data to MRS
            • Overview
            • Planning Data Export
            • Creating a Foreign Server
            • Creating a Foreign Table
            • Exporting Data
          • Using GDS to Export Data to a Remote Server
            • Exporting Data In Parallel Using GDS
            • Planning Data Export
            • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
            • Creating a GDS Foreign Table
            • Exporting Data
            • Stopping GDS
            • Examples of Exporting Data Using GDS
        • Other Operations
          • GDS Pipe FAQs
          • Checking for Data Skew
          • Analyzing a Table
      • Developer Guide
        • Developer Guide (9.1.0.x)
          • Before You Start
          • GaussDB(DWS) Development Design Proposal
            • Overview
            • GaussDB(DWS) Connection Management Specifications
            • GaussDB(DWS) Object Design Specifications
              • DATABASE Object Design
              • USER Object Design
              • Schema Object Design
              • TABLESPACE Object Design
              • TABLE Object Design (Prioritized)
              • INDEX Object Design (Prioritized)
              • VIEW Object Design
            • GaussDB(DWS) SQL Statement Development Specifications
              • DDL Operations
              • INSERT Operation
              • UPDATE and DELETE Operations
              • SELECT Operation
            • GaussDB(DWS) Foreign Table Function Development Specifications
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Development Specifications
            • Detailed Design Rules for GaussDB(DWS) Objects
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database Object Naming Rules
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database Object Design Rules
                • GaussDB(DWS) Database and Schema Design Rules
                • GaussDB(DWS) Table Design Rules
                • GaussDB(DWS) Column Design Rules
                • GaussDB(DWS) Constraint Design Rules
                • Design Rules for GaussDB(DWS) Views and Associated Tables
              • GaussDB(DWS) JDBC Configuration Rules
              • GaussDB(DWS) SQL Writing Rules
              • Rules for Using Custom GaussDB(DWS) External Functions (pgSQL/Java)
              • Rules for Using GaussDB(DWS) PL/pgSQL
          • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Database Objects
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Databases
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Schemas
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Tables
            • Selecting a GaussDB(DWS) Table Storage Model
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Partitioned Tables
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Indexes
            • Creating and Using GaussDB(DWS) Sequences
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Views
            • Creating and Managing GaussDB(DWS) Scheduled Tasks
            • Viewing GaussDB(DWS) System Catalogs
          • Syntax Compatibility Differences Among Oracle, Teradata, and MySQL
          • GaussDB(DWS) Database Security Management
            • GaussDB(DWS) User and Permissions Management
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database User Types
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database User Management
              • Creating a Custom Password Policy for GaussDB(DWS)
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database Permissions Management
              • Separation of Duties in GaussDB(DWS)
            • GaussDB(DWS) Sensitive Data Management
              • GaussDB(DWS) Row-Level Access Control
              • GaussDB(DWS) Data Masking
              • Encrypting and Decrypting GaussDB(DWS) Strings
              • Using pgcrypto to Encrypt GaussDB(DWS) Data
          • GaussDB(DWS) Data Query
            • GaussDB(DWS) Single-Table Query
            • GaussDB(DWS) Multi-Table Join Query
            • GaussDB(DWS) Subquery Expressions
            • GaussDB(DWS) WITH Expressions
            • Usage of GaussDB(DWS) UNION
            • Data Reading/Writing Across Logical Clusters
            • SQL on Hudi
              • Introduction to Hudi
              • Preparations Before Using Hudi
              • Hudi User Interfaces
              • Creating a Hudi Data Description (Foreign Table)
              • Synchronizing Hudi Tasks
              • Querying a Hudi Foreign Table
              • Accessing Hudi Tables on MRS
          • GaussDB(DWS) Sorting Rules
          • GaussDB(DWS) User-Defined Functions
            • GaussDB(DWS) PL/Java Functions
            • GaussDB(DWS) PL/pgSQL Functions
          • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure
            • Overview
            • Converting Data Types in GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedures
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Array and Record
              • Arrays
              • record
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Declaration Syntax
            • Basic Statements of GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedures
            • Dynamic Statements of GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedures
              • Executing Dynamic Query Statements
              • Executing Dynamic Non-query Statements
              • Dynamically Calling Stored Procedures
              • Dynamically Calling Anonymous Blocks
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Control Statements
              • RETURN Statements
              • Conditional Statements
              • Loop Statements
              • Branch Statements
              • NULL Statements
              • Error Trapping Statements
              • GOTO Statements
            • Other Statements in a GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Cursor
              • Overview
              • Explicit Cursor
              • Implicit Cursor
              • Cursor Loop
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Advanced Package
              • DBMS_LOB
              • DBMS_RANDOM
              • DBMS_OUTPUT
              • UTL_RAW
              • DBMS_JOB
              • DBMS_SQL
            • GaussDB(DWS) Stored Procedure Debugging
          • Using PostGIS Extension
            • PostGIS
            • Using PostGIS
            • PostGIS Support and Constraints
            • OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE NOTICE (For PostGIS)
          • Using JDBC or ODBC for GaussDB(DWS) Secondary Development
            • Prerequisites
            • JDBC-Based Development
              • JDBC Development Process
              • JDBC Package and Driver Class
              • Loading a Driver
              • Connecting to a Database
              • Executing SQL Statements
              • Processing Data in a Result Set
              • Common JDBC Development Examples
              • Processing RoaringBitmap Result Sets and Importing It to GaussDB (DWS)
              • JDBC Interfaces
            • ODBC-Based Development
              • ODBC Package and Its Dependent Libraries and Header Files
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Linux OS
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Windows OS
              • ODBC Development Example
              • ODBC APIs
          • GaussDB(DWS) Resource Monitoring
            • User Resource Monitoring
            • Resource Pool Monitoring
            • Monitoring Memory Resources
            • Instance Resource Monitoring
            • Real-time Top SQL
            • Historical Top SQL
            • Example for Querying for Top SQLs
          • GaussDB(DWS) Performance Tuning
            • Overview
            • Performance Diagnosis
              • Cluster Performance Analysis
              • Slow SQL Analysis
                • Querying SQL Statements That Affect Performance Most
                • Checking Blocked Statements
              • SQL Diagnosis
              • Table Diagnosis
            • System Optimization
              • Tuning Database Parameters
              • SMP Parallel Execution
              • Configuring LLVM
            • SQL Tuning
              • SQL Query Execution Process
              • SQL Execution Plan
              • Execution Plan Operator
              • SQL Tuning Process
              • Updating Statistics
              • Reviewing and Modifying a Table Definition
              • Advanced SQL Tuning
                • SQL Self-Diagnosis
                • Optimizing Statement Pushdown
                • Optimizing Subqueries
                • Optimizing Statistics
                • Tuning Operators
                • Optimizing Data Skew
                • Proactive Preheating and Tuning of Disk Cache
                • SQL Statement Rewriting Rules
              • Configuring Optimizer Parameters
              • Hint-based Tuning
                • Plan Hint Optimization
                • Join Order Hints
                • Join Operation Hints
                • Rows Hints
                • Stream Operation Hints
                • Scan Operation Hints
                • Sublink Name Hints
                • Skew Hints
                • Hint That Disables Subquery Pull-up
                • Drive Hints
                • Dictionary Code Hint
                • Configuration Parameter Hints
                • Hint Errors, Conflicts, and Other Warnings
                • Plan Hint Cases
              • Routinely Maintaining Tables
              • Routinely Recreating an Index
              • Automatic Retry upon SQL Statement Execution Errors
              • Query Band Load Identification
            • SQL Tuning Examples
              • Case: Selecting an Appropriate Distribution Column
              • Case: Creating an Appropriate Index
              • Case: Adding NOT NULL for JOIN Columns
              • Case: Pushing Down Sort Operations to DNs
              • Case: Configuring cost_param for Better Query Performance
              • Case: Adjusting the Partial Clustering Key
              • Case: Adjusting the Table Storage Mode in a Medium Table
              • Case: Reconstructing Partition Tables
              • Case: Adjusting the GUC Parameter best_agg_plan
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Eliminating Prune Interference
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Deleting in-clause
              • Case: Setting Partial Cluster Keys
              • Case: Converting from NOT IN to NOT EXISTS
          • GaussDB(DWS) System Catalogs and Views
            • Overview of System Catalogs and System Views
            • System Catalogs
              • GS_BLOCKLIST_QUERY
              • GS_BLOCKLIST_SQL
              • GS_OBSSCANINFO
              • GS_RESPOOL_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_INSTANCE_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • GS_WLM_USER_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • PG_AGGREGATE
              • PG_AM
              • PG_AMOP
              • PG_AMPROC
              • PG_ATTRDEF
              • PG_ATTRIBUTE
              • PG_AUTHID
              • PG_AUTH_HISTORY
              • PG_AUTH_MEMBERS
              • PG_BLOCKLISTS
              • PG_CAST
              • PG_CLASS
              • PG_COLLATION
              • PG_CONSTRAINT
              • PG_CONVERSION
              • PG_DATABASE
              • PG_DB_ROLE_SETTING
              • PG_DEFAULT_ACL
              • PG_DEPEND
              • PG_DESCRIPTION
              • PG_ENUM
              • PG_EXCEPT_RULE
              • PG_EXTERNAL_NAMESPACE
              • PG_EXTENSION
              • PG_EXTENSION_DATA_SOURCE
              • PG_FINE_DR_INFO
              • PG_FOREIGN_DATA_WRAPPER
              • PG_FOREIGN_SERVER
              • PG_FOREIGN_TABLE
              • PG_INDEX
              • PG_INHERITS
              • PG_JOB_INFO
              • PG_JOBS
              • PG_LANGUAGE
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT_METADATA
              • PG_MATVIEW
              • PG_MATVIEW_DEPEND
              • PG_MATVIEW_PARTITION
              • PG_NAMESPACE
              • PG_OBJECT
              • PG_OBSSCANINFO
              • PG_OPCLASS
              • PG_OPERATOR
              • PG_OPFAMILY
              • PG_PARTITION
              • PG_PLTEMPLATE
              • PG_PROC
              • PG_PUBLICATION
              • PG_PUBLICATION_NAMESPACE
              • PG_PUBLICATION_REL
              • PG_RANGE
              • PG_REDACTION_COLUMN
              • PG_REDACTION_POLICY
              • PG_RELFILENODE_SIZE
              • PG_RLSPOLICY
              • PG_RESOURCE_POOL
              • PG_REWRITE
              • PG_SECLABEL
              • PG_SHDEPEND
              • PG_SHDESCRIPTION
              • PG_SHSECLABEL
              • PG_STATISTIC
              • PG_STATISTIC_EXT
              • PG_STAT_OBJECT
              • PG_SUBSCRIPTION
              • PG_SYNONYM
              • PG_TABLESPACE
              • PG_TRIGGER
              • PG_TS_CONFIG
              • PG_TS_CONFIG_MAP
              • PG_TS_DICT
              • PG_TS_PARSER
              • PG_TS_TEMPLATE
              • PG_TYPE
              • PG_USER_MAPPING
              • PG_USER_STATUS
              • PG_WORKLOAD_ACTION
              • PGXC_CLASS
              • PGXC_GROUP
              • PGXC_NODE
              • PLAN_TABLE_DATA
              • SNAPSHOT
              • TABLES_SNAP_TIMESTAMP
              • System Catalogs for Performance View Snapshot
            • System Views
              • ALL_ALL_TABLES
              • ALL_CONSTRAINTS
              • ALL_CONS_COLUMNS
              • ALL_COL_COMMENTS
              • ALL_DEPENDENCIES
              • ALL_IND_COLUMNS
              • ALL_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • ALL_INDEXES
              • ALL_OBJECTS
              • ALL_PROCEDURES
              • ALL_SEQUENCES
              • ALL_SOURCE
              • ALL_SYNONYMS
              • ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
              • ALL_TAB_COMMENTS
              • ALL_TABLES
              • ALL_USERS
              • ALL_VIEWS
              • DBA_DATA_FILES
              • DBA_USERS
              • DBA_COL_COMMENTS
              • DBA_CONSTRAINTS
              • DBA_CONS_COLUMNS
              • DBA_IND_COLUMNS
              • DBA_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • DBA_IND_PARTITIONS
              • DBA_INDEXES
              • DBA_OBJECTS
              • DBA_PART_INDEXES
              • DBA_PART_TABLES
              • DBA_PROCEDURES
              • DBA_SEQUENCES
              • DBA_SOURCE
              • DBA_SYNONYMS
              • DBA_TAB_COLUMNS
              • DBA_TAB_COMMENTS
              • DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
              • DBA_TABLES
              • DBA_TABLESPACES
              • DBA_TRIGGERS
              • DBA_VIEWS
              • DUAL
              • GET_ALL_TSC_INFO
              • GET_TSC_INFO
              • GLOBAL_COLUMN_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • GLOBAL_REDO_STAT
              • GLOBAL_REL_IOSTAT
              • GLOBAL_ROW_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • GLOBAL_STAT_DATABASE
              • GLOBAL_TABLE_CHANGE_STAT
              • GLOBAL_TABLE_STAT
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • GS_ALL_CONTROL_GROUP_INFO
              • GS_BLOCKLIST_QUERY
              • GS_BLOCKLIST_SQL
              • GS_CLUSTER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • GS_COLUMN_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • GS_OBS_READ_TRAFFIC
              • GS_OBS_WRITE_TRAFFIC
              • GS_INSTR_UNIQUE_SQL
              • GS_NODE_STAT_RESET_TIME
              • GS_OBS_LATENCY
              • GS_QUERY_MONITOR
              • GS_QUERY_RESOURCE_INFO
              • GS_REL_IOSTAT
              • GS_RESPOOL_RUNTIME_INFO
              • GS_RESPOOL_RESOURCE_INFO
              • GS_RESPOOL_MONITOR
              • GS_ROW_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • GS_SESSION_CPU_STATISTICS
              • GS_SESSION_MEMORY_STATISTICS
              • GS_SQL_COUNT
              • GS_STAT_DB_CU
              • GS_STAT_SESSION_CU
              • GS_TABLE_CHANGE_STAT
              • GS_TABLE_STAT
              • GS_TOTAL_NODEGROUP_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • GS_USER_MONITOR
              • GS_USER_TRANSACTION
              • GS_VIEW_DEPENDENCY
              • GS_VIEW_DEPENDENCY_PATH
              • GS_VIEW_INVALID
              • GS_WAIT_EVENTS
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
              • GS_WLM_SQL_ALLOW
              • GS_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • GS_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • GS_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • MPP_TABLES
              • PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSION_VERSIONS
              • PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSIONS
              • PG_BULKLOAD_STATISTICS
              • PG_COMM_CLIENT_INFO
              • PG_COMM_DELAY
              • PG_COMM_STATUS
              • PG_COMM_RECV_STREAM
              • PG_COMM_SEND_STREAM
              • PG_COMM_QUERY_SPEED
              • PG_CONTROL_GROUP_CONFIG
              • PG_CURSORS
              • PG_EXT_STATS
              • PG_GET_INVALID_BACKENDS
              • PG_GET_SENDERS_CATCHUP_TIME
              • PG_GLOBAL_TEMP_ATTACHED_PIDS
              • PG_GROUP
              • PG_INDEXES
              • PG_JOB
              • PG_JOB_PROC
              • PG_JOB_SINGLE
              • PG_LIFECYCLE_DATA_DISTRIBUTE
              • PG_LOCKS
              • PG_LWLOCKS
              • PG_NODE_ENV
              • PG_OS_THREADS
              • PG_POOLER_STATUS
              • PG_PREPARED_STATEMENTS
              • PG_PREPARED_XACTS
              • PG_PUBLICATION_TABLES
              • PG_QUERYBAND_ACTION
              • PG_REPLICATION_SLOTS
              • PG_ROLES
              • PG_RULES
              • PG_RUNNING_XACTS
              • PG_SECLABELS
              • PG_SEQUENCES
              • PG_SESSION_WLMSTAT
              • PG_SESSION_IOSTAT
              • PG_SETTINGS
              • PG_SHADOW
              • PG_SHARED_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PG_STATS
              • PG_STAT_ACTIVITY
              • PG_STAT_ALL_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
              • PG_STAT_BGWRITER
              • PG_STAT_DATABASE
              • PG_STAT_DATABASE_CONFLICTS
              • PG_STAT_GET_MEM_MBYTES_RESERVED
              • PG_STAT_USER_FUNCTIONS
              • PG_STAT_USER_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_USER_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_REPLICATION
              • PG_STAT_SYS_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_USER_FUNCTIONS
              • PG_STAT_XACT_USER_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_TABLES
              • PG_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
              • PG_TABLES
              • PG_TDE_INFO
              • PG_TIMEZONE_ABBREVS
              • PG_TIMEZONE_NAMES
              • PG_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PG_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO
              • PG_TOTAL_USER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • PG_USER
              • PG_USER_MAPPINGS
              • PG_VIEWS
              • PG_WLM_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_AIO_RESOURCE_POOL_STATS
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_PROGRESS
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_INFO
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_COLUMN_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • PGXC_COMM_CLIENT_INFO
              • PGXC_COMM_DELAY
              • PGXC_COMM_RECV_STREAM
              • PGXC_COMM_SEND_STREAM
              • PGXC_COMM_STATUS
              • PGXC_COMM_QUERY_SPEED
              • PGXC_DEADLOCK
              • PGXC_DISK_CACHE_STATS
              • PGXC_DISK_CACHE_ALL_STATS
              • PGXC_DISK_CACHE_PATH_INFO
              • PGXC_GET_STAT_ALL_TABLES
              • PGXC_GET_STAT_ALL_PARTITIONS
              • PGXC_GET_TABLE_SKEWNESS
              • PGXC_GLOBAL_TEMP_ATTACHED_PIDS
              • PGXC_GTM_SNAPSHOT_STATUS
              • PGXC_INSTANCE_TIME
              • PGXC_LOCKWAIT_DETAIL
              • PGXC_INSTR_UNIQUE_SQL
              • PGXC_LOCK_CONFLICTS
              • PGXC_LWLOCKS
              • PGXC_MEMORY_DEBUG_INFO
              • PGXC_NODE_ENV
              • PGXC_NODE_STAT_RESET_TIME
              • PGXC_OBS_IO_SCHEDULER_STATS
              • PGXC_OBS_IO_SCHEDULER_PERIODIC_STATS
              • PGXC_OS_RUN_INFO
              • PGXC_OS_THREADS
              • PGXC_POOLER_STATUS
              • PGXC_PREPARED_XACTS
              • PGXC_REDO_STAT
              • PGXC_REL_IOSTAT
              • PGXC_REPLICATION_SLOTS
              • PGXC_RESPOOL_RUNTIME_INFO
              • PGXC_RESPOOL_RESOURCE_INFO
              • PGXC_RESPOOL_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • PGXC_ROW_TABLE_IO_STAT
              • PGXC_RUNNING_XACTS
              • PGXC_SETTINGS
              • PGXC_SESSION_WLMSTAT
              • PGXC_STAT_ACTIVITY
              • PGXC_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
              • PGXC_STAT_BGWRITER
              • PGXC_STAT_DATABASE
              • PGXC_STAT_OBJECT
              • PGXC_STAT_REPLICATION
              • PGXC_STAT_TABLE_DIRTY
              • PGXC_STAT_WAL
              • PGXC_SQL_COUNT
              • PGXC_TABLE_CHANGE_STAT
              • PGXC_TABLE_STAT
              • PGXC_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
              • PGXC_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PGXC_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO
              • PGXC_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO_ANALYZE
              • PGXC_TOTAL_USER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • PGXC_USER_TRANSACTION
              • PGXC_VARIABLE_INFO
              • PGXC_WAIT_DETAIL
              • PGXC_WAIT_EVENTS
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_WLM_TABLE_DISTRIBUTION_SKEWNESS
              • PGXC_WLM_USER_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_WORKLOAD_RECORDS
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • PLAN_TABLE
              • PV_FILE_STAT
              • PV_INSTANCE_TIME
              • PV_MATVIEW_DETAIL
              • PV_OS_RUN_INFO
              • PV_SESSION_MEMORY
              • PV_SESSION_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PV_SESSION_STAT
              • PV_SESSION_TIME
              • PV_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PV_REDO_STAT
              • PV_RUNTIME_ATTSTATS
              • PV_RUNTIME_RELSTATS
              • REDACTION_COLUMNS
              • REDACTION_POLICIES
              • REMOTE_TABLE_STAT
              • SHOW_TSC_INFO
              • SHOW_ALL_TSC_INFO
              • USER_COL_COMMENTS
              • USER_CONSTRAINTS
              • USER_CONS_COLUMNS
              • USER_INDEXES
              • USER_IND_COLUMNS
              • USER_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • USER_IND_PARTITIONS
              • USER_JOBS
              • USER_OBJECTS
              • USER_PART_INDEXES
              • USER_PART_TABLES
              • USER_PROCEDURES
              • USER_SEQUENCES
              • USER_SOURCE
              • USER_SYNONYMS
              • USER_TAB_COLUMNS
              • USER_TAB_COMMENTS
              • USER_TAB_PARTITIONS
              • USER_TABLES
              • USER_TRIGGERS
              • USER_VIEWS
              • V$SESSION
              • V$SESSION_LONGOPS
          • GUC Parameters of the GaussDB(DWS) Database
            • Viewing GUC Parameters
            • Configuring GUC Parameters
            • GUC Parameter Usage
            • Connection and Authentication
              • Connection Settings
              • Security and Authentication (postgresql.conf)
              • Communication Library Parameters
            • Resource Consumption
              • Memory
              • Statement Disk Space Control
              • Kernel Resources
              • Cost-based Vacuum Delay
              • Asynchronous I/O Operations
              • Disk Caching
            • Parallel Data Import
            • Write Ahead Logs
              • Settings
              • Checkpoints
            • HA Replication
              • Primary Server
            • Query Planning
              • Optimizer Method Configuration
              • Optimizer Cost Constants
              • Genetic Query Optimizer
              • Other Optimizer Options
            • Error Reporting and Logging
              • Logging Destination
              • Logging Time
              • Logging Content
            • Runtime Statistics
              • Query and Index Statistics Collector
              • Performance Statistics
            • Resource Management
            • Automatic Cleanup
            • Default Settings of Client Connection
              • Statement Behavior
              • Zone and Formatting
              • Other Default Parameters
            • Lock Management
            • Version and Platform Compatibility
              • Compatibility with Earlier Versions
              • Platform and Client Compatibility
            • Fault Tolerance
            • Connection Pool Parameters
            • Cluster Transaction Parameters
            • Developer Operations
            • Auditing
              • Audit Switch
              • Operation Audit
            • Transaction Monitoring
            • GTM Parameters
            • Miscellaneous Parameters
          • GaussDB(DWS) Developer Terms
          • Hybrid Data Warehouse
            • Introduction to Hybrid Data Warehouse
            • Support and Constraints
            • Hybrid Data Warehouse Syntax
              • CREATE TABLE
              • INSERT
              • DELETE
              • UPDATE
              • UPSERT
              • MERGE INTO
              • SELECT
              • ALTER TABLE
            • Hybrid Data Warehouse Functions
            • Hybrid Data Warehouse Binlog
              • Subscribing to Hybrid Data Warehouse Binlog
              • Real-Time Binlog Consumption by Flink
        • Historical Versions
      • SQL Syntax Reference
        • SQL Syntax Reference (9.1.0.x)
          • GaussDB(DWS) SQL Overview
          • GaussDB(DWS) SQL Syntax
          • Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) and PostgreSQL
          • Keyword
          • Data Types
            • Numeric Types
            • Monetary Types
            • Boolean Type
            • Character Types
            • Binary Data Types
            • Date/Time Types
            • Geometric Types
            • Array
            • Enumeration Type
            • Network Address Types
            • Bit String Types
            • Text Search Types
            • UUID Type
            • JSON Types
            • RoaringBitmap
            • HLL Data Types
            • Object Identifier Types
            • Pseudo-Types
            • Range Types
            • Composite Types
            • Data Types Supported by Column-Store Tables
            • XML
          • Constant and Macro
          • Functions and Operators
            • Character Processing Functions and Operators
            • Binary String Functions and Operators
            • Bit String Functions and Operators
            • Numeric Functions and Operators
              • Numeric Operators
              • Numeric Functions
            • Date and Time Processing Functions and Operators
              • Date and Time Operators
              • Date and Time Functions
              • EXTRACT
              • date_part
              • date_format
              • time_format
            • SEQUENCE Functions
            • Array Functions and Operators
              • Array Operators
              • Array Functions
            • Logical Operators
            • Comparison Operators
            • Pattern Matching Operators
            • Aggregate Functions
            • Window Functions
            • Type Conversion Functions
            • JSON/JSONB Functions and Operators
              • JSON/JSONB Operators
              • JSON/JSONB Functions
            • Security Functions
            • Conditional Expression Functions
            • Range Functions and Operators
              • Range Operators
              • Range Functions
            • Data Redaction Functions
            • Bitmap Functions and Operators
              • Roaring Bitmap Operators
              • Bitmap Functions
              • Roaring Bitmap Aggregation Functions
              • Use Cases
            • UUID Functions
            • Text Search Functions and Operators
              • Text Search Operators
              • Text Search Functions
              • Text Search Debugging Functions
            • HLL Functions and Operators
              • HLL Operators
              • Hash Functions
              • Precision Functions
              • Aggregate Functions
              • Functional Functions
              • Built-in Functions
            • Set Returning Functions
              • Series Generating Functions
              • Subscript Generating Functions
            • Geometric Functions and Operators
              • Geometric Operators
              • Geometric Functions
              • Geometric Type Conversion Functions
            • Network Address Functions and Operators
              • cidr and inet Operators
              • Network Address Functions
            • System Information Functions
              • Session Information Functions
              • Access Privilege Inquiry Functions
              • Schema Visibility Inquiry Functions
              • System Catalog Information Functions
              • System Function Checking Function
              • Comment Checking Functions
              • Transaction IDs and Snapshots
              • Computing Node Group Function
              • Lock Information Function
            • System Management Functions
              • Configuration Settings Functions
              • Universal File Access Functions
              • Server Signaling Functions
              • Snapshot Synchronization Functions
              • Advisory Lock Functions
              • Replication Functions
              • Resource Management Functions
              • Memory Management Functions
              • Other Functions
            • Backup and Restoration Control Functions
              • Backup Control Functions
              • Restoration Control Functions
            • Database Object Functions
              • Database Object Size Functions
              • Database Object Position Functions
              • Partition Management Function
              • Collation Version Function
              • Hot and Cold Table Functions
            • Residual File Management Functions
              • Functions for Obtaining the Residual File List
              • Functions for Scanning Residual Files
              • Functions for Verifying Residual Files
              • Functions for Deleting Residual Files
              • Using Residual File Management Functions
            • Statistics Information Functions
            • Trigger Functions
            • XML Functions
              • Generating XML Content
              • XML Predicates
              • Processing XML
              • Mapping a Table to XML
            • Call Stack Recording Functions
            • Hudi System Functions
            • Funnel and Retention Functions
            • EXTERNAL SCHEMA System Functions
            • Storage-Compute Decoupling Functions
              • Data Sharing Functions
          • Expressions
            • Simple Expressions
            • Conditional Expressions
            • Subquery Expressions
            • Array Expressions
            • Row Expressions
          • Type Conversion
            • Overview
            • Operators
            • Functions
            • Value Storage
            • UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
          • Full Text Search
            • Introduction
              • Full-Text Retrieval
              • What Is a Document?
              • Basic Text Matching
              • Configurations
            • Tables and Indexes
              • Searching a Table
              • Creating an Index
              • Constraints on Index Use
            • Controlling Text Search
              • Parsing Documents
              • Parsing Queries
              • Ranking Search Results
              • Highlighting Results
            • Additional Features
              • Manipulating tsvector
              • Manipulating Queries
              • Rewriting Queries
              • Gathering Document Statistics
            • Parsers
            • Dictionaries
              • Overview
              • Stop Words
              • Simple Dictionary
              • Synonym Dictionary
              • Thesaurus Dictionary
              • Ispell Dictionary
              • Snowball Dictionary
            • Configuration Examples
            • Testing and Debugging Text Search
              • Testing a Configuration
              • Testing a Parser
              • Testing a Dictionary
            • Limitations
          • System Operation
          • Transaction Management
          • DDL Syntax
            • DDL Syntax Overview
            • ALTER BLOCK RULE
            • ALTER DATABASE
            • ALTER EXCEPT RULE
            • ALTER EXTERNAL SCHEMA
            • ALTER FOREIGN TABLE (GDS Import and Export)
            • ALTER FOREIGN TABLE (for HDFS or OBS)
            • ALTER FUNCTION
            • ALTER GROUP
            • ALTER INDEX
            • ALTER LARGE OBJECT
            • ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • ALTER PUBLICATION
            • ALTER REDACTION POLICY
            • ALTER RESOURCE POOL
            • ALTER ROLE
            • ALTER SUBSCRIPTION
            • ALTER ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • ALTER SCHEMA
            • ALTER SEQUENCE
            • ALTER SERVER
            • ALTER SESSION
            • ALTER SYNONYM
            • ALTER SYSTEM KILL SESSION
            • ALTER TABLE
            • ALTER TABLE PARTITION
            • ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • ALTER TRIGGER
            • ALTER TYPE
            • ALTER USER
            • ALTER VIEW
            • CLEAN CONNECTION
            • CLOSE
            • CLUSTER
            • COMMENT
            • CREATE BARRIER
            • CREATE BLOCK RULE
            • CREATE DATABASE
            • CREATE EXCEPT RULE
            • CREATE EXTERNAL SCHEMA
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (for GDS Import and Export)
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (SQL on OBS or Hadoop)
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (for OBS Import and Export)
            • CREATE FUNCTION
            • CREATE GROUP
            • CREATE INDEX
            • CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • CREATE PROCEDURE
            • CREATE PUBLICATION
            • CREATE REDACTION POLICY
            • CREATE ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • CREATE RESOURCE POOL
            • CREATE ROLE
            • CREATE SCHEMA
            • CREATE SEQUENCE
            • CREATE SERVER
            • CREATE SUBSCRIPTION
            • CREATE SYNONYM
            • CREATE TABLE
            • CREATE TABLE AS
            • CREATE TABLE PARTITION
            • CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • CREATE TRIGGER
            • CREATE TYPE
            • CREATE USER
            • CREATE VIEW
            • CURSOR
            • DISCARD
            • DROP BLOCK RULE
            • DROP DATABASE
            • DROP EXCEPT RULE
            • DROP FOREIGN TABLE
            • DROP FUNCTION
            • DROP GROUP
            • DROP INDEX
            • DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • DROP OWNED
            • DROP PUBLICATION
            • DROP REDACTION POLICY
            • DROP ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • DROP PROCEDURE
            • DROP RESOURCE POOL
            • DROP ROLE
            • DROP SCHEMA
            • DROP SEQUENCE
            • DROP SERVER
            • DROP SUBSCRIPTION
            • DROP SYNONYM
            • DROP TABLE
            • DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • DROP TRIGGER
            • DROP TYPE
            • DROP USER
            • DROP VIEW
            • FETCH
            • MOVE
            • REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • REINDEX
            • RENAME TABLE
            • RESET
            • SET
            • SET CONSTRAINTS
            • SET ROLE
            • SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
            • SHOW
            • TRUNCATE
            • VACUUM
          • DML Syntax
            • DML Syntax Overview
            • CALL
            • COPY
            • DELETE
            • EXPLAIN
            • EXPLAIN PLAN
            • LOCK
            • MERGE INTO
            • INSERT and UPSERT
              • INSERT
              • UPSERT
            • UPDATE
            • VALUES
          • DCL Syntax
            • DCL Syntax Overview
            • ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
            • ANALYZE | ANALYSE
            • DEALLOCATE
            • DO
            • EXECUTE
            • EXECUTE DIRECT
            • GRANT
            • PREPARE
            • REASSIGN OWNED
            • REVOKE
          • DQL Syntax
            • DQL Syntax Overview
            • SELECT
            • SELECT INTO
          • TCL Syntax
            • TCL Syntax Overview
            • ABORT
            • BEGIN
            • CHECKPOINT
            • COMMIT | END
            • COMMIT PREPARED
            • PREPARE TRANSACTION
            • SAVEPOINT
            • SET TRANSACTION
            • START TRANSACTION
            • ROLLBACK
            • RELEASE SAVEPOINT
            • ROLLBACK PREPARED
            • ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
        • Historical Versions
      • Tool Guide
        • Overview
        • Downloading Related Tools
        • gsql
          • Overview
          • Downloading the Client
          • Instruction
            • Using the Linux gsql Client to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the Windows gsql Client to Connect to a Cluster
            • Establishing Secure TCP/IP Connections in SSL Mode
          • Online Help
          • Command Reference
          • Meta-Command Reference
          • Troubleshooting
        • Data Studio
          • About Data Studio
            • Overview
            • Constraints and Limitations
            • System Requirements
            • Customizing Data Studio
          • Downloading and Installing the Data Studio Client
          • Configuring Data Studio
          • Configuring SSL Connection
          • Connection Management
          • Database Management
            • Database Management
            • Schema Management
            • Function/Procedure Management
            • Table Management
              • Creating a Regular Table
                • Defining a Regular Table
                • Managing Columns
                • Managing Constraints
                • Managing Indexes
              • Creating a Partitioned Table
              • Managing Table Data
              • Editing Temporary Tables
              • Creating a Foreign Table
            • View Management
            • Sequence Management
            • Users/Roles
          • SQL Terminal Management
            • Opening Multiple SQL Terminal Tabs
            • Managing the SQL Query Execution History
            • Opening and Saving SQL Scripts
            • Viewing Table Properties, PL/SQL Functions/Procedures on the SQL Terminal Page
            • Terminating an Ongoing SQL Query
            • Formatting of SQL Queries
            • Selecting a DB Object in the SQL Terminal
            • Viewing the Execution Plan and Costs
            • Viewing the Query Execution Plan and Cost Graphically
            • Working with SQL Terminals
            • Exporting Query Results
            • Managing Connections in the SQL Terminal
          • Security Management
          • Troubleshooting
          • FAQs
        • GDS
          • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
          • Stopping GDS
          • Example of Importing Data Using GDS
          • gds
          • gds_ctl.py
          • Handling Import Errors
        • DSC
          • About This Document
            • Intended Audience
            • Document Conventions
            • Third-party Licenses
          • Introduction to DSC
            • Overview
            • Operating Environment
          • Using DSC
            • Overview
            • Downloading and Installing DSC
            • Configuring DSC
              • DSC Configuration
              • Teradata SQL Configuration
              • Teradata Perl Configuration
              • MySQL Configuration
              • SQL Server Configuration
              • Oracle SQL Configuration
              • Netezza Configuration
            • Migration Process
              • Prerequisites
              • Preparations
              • Executing DSC
              • Viewing Output Files and Logs
              • Troubleshooting
            • Database Schema Conversion
              • Migration Parameters
              • Teradata SQL Migration
              • Teradata Perl Migration
              • MySQL SQL Migration
              • Oracle SQL Migration
              • Netezza SQL Migration
              • Verification
            • Version Command Migration
            • Help Command Migration
            • Log Reference
              • Overview
              • SQL Migration Logs
              • Perl Migration Logs
          • Teradata Syntax Migration
            • Supported Keywords and Features
            • Constraints and Limitations
            • Data Type
            • Functions and Operators
              • Analytical Functions
              • Math Functions
              • String Functions
              • Date and Time Functions
              • Comparison and List Operators
              • Table Operators
              • Query Optimization Operators
              • QUALIFY
              • ALIAS
              • FORMAT and CAST
              • Short Keys Migration
              • Migration of Object Names Starting with $
            • Migrating Tables
              • CREATE TABLE
              • CHARACTER SET and CASESPECIFIC
              • VOLATILE
              • SET
              • MULTISET
              • TITLE
              • Indexes
              • CONSTRAINT
              • COLUMN STORE
              • PARTITION
              • ANALYZE
              • Support for Specified Columns
            • Migrating Indexes
            • Migrating Views
            • COLLECT STATISTICS
            • ACCESS LOCK
            • DBC.COLUMNS
            • DBC.TABLES
            • DBC.INDICES
            • SHOW STATS VALUES SEQUENCED
            • COMMENT
            • Data Manipulation Language (DML)
              • INSERT
              • SELECT
              • UPDATE
              • DELETE
              • MERGE
              • NAMED
              • ACTIVITYCOUNT
              • TIMESTAMP
            • Type Casting and Formatting
            • BTEQ Utility Command
            • Teradata Formats
            • System Views
          • MySQL Syntax Migrating
            • Supported Keywords and Features
            • Data Types
              • Numeric Types
              • Date/Time Types
              • String Types
              • Spatial Data Types
              • LOB Types
              • Set Types
              • Boolean
              • Binary Types
              • JSON Types
            • Functions and Expressions
            • Table (Optional Parameters and Operations)
              • ALGORITHM
              • ALTER TABLE RENAME
              • AUTO_INCREMENT
              • AVG_ROW_LENGTH
              • BLOCK_SIZE
              • CHARSET
              • CHECKSUM
              • CLUSTERED KEY
              • COLLATE
              • COMMENT
              • CONNECTION
              • DEFAULT
              • DELAY_KEY_WRITE
              • DISTRIBUTE BY
              • DIRECTORY
              • ENGINE
              • FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS
              • IF NOT EXISTS
              • INDEX_ALL
              • INSERT_METHOD
              • KEY_BLOCK_SIZE
              • LOCK
              • MAX_ROWS
              • MIN_ROWS
              • PACK_KEYS
              • PARTITION BY
              • PASSWORD
              • ROW_FORMAT
              • STATS_AUTO_RECALC
              • STATS_PERSISTENT
              • STATS_SAMPLE_PAGES
              • UNION
              • WITH AS
              • CHANGE (Column Modification)
              • CHECK Constraint
              • DROP (Table Deletion)
              • LIKE (Table Cloning)
              • MODIFY (Modifying a Column)
              • TRUNCATE (Table Deletion)
              • ROUNDROBIN Table
              • RENAME (Table Renaming)
              • SET|DROP COLUMN DEFAULT VALUE
              • Renaming a Column
              • Row-Store/Column-Store Table Compression
              • Adding/Deleting a Column
            • Indexes
              • Unique Indexes
              • Normal and Prefix Indexes
              • Hash Indexes
              • B-tree Indexes
              • Spatial Indexes
              • Full-Text Indexes
              • Deleting an Index
              • Renaming an Index
            • Comment
            • Databases
            • Data Manipulation Language (DML)
              • INSERT
              • UPDATE
              • REPLACE
              • Quotation Marks
              • INTERVAL
              • Division Expressions
              • GROUP BY Conversion
              • ROLLUP
            • Transaction Management and Database Management
              • Transaction Management
              • Database Management
          • SQL-Server Syntax Migration
            • Migrating Tables
            • Migrating Data Types
          • Oracle Syntax Migration
            • Schema Objects
              • Tables
              • Temporary Tables
              • Global Temporary Tables
              • Indexes
              • Views
              • Sequences
              • PURGE
              • Database Keywords
            • COMPRESS Phrase
            • Bitmap Index
            • Custom Tablespace
            • Supplemental Log Data
            • LONG RAW
            • SYS_GUID
            • DML
            • Pseudo Columns
            • OUTER JOIN
            • OUTER QUERY (+)
            • CONNECT BY
            • System Functions
              • Date Functions
              • LOB Functions
              • String Functions
              • Analytical Functions
              • Regular Expression Functions
            • PL/SQL
            • PL/SQL Collections (Using User-Defined Types)
            • PL/SQL Packages
              • Packages
              • Package Variables
              • Splitting Packages
              • REF CURSOR
              • Creating a Schema for Package
            • VARRAY
            • Granting Execution Permissions
            • Package Name List
            • Data Type
          • Netezza Syntax Migration
            • Tables
            • PROCEDURE with RETURNS
            • Procedure
            • System Functions
            • Operator
            • DML
            • Unique Index
          • FAQs
          • Troubleshooting
          • Glossary
        • DataCheck
          • Introduction to DataCheck
            • Overview
            • Operating Environment
          • Basic Functions of DataCheck
          • Downloading and Installing DataCheck
          • Configuring DataCheck
            • Configuration of dbinfo.properties
            • Configuration of check_input.xlsx
          • Using DataCheck
        • DWS-Connector
          • DWS-Connector Version Description
          • dws-client
          • dws-connector-flink
            • Dependency
            • Stream API Job Type
            • Flink SQL Job Type
              • Introduction to Flink SQL
              • Source Table
              • Result Table
              • Dimension Table
        • Server Tools
          • gs_dump
          • gs_dumpall
          • gs_restore
          • gds_check
          • gds_install
          • gds_uninstall
          • gds_ctl
      • SDK Reference
        • SDK Overview
      • Troubleshooting
        • Database Connections
          • What Do I Do If gsql: command not found Is Displayed When I Run gsql to Connect to the Database?
          • Database Cannot Be Connected Using the gsql Client
          • An Error Indicating Too Many Client Connections Is Reported When a User Connects to a GaussDB(DWS) Database
          • Cluster IP Address Cannot Be Pinged/Accessed
          • Error "An I/O error occurred while sending to the backend" Is Reported During Service Execution
        • JDBC/ODBC
          • Locating JDBC Issues
          • Database Connection Fails
          • Service Execution Exceptions
          • Performance Issues
          • Function Support Issues
        • Data Import and Export
          • "ERROR: invalid byte sequence for encoding 'UTF8': 0x00" Is Reported When Data Is Imported to GaussDB(DWS) Using COPY FROM
          • Data Import and Export Faults with GDS
          • Failed to Create a GDS Foreign Table and An Error Is Reported Indicating that ROUNDROBIN Is Not Supported
          • When CDM Is Used to Import MySQL Data to GaussDB(DWS), the Column Length Exceeds the Threshold and Data Synchronization Fails
          • "Access Denied" Is Displayed When the SQL Statement for Creating an OBS Foreign Table Is Executed
          • Disk Usage Increases After Data Fails to Be Imported Using GDS
          • Error Message "out of memory" Is Displayed When GDS Is Used to Import Data
          • Error Message "connection failure error" Is Displayed During GDS Data Transmission
          • Data to Be Imported Contains Chinese When the DataArts Studio Service Is Used to Create a GaussDB(DWS) Foreign Table
        • Database Parameter Modification
          • How to Change a Database's Default Time Zone When the Database Time Is Different from the System Time
          • Error "Cannot get stream index, maybe comm_max_stream is not enough" Is Reported
          • SQL Execution Fails With the Error Message "canceling statement due to statement timeout" Reported
        • Account/Permission/Password
          • How Do I Unlock an Account?
          • Account Still Locked After Password Resetting
          • After the Permission for Querying Tables in a Schema Is Granted to a User, the User Still Cannot Query the Tables
          • How Do I Revoke the Permission of a User If grant select on table t1 to public Has Been Executed on a Table
          • An Error Message Is Displayed When a Common User Executes the Statement for Creating or Deleting a GDS or OBS Foreign Table, Indicating that the User Does Not Have the Permission or the Permission Is Insufficient
          • After the all Permission Is Granted to the Schema of a User, the Error Message "ERROR: current user does not have privilege to role tom" Persists During Table Creation
          • An Error Message Is Reported During Statement Execution, Indicating that the User Does Not Have the Required Permission
          • A User Cannot Be Deleted Due to Its Dependencies
        • Cluster Performance
          • Lock Wait Detection
          • During SQL Execution, a Table Deadlock Occurs and An Error Stating LOCK_WAIT_TIMEOUT Is Reported
          • Error "abort transaction due to concurrent update" Is Reported During SQL Execution
          • Solution to High Disk Usage and Cluster Read-Only
          • SQL Execution Is Slow with Low Performance and Sometimes Does Not End After a Long Period of Time
          • Data Skew Causes Slow SQL Statement Execution and Operations Fail on Large Tables
          • Table Size Does not Change After VACUUM FULL Is Executed on the Table
          • VACUUM Is Executed After Table Data Deletion, But the Space Is Not Released
          • Error "lock wait timeout" Is Reported When VACUUM FULL Is Executed
          • Slow VACUUM FULL Execution
          • Table Bloating Causes Slow SQL Query and Failed Data Loading on the GUI
          • Memory Overflow Occurs in a Cluster
          • Statements with User-defined Functions Cannot Be Pushed Down
          • Column-Store Tables Cannot Be Updated or Table Bloat Occurs
          • Table Bloat Occurs After Data Is Inserted into a Column-Store Table for Multiple Times
          • Writing Data to GaussDB(DWS) Is Slow and Client Data Is Stacked
          • Low Query Efficiency
          • Poor Query Performance Due to the Lack of Statistics
          • Execution of SQL Statements Is Slow Due to Nested Loops in Execution Plans
          • SQL Query Is Slow Because Partitions Are Not Pruned
          • Optimizer Uses Nested Loop Due to the Small Estimated Number of Rows and the Performance Deteriorates
          • SQL Statements Contain the in Constant and No Result Is Returned After SQL Statement Execution
          • Performance of Single-Table Point Query Is Poor
          • CCN Queuing Under Dynamic Load Management
          • Performance Deterioration Due to Data Bloat
          • Slow Performance Caused by Too Many Small CUs in Column Storage
          • Reducing I/O Usage
          • Tuning Systems with High CPU Usage
          • Reducing Memory Usage
        • Cluster Exceptions
          • The Disk Usage Alarm Is Frequently Generated
        • Database Use
          • An Error Is Reported When Data Is Inserted or Updated, Indicating that the Distribution Key Cannot Be Updated
          • "value too long for type character varying" Is Displayed When VARCHAR(n) Stores Chinese Characters
          • Case Sensitivity in SQL Statements
          • cannot drop table test because other objects depend on it Is Displayed When a Table Is Deleted
          • Failed to Execute MERGE INTO UPDATE for Multiple Tables
          • JDBC Error Occurs Due to session_timeout Settings
          • DROP TABLE Fails to Be Executed
          • Execution Results of the string_agg Function Are Inconsistent
          • Error "could not open relation with OID xxxx" Is Reported During Table Size Query
          • DROP TABLE IF EXISTS Syntax Misuse
          • Different Data Is Displayed for the Same Table Queried By Multiple Users
          • When a User Specifies Only an Index Name to Modify the Index, A Message Indicating That the Index Does Not Exist Is Displayed
          • An Error Is Displayed Indicating Schema Already Exists When Executing CREATE SCHEMA Statement
          • Failed to Delete a Database and an Error Is Reported Indicating that a Session Is Connected to the Database
          • Byte Type Is Returned After a Table Column of the Character Type Is Read in Java
          • "ERROR:start value of partition 'XX' NOT EQUAL up-boundary of last partition." Is Displayed When Operations Related to Table Partitions Are Performed
          • Reindexing Fails
          • A View Failed to Be Queried
          • Global SQL Query
          • How Do I Determine Whether UPDATE or DELETE Has Been Executed on a Table?
          • "Can't fit xid into page" Is Reported
          • "unable to get a stable set of rows in the source table" Is Reported
          • GaussDB(DWS) Metadata Inconsistency - Abnormal Partition Index
          • An Error Is Reported When the TRUNCATE Command Is Executed on the System Table gs_wlm_session_info
          • "inserted partition key does not map to any table partition" Is Reported When Data Is Inserted into a Partitioned Table
          • Error upper boundary of adding partition MUST overtop last existing partition Is Reported When a New Partition Is Added to a Range Partitioned Table
          • Error Reported During Table Query: "missing chunk number %d for toast value %u in pg_toast_XXXX"
          • When Inserting Data Into a Table, An Error Is Reported: "duplicate key value violates unique constraint "%s""
          • Error could not determine which collation to use for string hashing Reported During Service Execution
          • When the ODBC Driver of GaussDB(DWS) Is Used, Content of Fields of the Character Type in the SQL Query Result Is Truncated
          • Execution Plan Scan Hints Do Not Take Effect
          • Error "invalid input syntax for xxx" Is Reported During Data Type Conversion
          • Error UNION types %s and %s cannot be matched Is Reported
          • "ERROR: Non-deterministic UPDATE" Is Reported During Update
          • Error Reported During Data Insertion: null value in column ' %s' violates not-null constraint
          • Error "unable to get a stable set of rows in the source table"
          • Query Results Are Inconsistent in Oracle, Teradata, and MySQL Compatibility Modes
      • Videos
      • Performance White Paper
        • Performance White Paper (9.1.0.x)
          • 9.1.0 Performance Test
          • 9.1.0 Test Conclusion
            • Performance Overview
          • TPC-H Performance Test
            • TPC-H Test Result
            • TPC-H Test Environment
            • TPC-H Test Process
              • TPC-H Test Data
              • TPC-H Data Generation
              • Creating a Table and Importing TPC-H Data
              • TPC-H Query Test
          • TPC-DS Performance Test
            • TPC-DS Test Result
            • TPC-DS Test Environment
            • TPC-DS Test Process
              • TPC-DS Test Data
              • TPC-DS Data Generation
              • Creating a Table and Importing TPC-DS Data
              • TPC-DS Query Test
          • SSB Performance Test
            • SSB Test Result
            • SSB Test Environment
            • SSB Test Process
              • SSB Test Data
              • SSB Data Generation
              • Creating a Table and Importing SSB Data
              • SSB Query Test
        • Performance White Paper (8.1.3.x)
          • Overview
          • Test Result
            • TPC-H Single Query Test
            • TPC-DS Single Query Test
          • Test Methods
            • Overall Process
            • Creating an ECS and a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
              • Creating an ECS
              • Creating a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster
            • Constructing Data for TPC-H and TPC-DS Tests
              • Preparing Tools for the Data Construction
              • TPC-H Data Construction
              • TPC-DS Data Construction
            • Table Creation and Data Import
              • Importing Data Using GDS
                • Installing and Starting GDS
                • Using gsql to Connect to GaussDB(DWS)
                • Creating a GDS Foreign Table and Importing TPC-H Data
                • Creating a GDS Foreign Table and Importing TPC-DS Data
            • Performing Queries and Collecting Results
              • Using Shell Scripts to Automatically Execute Queries and Collect Results
          • Appendixes
            • TPC-H Test Sets
            • TPC-DS Test Sets
      • Error Code Reference
        • Management Console Error Code
          • Management Console Error Code
        • 8.2.0 and earlier versions
          • Management Console Error Code
          • Data Warehouse Service Error Codes
            • Description of SQL Error Codes
            • Third-Party Library Error Codes
            • GAUSS-00001 -- GAUSS-00100
              • GAUSS-00001 -- GAUSS-00010
              • GAUSS-00011 -- GAUSS-00020
              • GAUSS-00021 -- GAUSS-00030
              • GAUSS-00031 -- GAUSS-00040
              • GAUSS-00041 -- GAUSS-00050
              • GAUSS-00051 -- GAUSS-00060
              • GAUSS-00061 -- GAUSS-00070
              • GAUSS-00071 -- GAUSS-00080
              • GAUSS-00081 -- GAUSS-00090
              • GAUSS-00091 -- GAUSS-00100
            • GAUSS-00101 -- GAUSS-00200
              • GAUSS-00101 -- GAUSS-00110
              • GAUSS-00111 -- GAUSS-00120
              • GAUSS-00121 -- GAUSS-00130
              • GAUSS-00131 -- GAUSS-00140
              • GAUSS-00141 -- GAUSS-00150
              • GAUSS-00151 -- GAUSS-00160
              • GAUSS-00161 -- GAUSS-00170
              • GAUSS-00171 -- GAUSS-00180
              • GAUSS-00181 -- GAUSS-00190
              • GAUSS-00191 -- GAUSS-00200
            • GAUSS-00201 -- GAUSS-00300
              • GAUSS-00201 -- GAUSS-00210
              • GAUSS-00211 -- GAUSS-00220
              • GAUSS-00221 -- GAUSS-00230
              • GAUSS-00231 -- GAUSS-00240
              • GAUSS-00241 -- GAUSS-00250
              • GAUSS-00251 -- GAUSS-00260
              • GAUSS-00261 -- GAUSS-00270
              • GAUSS-00271 -- GAUSS-00280
              • GAUSS-00281 -- GAUSS-00290
              • GAUSS-00291 -- GAUSS-00300
            • GAUSS-00301 -- GAUSS-00400
              • GAUSS-00301 -- GAUSS-00310
              • GAUSS-00311 -- GAUSS-00320
              • GAUSS-00321 -- GAUSS-00330
              • GAUSS-00331 -- GAUSS-00340
              • GAUSS-00341 -- GAUSS-00350
              • GAUSS-00351 -- GAUSS-00360
              • GAUSS-00361 -- GAUSS-00370
              • GAUSS-00371 -- GAUSS-00380
              • GAUSS-00381 -- GAUSS-00390
              • GAUSS-00391 -- GAUSS-00400
            • GAUSS-00401 -- GAUSS-00500
              • GAUSS-00401 -- GAUSS-00410
              • GAUSS-00411 -- GAUSS-00420
              • GAUSS-00421 -- GAUSS-00430
              • GAUSS-00431 -- GAUSS-00440
              • GAUSS-00441 -- GAUSS-00450
              • GAUSS-00451 -- GAUSS-00460
              • GAUSS-00461 -- GAUSS-00470
              • GAUSS-00471 -- GAUSS-00480
              • GAUSS-00481 -- GAUSS-00490
              • GAUSS-00491 -- GAUSS-00500
            • GAUSS-00501 -- GAUSS-00600
              • GAUSS-00501 -- GAUSS-00510
              • GAUSS-00511 -- GAUSS-00520
              • GAUSS-00521 -- GAUSS-00530
              • GAUSS-00531 -- GAUSS-00540
              • GAUSS-00541 -- GAUSS-00550
              • GAUSS-00551 -- GAUSS-00560
              • GAUSS-00561 -- GAUSS-00570
              • GAUSS-00571 -- GAUSS-00580
              • GAUSS-00581 -- GAUSS-00590
              • GAUSS-00591 -- GAUSS-00600
            • GAUSS-00601 -- GAUSS-00700
              • GAUSS-00601 -- GAUSS-00610
              • GAUSS-00611 -- GAUSS-00620
              • GAUSS-00621 -- GAUSS-00630
              • GAUSS-00631 -- GAUSS-00640
              • GAUSS-00641 -- GAUSS-00650
              • GAUSS-00651 -- GAUSS-00660
              • GAUSS-00661 -- GAUSS-00670
              • GAUSS-00671 -- GAUSS-00680
              • GAUSS-00681 -- GAUSS-00690
              • GAUSS-00691 -- GAUSS-00700
            • GAUSS-00701 -- GAUSS-00800
              • GAUSS-00701 -- GAUSS-00710
              • GAUSS-00711 -- GAUSS-00720
              • GAUSS-00721 -- GAUSS-00730
              • GAUSS-00731 -- GAUSS-00740
              • GAUSS-00741 -- GAUSS-00750
              • GAUSS-00751 -- GAUSS-00760
              • GAUSS-00761 -- GAUSS-00770
              • GAUSS-00771 -- GAUSS-00780
              • GAUSS-00781 -- GAUSS-00790
              • GAUSS-00791 -- GAUSS-00800
            • GAUSS-00801 -- GAUSS-00900
              • GAUSS-00801 -- GAUSS-00810
              • GAUSS-00811 -- GAUSS-00820
              • GAUSS-00821 -- GAUSS-00830
              • GAUSS-00831 -- GAUSS-00840
              • GAUSS-00841 -- GAUSS-00850
              • GAUSS-00851 -- GAUSS-00860
              • GAUSS-00861 -- GAUSS-00870
              • GAUSS-00871 -- GAUSS-00880
              • GAUSS-00881 -- GAUSS-00890
              • GAUSS-00891 -- GAUSS-00900
            • GAUSS-00901 -- GAUSS-01000
              • GAUSS-00901 -- GAUSS-00910
              • GAUSS-00911 -- GAUSS-00920
              • GAUSS-00921 -- GAUSS-00930
              • GAUSS-00931 -- GAUSS-00940
              • GAUSS-00941 -- GAUSS-00950
              • GAUSS-00951 -- GAUSS-00960
              • GAUSS-00961 -- GAUSS-00970
              • GAUSS-00971 -- GAUSS-00980
              • GAUSS-00981 -- GAUSS-00990
              • GAUSS-00991 -- GAUSS-01000
            • GAUSS-01001 -- GAUSS-01100
              • GAUSS-01001 -- GAUSS-01010
              • GAUSS-01011 -- GAUSS-01020
              • GAUSS-01021 -- GAUSS-01030
              • GAUSS-01031 -- GAUSS-01040
              • GAUSS-01041 -- GAUSS-01050
              • GAUSS-01051 -- GAUSS-01060
              • GAUSS-01061 -- GAUSS-01070
              • GAUSS-01071 -- GAUSS-01080
              • GAUSS-01081 -- GAUSS-01090
              • GAUSS-01091 -- GAUSS-01100
            • GAUSS-01101 -- GAUSS-01200
              • GAUSS-01101 -- GAUSS-01110
              • GAUSS-01111 -- GAUSS-01120
              • GAUSS-01121 -- GAUSS-01130
              • GAUSS-01131 -- GAUSS-01140
              • GAUSS-01141 -- GAUSS-01150
              • GAUSS-01151 -- GAUSS-01160
              • GAUSS-01161 -- GAUSS-01170
              • GAUSS-01171 -- GAUSS-01180
              • GAUSS-01181 -- GAUSS-01190
              • GAUSS-01191 -- GAUSS-01200
            • GAUSS-01201 -- GAUSS-01300
              • GAUSS-01201 -- GAUSS-01210
              • GAUSS-01211 -- GAUSS-01220
              • GAUSS-01221 -- GAUSS-01230
              • GAUSS-01231 -- GAUSS-01240
              • GAUSS-01241 -- GAUSS-01250
              • GAUSS-01251 -- GAUSS-01260
              • GAUSS-01261 -- GAUSS-01270
              • GAUSS-01271 -- GAUSS-01280
              • GAUSS-01281 -- GAUSS-01290
              • GAUSS-01291 -- GAUSS-01300
            • GAUSS-01301 -- GAUSS-01400
              • GAUSS-01301 -- GAUSS-01310
              • GAUSS-01311 -- GAUSS-01320
              • GAUSS-01321 -- GAUSS-01330
              • GAUSS-01331 -- GAUSS-01340
              • GAUSS-01341 -- GAUSS-01350
              • GAUSS-01351 -- GAUSS-01360
              • GAUSS-01361 -- GAUSS-01370
              • GAUSS-01371 -- GAUSS-01380
              • GAUSS-01381 -- GAUSS-01390
              • GAUSS-01391 -- GAUSS-01400
            • GAUSS-01401 -- GAUSS-01500
              • GAUSS-01401 -- GAUSS-01410
              • GAUSS-01411 -- GAUSS-01420
              • GAUSS-01421 -- GAUSS-01430
              • GAUSS-01431 -- GAUSS-01440
              • GAUSS-01441 -- GAUSS-01450
              • GAUSS-01451 -- GAUSS-01460
              • GAUSS-01461 -- GAUSS-01470
              • GAUSS-01471 -- GAUSS-01480
              • GAUSS-01481 -- GAUSS-01490
              • GAUSS-01491 -- GAUSS-01500
            • GAUSS-01501 -- GAUSS-01600
              • GAUSS-01501 -- GAUSS-01510
              • GAUSS-01511 -- GAUSS-01520
              • GAUSS-01521 -- GAUSS-01530
              • GAUSS-01531 -- GAUSS-01540
              • GAUSS-01541 -- GAUSS-01550
              • GAUSS-01551 -- GAUSS-01560
              • GAUSS-01561 -- GAUSS-01570
              • GAUSS-01571 -- GAUSS-01580
              • GAUSS-01581 -- GAUSS-01590
              • GAUSS-01591 -- GAUSS-01600
            • GAUSS-01601 -- GAUSS-01700
              • GAUSS-01601 -- GAUSS-01610
              • GAUSS-01611 -- GAUSS-01620
              • GAUSS-01621 -- GAUSS-01630
              • GAUSS-01631 -- GAUSS-01640
              • GAUSS-01641 -- GAUSS-01650
              • GAUSS-01651 -- GAUSS-01660
              • GAUSS-01661 -- GAUSS-01670
              • GAUSS-01671 -- GAUSS-01680
              • GAUSS-01681 -- GAUSS-01690
              • GAUSS-01691 -- GAUSS-01700
            • GAUSS-01701 -- GAUSS-01800
              • GAUSS-01701 -- GAUSS-01710
              • GAUSS-01711 -- GAUSS-01720
              • GAUSS-01721 -- GAUSS-01730
              • GAUSS-01731 -- GAUSS-01740
              • GAUSS-01741 -- GAUSS-01750
              • GAUSS-01751 -- GAUSS-01760
              • GAUSS-01761 -- GAUSS-01770
              • GAUSS-01771 -- GAUSS-01780
              • GAUSS-01781 -- GAUSS-01790
              • GAUSS-01791 -- GAUSS-01800
            • GAUSS-01801 -- GAUSS-01900
              • GAUSS-01801 -- GAUSS-01810
              • GAUSS-01811 -- GAUSS-01820
              • GAUSS-01821 -- GAUSS-01830
              • GAUSS-01831 -- GAUSS-01840
              • GAUSS-01841 -- GAUSS-01850
              • GAUSS-01851 -- GAUSS-01860
              • GAUSS-01861 -- GAUSS-01870
              • GAUSS-01871 -- GAUSS-01880
              • GAUSS-01881 -- GAUSS-01890
              • GAUSS-01891 -- GAUSS-01900
            • GAUSS-01901 -- GAUSS-02000
              • GAUSS-01901 -- GAUSS-01910
              • GAUSS-01911 -- GAUSS-01920
              • GAUSS-01921 -- GAUSS-01930
              • GAUSS-01931 -- GAUSS-01940
              • GAUSS-01941 -- GAUSS-01950
              • GAUSS-01951 -- GAUSS-01960
              • GAUSS-01961 -- GAUSS-01970
              • GAUSS-01971 -- GAUSS-01980
              • GAUSS-01981 -- GAUSS-01990
              • GAUSS-01991 -- GAUSS-02000
            • GAUSS-02001 -- GAUSS-02100
              • GAUSS-02001 -- GAUSS-02010
              • GAUSS-02011 -- GAUSS-02020
              • GAUSS-02021 -- GAUSS-02030
              • GAUSS-02031 -- GAUSS-02040
              • GAUSS-02041 -- GAUSS-02050
              • GAUSS-02051 -- GAUSS-02060
              • GAUSS-02061 -- GAUSS-02070
              • GAUSS-02071 -- GAUSS-02080
              • GAUSS-02081 -- GAUSS-02090
              • GAUSS-02091 -- GAUSS-02100
            • GAUSS-02101 -- GAUSS-02200
              • GAUSS-02101 -- GAUSS-02110
              • GAUSS-02111 -- GAUSS-02120
              • GAUSS-02121 -- GAUSS-02130
              • GAUSS-02131 -- GAUSS-02140
              • GAUSS-02141 -- GAUSS-02150
              • GAUSS-02151 -- GAUSS-02160
              • GAUSS-02161 -- GAUSS-02170
              • GAUSS-02171 -- GAUSS-02180
              • GAUSS-02181 -- GAUSS-02190
              • GAUSS-02191 -- GAUSS-02200
            • GAUSS-02201 -- GAUSS-02300
              • GAUSS-02201 -- GAUSS-02210
              • GAUSS-02211 -- GAUSS-02220
              • GAUSS-02221 -- GAUSS-02230
              • GAUSS-02231 -- GAUSS-02240
              • GAUSS-02241 -- GAUSS-02250
              • GAUSS-02251 -- GAUSS-02260
              • GAUSS-02261 -- GAUSS-02270
              • GAUSS-02271 -- GAUSS-02280
              • GAUSS-02281 -- GAUSS-02290
              • GAUSS-02291 -- GAUSS-02300
            • GAUSS-02301 -- GAUSS-02400
              • GAUSS-02301 -- GAUSS-02310
              • GAUSS-02311 -- GAUSS-02320
              • GAUSS-02321 -- GAUSS-02330
              • GAUSS-02331 -- GAUSS-02340
              • GAUSS-02341 -- GAUSS-02350
              • GAUSS-02351 -- GAUSS-02360
              • GAUSS-02361 -- GAUSS-02370
              • GAUSS-02371 -- GAUSS-02380
              • GAUSS-02381 -- GAUSS-02390
              • GAUSS-02391 -- GAUSS-02400
            • GAUSS-02401 -- GAUSS-02500
              • GAUSS-02401 -- GAUSS-02410
              • GAUSS-02411 -- GAUSS-02420
              • GAUSS-02421 -- GAUSS-02430
              • GAUSS-02431 -- GAUSS-02440
              • GAUSS-02441 -- GAUSS-02450
              • GAUSS-02451 -- GAUSS-02460
              • GAUSS-02461 -- GAUSS-02470
              • GAUSS-02471 -- GAUSS-02480
              • GAUSS-02481 -- GAUSS-02490
              • GAUSS-02491 -- GAUSS-02500
            • GAUSS-02501 -- GAUSS-02600
              • GAUSS-02501 -- GAUSS-02510
              • GAUSS-02511 -- GAUSS-02520
              • GAUSS-02521 -- GAUSS-02530
              • GAUSS-02531 -- GAUSS-02540
              • GAUSS-02541 -- GAUSS-02550
              • GAUSS-02551 -- GAUSS-02560
              • GAUSS-02561 -- GAUSS-02570
              • GAUSS-02571 -- GAUSS-02580
              • GAUSS-02581 -- GAUSS-02590
              • GAUSS-02591 -- GAUSS-02600
            • GAUSS-02601 -- GAUSS-02700
              • GAUSS-02601 -- GAUSS-02610
              • GAUSS-02611 -- GAUSS-02620
              • GAUSS-02621 -- GAUSS-02630
              • GAUSS-02631 -- GAUSS-02640
              • GAUSS-02641 -- GAUSS-02650
              • GAUSS-02651 -- GAUSS-02660
              • GAUSS-02661 -- GAUSS-02670
              • GAUSS-02671 -- GAUSS-02680
              • GAUSS-02681 -- GAUSS-02690
              • GAUSS-02691 -- GAUSS-02700
            • GAUSS-02701 -- GAUSS-02800
              • GAUSS-02701 -- GAUSS-02710
              • GAUSS-02711 -- GAUSS-02720
              • GAUSS-02721 -- GAUSS-02730
              • GAUSS-02731 -- GAUSS-02740
              • GAUSS-02741 -- GAUSS-02750
              • GAUSS-02761 -- GAUSS-02770
              • GAUSS-02771 -- GAUSS-02780
              • GAUSS-02781 -- GAUSS-02790
              • GAUSS-02791 -- GAUSS-02800
            • GAUSS-02801 -- GAUSS-02900
              • GAUSS-02801 -- GAUSS-02810
              • GAUSS-02811 -- GAUSS-02820
              • GAUSS-02821 -- GAUSS-02830
              • GAUSS-02831 -- GAUSS-02840
              • GAUSS-02841 -- GAUSS-02850
              • GAUSS-02851 -- GAUSS-02860
              • GAUSS-02861 -- GAUSS-02870
              • GAUSS-02871 -- GAUSS-02880
              • GAUSS-02881 -- GAUSS-02890
              • GAUSS-02891 -- GAUSS-02900
            • GAUSS-02901 -- GAUSS-03000
              • GAUSS-02901 -- GAUSS-02910
              • GAUSS-02911 -- GAUSS-02920
              • GAUSS-02921 -- GAUSS-02930
              • GAUSS-02931 -- GAUSS-02940
              • GAUSS-02941 -- GAUSS-02950
              • GAUSS-02951 -- GAUSS-02960
              • GAUSS-02961 -- GAUSS-02970
              • GAUSS-02971 -- GAUSS-02980
              • GAUSS-02981 -- GAUSS-02990
              • GAUSS-02991 -- GAUSS-03000
            • GAUSS-03001 -- GAUSS-03100
              • GAUSS-03001 -- GAUSS-03010
              • GAUSS-03011 -- GAUSS-03020
              • GAUSS-03021 -- GAUSS-03030
              • GAUSS-03031 -- GAUSS-03040
              • GAUSS-03041 -- GAUSS-03050
              • GAUSS-03051 -- GAUSS-03060
              • GAUSS-03061 -- GAUSS-03070
              • GAUSS-03071 -- GAUSS-03080
              • GAUSS-03081 -- GAUSS-03090
              • GAUSS-03091 -- GAUSS-03100
            • GAUSS-03101 -- GAUSS-03200
              • GAUSS-03101 -- GAUSS-03110
              • GAUSS-03111 -- GAUSS-03120
              • GAUSS-03121 -- GAUSS-03130
              • GAUSS-03131 -- GAUSS-03140
              • GAUSS-03141 -- GAUSS-03150
              • GAUSS-03151 -- GAUSS-03160
              • GAUSS-03161 -- GAUSS-03170
              • GAUSS-03171 -- GAUSS-03180
              • GAUSS-03181 -- GAUSS-03190
              • GAUSS-03191 -- GAUSS-03200
            • GAUSS-03201 -- GAUSS-03300
              • GAUSS-03201 -- GAUSS-03210
              • GAUSS-03211 -- GAUSS-03220
              • GAUSS-03221 -- GAUSS-03230
              • GAUSS-03231 -- GAUSS-03240
              • GAUSS-03241 -- GAUSS-03250
              • GAUSS-03251 -- GAUSS-03260
              • GAUSS-03261 -- GAUSS-03270
              • GAUSS-03271 -- GAUSS-03280
              • GAUSS-03281 -- GAUSS-03290
              • GAUSS-03291 -- GAUSS-03300
            • GAUSS-03301 -- GAUSS-03400
              • GAUSS-03301 -- GAUSS-03310
              • GAUSS-03311 -- GAUSS-03320
              • GAUSS-03321 -- GAUSS-03330
              • GAUSS-03331 -- GAUSS-03340
              • GAUSS-03341 -- GAUSS-03350
              • GAUSS-03351 -- GAUSS-03360
              • GAUSS-03361 -- GAUSS-03370
              • GAUSS-03371 -- GAUSS-03380
              • GAUSS-03381 -- GAUSS-03390
              • GAUSS-03391 -- GAUSS-03400
            • GAUSS-03401 -- GAUSS-03500
              • GAUSS-03401 -- GAUSS-03410
              • GAUSS-03411 -- GAUSS-03420
              • GAUSS-03421 -- GAUSS-03430
              • GAUSS-03431 -- GAUSS-03440
              • GAUSS-03441 -- GAUSS-03450
              • GAUSS-03451 -- GAUSS-03460
              • GAUSS-03461 -- GAUSS-03470
              • GAUSS-03471 -- GAUSS-03480
              • GAUSS-03481 -- GAUSS-03490
              • GAUSS-03491 -- GAUSS-03500
            • GAUSS-03501 -- GAUSS-03600
              • GAUSS-03501 -- GAUSS-03510
              • GAUSS-03511 -- GAUSS-03520
              • GAUSS-03521 -- GAUSS-03530
              • GAUSS-03531 -- GAUSS-03540
              • GAUSS-03541 -- GAUSS-03550
              • GAUSS-03551 -- GAUSS-03560
              • GAUSS-03561 -- GAUSS-03570
              • GAUSS-03571 -- GAUSS-03580
              • GAUSS-03581 -- GAUSS-03590
              • GAUSS-03591 -- GAUSS-03600
            • GAUSS-03601 -- GAUSS-03700
              • GAUSS-03601 -- GAUSS-03610
              • GAUSS-03611 -- GAUSS-03620
              • GAUSS-03621 -- GAUSS-03630
              • GAUSS-03631 -- GAUSS-03640
              • GAUSS-03641 -- GAUSS-03650
              • GAUSS-03651 -- GAUSS-03660
              • GAUSS-03661 -- GAUSS-03670
              • GAUSS-03671 -- GAUSS-03680
              • GAUSS-03681 -- GAUSS-03690
              • GAUSS-03691 -- GAUSS-03700
            • GAUSS-03701 -- GAUSS-03800
              • GAUSS-03701 -- GAUSS-03710
              • GAUSS-03711 -- GAUSS-03720
              • GAUSS-03721 -- GAUSS-03730
              • GAUSS-03731 -- GAUSS-03740
              • GAUSS-03741 -- GAUSS-03750
              • GAUSS-03751 -- GAUSS-03760
              • GAUSS-03761 -- GAUSS-03770
              • GAUSS-03771 -- GAUSS-03780
              • GAUSS-03781 -- GAUSS-03790
              • GAUSS-03791 -- GAUSS-03800
            • GAUSS-03801 -- GAUSS-03900
              • GAUSS-03801 -- GAUSS-03810
              • GAUSS-03811 -- GAUSS-03820
              • GAUSS-03821 -- GAUSS-03830
              • GAUSS-03831 -- GAUSS-03840
              • GAUSS-03841 -- GAUSS-03850
              • GAUSS-03851 -- GAUSS-03860
              • GAUSS-03861 -- GAUSS-03870
              • GAUSS-03871 -- GAUSS-03880
              • GAUSS-03881 -- GAUSS-03890
              • GAUSS-03891 -- GAUSS-03900
            • GAUSS-03901 -- GAUSS-04000
              • GAUSS-03901 -- GAUSS-03910
              • GAUSS-03911 -- GAUSS-03920
              • GAUSS-03921 -- GAUSS-03930
              • GAUSS-03931 -- GAUSS-03940
              • GAUSS-03941 -- GAUSS-03950
              • GAUSS-03951 -- GAUSS-03960
              • GAUSS-03961 -- GAUSS-03970
              • GAUSS-03971 -- GAUSS-03980
              • GAUSS-03981 -- GAUSS-03990
              • GAUSS-03991 -- GAUSS-04000
            • GAUSS-04001 -- GAUSS-04100
              • GAUSS-04001 -- GAUSS-04010
              • GAUSS-04011 -- GAUSS-04020
              • GAUSS-04021 -- GAUSS-04030
              • GAUSS-04031 -- GAUSS-04040
              • GAUSS-04041 -- GAUSS-04050
              • GAUSS-04051 -- GAUSS-04060
              • GAUSS-04061 -- GAUSS-04070
              • GAUSS-04071 -- GAUSS-04080
              • GAUSS-04081 -- GAUSS-04090
              • GAUSS-04091 -- GAUSS-04100
            • GAUSS-04101 -- GAUSS-04200
              • GAUSS-04101 -- GAUSS-04110
              • GAUSS-04111 -- GAUSS-04120
              • GAUSS-04121 -- GAUSS-04130
              • GAUSS-04131 -- GAUSS-04140
              • GAUSS-04141 -- GAUSS-04150
              • GAUSS-04151 -- GAUSS-04160
              • GAUSS-04161 -- GAUSS-04170
              • GAUSS-04171 -- GAUSS-04180
              • GAUSS-04181 -- GAUSS-04190
              • GAUSS-04191 -- GAUSS-04200
            • GAUSS-04201 -- GAUSS-04300
              • GAUSS-04201 -- GAUSS-04210
              • GAUSS-04211 -- GAUSS-04220
              • GAUSS-04221 -- GAUSS-04230
              • GAUSS-04231 -- GAUSS-04240
              • GAUSS-04241 -- GAUSS-04250
              • GAUSS-04251 -- GAUSS-04260
              • GAUSS-04261 -- GAUSS-04270
              • GAUSS-04271 -- GAUSS-04280
              • GAUSS-04281 -- GAUSS-04290
              • GAUSS-04291 -- GAUSS-04300
            • GAUSS-04301 -- GAUSS-04400
              • GAUSS-04301 -- GAUSS-04310
              • GAUSS-04311 -- GAUSS-04320
              • GAUSS-04321 -- GAUSS-04330
              • GAUSS-04331 -- GAUSS-04340
              • GAUSS-04341 -- GAUSS-04350
              • GAUSS-04351 -- GAUSS-04360
              • GAUSS-04361 -- GAUSS-04370
              • GAUSS-04371 -- GAUSS-04380
              • GAUSS-04381 -- GAUSS-04390
              • GAUSS-04391 -- GAUSS-04400
            • GAUSS-04401 -- GAUSS-04500
              • GAUSS-04401 -- GAUSS-04410
              • GAUSS-04411 -- GAUSS-04420
              • GAUSS-04421 -- GAUSS-04430
              • GAUSS-04431 -- GAUSS-04440
              • GAUSS-04441 -- GAUSS-04450
              • GAUSS-04451 -- GAUSS-04460
              • GAUSS-04461 -- GAUSS-04470
              • GAUSS-04471 -- GAUSS-04480
              • GAUSS-04481 -- GAUSS-04490
              • GAUSS-04491 -- GAUSS-04500
            • GAUSS-04501 -- GAUSS-04600
              • GAUSS-04501 -- GAUSS-04510
              • GAUSS-04511 -- GAUSS-04520
              • GAUSS-04521 -- GAUSS-04530
              • GAUSS-04531 -- GAUSS-04540
              • GAUSS-04541 -- GAUSS-04550
              • GAUSS-04551 -- GAUSS-04560
              • GAUSS-04561 -- GAUSS-04570
              • GAUSS-04571 -- GAUSS-04580
              • GAUSS-04581 -- GAUSS-04590
              • GAUSS-04591 -- GAUSS-04600
            • GAUSS-04601 -- GAUSS-04700
              • GAUSS-04601 -- GAUSS-04610
              • GAUSS-04611 -- GAUSS-04620
              • GAUSS-04621 -- GAUSS-04630
              • GAUSS-04631 -- GAUSS-04640
              • GAUSS-04641 -- GAUSS-04650
              • GAUSS-04651 -- GAUSS-04660
              • GAUSS-04661 -- GAUSS-04670
              • GAUSS-04671 -- GAUSS-04680
              • GAUSS-04681 -- GAUSS-04690
              • GAUSS-04691 -- GAUSS-04700
            • GAUSS-04701 -- GAUSS-04800
              • GAUSS-04701 -- GAUSS-04710
              • GAUSS-04711 -- GAUSS-04720
              • GAUSS-04721 -- GAUSS-04730
              • GAUSS-04731 -- GAUSS-04740
              • GAUSS-04741 -- GAUSS-04750
              • GAUSS-04751 -- GAUSS-04760
              • GAUSS-04761 -- GAUSS-04770
              • GAUSS-04771 -- GAUSS-04780
              • GAUSS-04781 -- GAUSS-04790
            • GAUSS-04901 -- GAUSS-04999
              • GAUSS-04921 -- GAUSS-04930
              • GAUSS-04931 -- GAUSS-04940
            • GAUSS-05101 -- GAUSS-05200
              • GAUSS-05151 -- GAUSS-05160
              • GAUSS-05161 -- GAUSS-05170
              • GAUSS-05171 -- GAUSS-05180
            • GAUSS-05201 -- GAUSS-05800
              • GAUSS-05751 -- GAUSS-05760
            • GAUSS-05801 -- GAUSS-05900
              • GAUSS-05841 -- GAUSS-05850
              • GAUSS-05851 -- GAUSS-05860
            • GAUSS-05901 -- GAUSS-05999
              • GAUSS-05971 -- GAUSS-05980
            • GAUSS-06101 -- GAUSS-06200
              • GAUSS-06121 -- GAUSS-06130
            • GAUSS-50000 -- GAUSS-50999
              • GAUSS-50000 -- GAUSS-50099
              • GAUSS-50100 -- GAUSS-50199
              • GAUSS-50200 -- GAUSS-50299
              • GAUSS-50300 -- GAUSS-50399
              • GAUSS-50400 -- GAUSS-50499
              • GAUSS-50500 -- GAUSS-50599
              • GAUSS-50600 -- GAUSS-50699
              • GAUSS-50800 -- GAUSS-50899
            • GAUSS-51000 -- GAUSS-51999
              • GAUSS-51000 -- GAUSS-51099
              • GAUSS-51100 -- GAUSS-51199
              • GAUSS-51200 -- GAUSS-51299
              • GAUSS-51300 -- GAUSS-51399
              • GAUSS-51400 -- GAUSS-51499
              • GAUSS-51500 -- GAUSS-51599
              • GAUSS-51600 -- GAUSS-51699
              • GAUSS-51700 -- GAUSS-51799
              • GAUSS-51800 -- GAUSS-51899
              • GAUSS-51900 -- GAUSS-51999
            • GAUSS-52000 -- GAUSS-52999
              • GAUSS-52100 -- GAUSS-52199
              • GAUSS-52200 -- GAUSS-52299
              • GAUSS-52300 -- GAUSS-52399
              • GAUSS-52400 -- GAUSS-52499
              • GAUSS-52500 -- GAUSS-52599
              • GAUSS-52600 -- GAUSS-52699
              • GAUSS-52700 -- GAUSS-52799
              • GAUSS-52800 -- GAUSS-52899
              • GAUSS-52900 -- GAUSS-52999
            • GAUSS-53000 -- GAUSS-53999
              • GAUSS-53000 -- GAUSS-53099
              • GAUSS-53100 -- GAUSS-53199
              • GAUSS-53200 -- GAUSS-53299
              • GAUSS-53500 -- GAUSS-53599
            • OE000
        • 8.2.1 or later versions
          • ErrorCode Rules
          • Row-column store
            • Row-store
            • Column-store
            • GIN Index
            • Btree Index
            • Row-store Vacuum
            • SP-GiST Index
            • Hash Index
          • Transaction
            • Lock
            • GTM
            • xlog
            • Checkpoint
          • HA
            • Data page Replication
            • Log Replication
            • Replication Slot
          • SQL on Anywhere
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            • OBS / HDFS / DLI
          • GDS/Copy
            • Common mechanisms
            • Importing
          • Parser
            • Lexical Analysis
            • Grammatical Analysis
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            • DML
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            • Logical Replication
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            • Advanced Packages
            • JSON
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            • Functions and Features
      • Glossary
      • More Documents
        • User Guide(ME-Abu Dhabi Region)
          • Service Overview
            • What Is GaussDB(DWS)?
            • Advantages
            • Application Scenarios
            • Functions
            • Concepts
              • GaussDB(DWS) Management Concepts
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database Concepts
            • Related Services
            • GaussDB(DWS) Permissions Management
            • GaussDB(DWS) Access
            • Billing
            • Restrictions
            • Technical Specifications
          • Getting Started
            • Creating a Cluster and Connecting to It
              • Step 1: Starting Preparations
              • Step 2: Creating a Cluster
              • Step 3: Connecting to a Cluster
              • Step 4: Viewing Other Documents and Clearing Resources
          • Process for Using GaussDB(DWS)
          • Preparations
          • Cluster Configuration
            • Accessing the GaussDB(DWS) Management Console
            • Creating a Cluster
          • Cluster Connection
            • Methods of Connecting to a Cluster
            • Obtaining the Cluster Connection Address
            • Using the gsql CLI Client to Connect to a Cluster
              • Downloading the Client
              • Preparing an ECS as the gsql Client Host
              • Using the gsql Client to Connect to a Cluster
              • Establishing Secure TCP/IP Connections in SSL Mode
              • (Optional) Configuring SSL Connection
              • (Optional) Downloading the SSL Certificate
            • Using the Data Studio GUI Client to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the JDBC and ODBC Drivers to Connect to a Cluster
              • Development Specifications
              • Downloading the JDBC or ODBC Driver
              • Using a JDBC Driver to Connect to a Database
              • Using an ODBC Driver to Connect to a Database
              • Connecting to a Cluster Using IAM Authentication
                • Overview
                • Granting an IAM Account the DWS Database Access Permission
                • Creating an IAM User Credential
                • Configuring the JDBC Connection to Connect to a Cluster Using IAM Authentication
            • Using the Python Library psycopg2 to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the Python Library PyGreSQL to Connect to a Cluster
            • Managing Database Connections
          • Clusters
            • Checking the Cluster Status
            • Viewing Basic Cluster Information
            • Managing Access Domain Names
            • Cluster Scale-out
            • Performing a Primary/Standby Switchback
            • Cluster Upgrade
            • Password Reset
            • Cluster Restart
            • Modifying Database Parameters
            • MRS Data Sources
              • Importing Data from MRS to GaussDB(DWS)
              • Creating an MRS Data Source Connection
              • Updating the MRS Data Source Configuration
            • Managing Logical Clusters
              • Overview
              • Adding Logical Clusters
              • Editing Logical Clusters
              • Deleting Logical Clusters
              • Restarting Logical Clusters
              • Scaling Out Logical Clusters
            • Managing Tags
              • Overview
              • Tag Management
            • Deleting Clusters
            • Managing Parameter Templates
            • Managing Clusters That Fail to Be Created
          • Cluster HA
            • Snapshots
              • Overview
              • Manual Snapshots
                • Manually Creating a Snapshot
                • Deleting Manual Snapshots
              • Automated Snapshots
                • Automated Snapshot Overview
                • Configuring an Automated Snapshot Policy
                • Copying Automated Snapshots
                • Deleting an Automated Snapshot
              • Viewing Snapshot Information
              • Restoration Using a Snapshot
                • Restoring a Snapshot to a New Cluster
            • Cluster DR
              • DR Overview
              • Creating a DR Task
              • Viewing DR Information
              • DR Management
              • Mutually Exclusive DR Cases
            • Associating and Disassociating ELB
            • CNs
          • Monitoring and Alarms
            • Monitoring Clusters Using Cloud Eye
            • Databases Monitoring
              • Database Monitoring Overview
              • Monitoring Metrics
              • Cluster Overview
              • Monitoring
                • Node Monitoring
                • Performance Monitoring
                • Database Monitoring
                • Session Monitoring
                • Query Monitoring
                • Instance Monitoring
                • Load Monitoring
              • Utilities
                • SQL Diagnosis
              • Settings
              • Typical Scenarios
                • SQL Diagnosis
                • Top Time-Consuming SQL Statements Viewing
            • Event Notifications
              • Event Notifications Overview
              • Subscribing to Event Notifications
              • Viewing Events
            • Alarms
              • Alarm Management
              • Alarm Rules
              • Alarm Subscriptions
          • Cluster Security Management
            • Configuring Separation of Permissions
            • Encrypting Databases
              • Overview
              • Rotating Encryption Keys
            • Permissions
              • Syntax of Fine-Grained Permissions Policies
              • RBAC Syntax of RBAC Policies
            • Fine-Grained Permissions Policies
          • Audit Logs
            • Overview
            • Viewing Audit Logs of Key Operations on the Management Console
            • Configuring the Database Audit Logs
            • Dumping the Database Audit Logs
          • FAQs
            • Product Consulting
              • What Are the Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) Users and Roles?
              • How Do I Check the Creation Time of a GaussDB(DWS) Database User?
              • How Do I Select a GaussDB(DWS) Region and AZ?
              • Is Data Secure in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • Can I Modify the Security Group of a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster?
              • How Are Dirty Pages Generated in GaussDB(DWS)?
            • Database Connections
              • How Applications Communicate with GaussDB(DWS)?
              • Does GaussDB(DWS) Support Third-Party Clients and JDBC and ODBC Drivers?
              • How Do I Do If I Cannot Connect to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster?
              • Why Was I Not Notified of Failure After Unbinding the EIP When GaussDB(DWS) Is Connected Over the Internet?
              • How Do I Configure a Whitelist If I Want to Connect to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Using EIP?
            • Data Migration
              • What Are the Differences Between Data Formats Supported by OBS and GDS Foreign Tables in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Is Data Stored in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Much Service Data Can Be Stored in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Do I Import and Export Data in GaussDB(DWS) Using \copy?
              • How Do I Implement Fault Tolerance Import Between Different GaussDB(DWS) Encoding Libraries
              • Which Factors Are Related to GaussDB(DWS) Import Performance?
            • Database Use
              • How Do I Adjust GaussDB(DWS) Distribution Columns?
              • How Do I View and Set the Character Set Encoding Format of a GaussDB(DWS) Database?
              • How Do I Do If a Field of the Date Type Is Automatically Converted to a Timestamp Type During Table Creation in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • Do I Need to Run VACUUM FULL and ANALYZE on Common Tables Periodically in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Do I Export the Structure of a GaussDB(DWS) Table?
              • How Do I Delete Table Data Efficiently in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Do I View GaussDB(DWS) Foreign Table Information?
              • How Will Data Be Stored in a GaussDB(DWS) Table If No Distribution Column Is Specified During Its Creation?
              • How Do I Replace the Null Results with 0 in a GaussDB(DWS) Join Query?
              • How Do I Check Whether a GaussDB(DWS) Table Is Row-Stored or Column-Stored?
              • How Do I Query GaussDB(DWS) Column-Store Table Information?
              • Why Is the Index Invalid During GaussDB(DWS) Query?
              • How Do I Use a User-Defined GaussDB(DWS) Function to Rewrite the CRC32() Function?
              • What Is a GaussDB(DWS) Schema Starting with pg_toast_temp* or pg_temp*?
              • Solutions to Inconsistent GaussDB(DWS) Query Results
              • Which System Catalogs in GaussDB(DWS) Cannot Undergo the VACUUM FULL Operation?
              • In Which Scenarios Will a GaussDB(DWS) Statement Be in the idle in transaction State?
              • How Does GaussDB(DWS) Implement Row-to-Column and Column-to-Row Conversion?
              • What Are the Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) Unique Constraints and Unique Indexes?
              • What Are the Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) Functions and Stored Procedures?
              • How Do I Delete Duplicate Table Data from GaussDB(DWS)?
            • Cluster Management
              • How Can I Clear and Reclaim the GaussDB(DWS) Storage Space?
              • Why Does the Used Storage Capacity of GaussDB(DWS) Decrease Significantly After Scale-Out?
              • How Is the Disk Space or Capacity of GaussDB(DWS) Calculated?
              • How Do I Set the Session Threshold When Creating Alarm Rules for GaussDB(DWS) in Cloud Eye?
              • How Do I Determine Whether to Add CNs to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster or Scale Out the Cluster?
              • How Do I Choose Between a Small-Specification Multi-Node GaussDB(DWS) Cluster and a Large-Specification Three-Node GaussDB(DWS) Cluster with Identical CPU Cores and Memory?
              • What Are the Differences Between Hot Data Storage and Cold Data Storage in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Do I Do If the GaussDB(DWS) Scale-In Button Is Unavailable?
            • Account Permissions
              • How Does GaussDB(DWS) Isolate Workloads?
              • How Do I Change the Password of a GaussDB(DWS) Database Account When It Expires?
              • How Do I Grant Table Permissions to a Specified GaussDB(DWS) User?
              • How Do I Grant the Permissions of a Schema to a Specified GaussDB(DWS) User?
              • How Do I Create a GaussDB(DWS) Database Read-Only User?
              • How Do I Create Private Users and Tables in a GaussDB(DWS) Database?
              • How Do I Revoke the CONNECT ON DATABASE Permission of a User on GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Do I View the Table Permissions of a GaussDB(DWS) User?
              • Who Is the Ruby User in the GaussDB(DWS) Database?
            • Database Performance
              • Why Is SQL Execution Slow After Using GaussDB(DWS) for a Period of Time?
              • Why Doesn't GaussDB(DWS) Perform Better Than a Single-Node Database in Extreme Scenarios?
              • How Do I View SQL Execution Records in a Certain Period When GaussDB(DWS) Read and Write Are Blocked?
              • GaussDB(DWS) CPU Resource Isolation
              • Why Do Regular GaussDB(DWS) Users Run Statements Slower Than User dbadmin?
              • Which Factors Affect Single-Table Query Performance in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Do I Optimize a SQL Query with Many CASE WHEN Conditions?
            • Backup and Restoration
              • Why Is It Slow to Create a GaussDB(DWS) Automated Snapshot?
              • Does a GaussDB(DWS) Snapshot Have the Same Function as an EVS Snapshot?
          • Change History
        • API Reference (ME-Abu Dhabi Region)
          • Before You Start
            • Overview
            • API Calling
            • Endpoints
            • Basic Concepts
          • API Overview
          • Calling APIs
            • Making an API Request
            • Authentication
            • Response
          • Getting Started
          • API Description
            • Cluster Management APIs
              • Creating a Cluster
              • Querying the Cluster List
              • Querying Cluster Details
              • Querying the Supported Node Types
              • Deleting a Cluster
              • Restarting a Cluster
              • Scaling Out Clusters
              • Resetting a Password
            • Snapshot Management APIs
              • Creating a Snapshot
              • Querying the Snapshot List
              • Querying Snapshot Details
              • Deleting a Manual Snapshot
              • Restoring a Cluster
          • Permissions Policies and Supported Actions
          • Appendix
            • Status Code
            • Error Code
            • Creating a VPC
            • Obtaining a Project ID
            • Obtaining an Account ID
            • Obtaining the Cluster ID
          • Change History
        • Developer Guide (ME-Abu Dhabi Region)
          • Welcome
            • Target Readers
            • Reading Guide
            • Conventions
            • Prerequisites
          • System Overview
            • Highly Reliable Transaction Processing
            • High Query Performance
            • Related Concepts
          • Data Migration
            • Data Migration to GaussDB(DWS)
            • Data Import
              • Importing Data from OBS in Parallel
                • About Parallel Data Import from OBS
                • Importing CSV/TXT Data from the OBS
                  • Creating Access Keys (AK and SK)
                  • Uploading Data to OBS
                  • Creating an OBS Foreign Table
                  • Importing Data
                  • Handling Import Errors
                • Importing ORC/CarbonData Data from OBS
                  • Preparing Data on OBS
                  • Creating a Foreign Server
                  • Creating a Foreign Table
                  • Querying Data on OBS Through Foreign Tables
                  • Deleting Resources
                  • Supported Data Types
              • Using GDS to Import Data from a Remote Server
                • Importing Data In Parallel Using GDS
                • Preparing Source Data
                • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
                • Creating a GDS Foreign Table
                • Importing Data
                • Handling Import Errors
                • Stopping GDS
                • Example of Importing Data Using GDS
              • Importing Data from MRS to a Cluster
                • Overview
                • Preparing Data in an MRS Cluster
                • Manually Creating a Foreign Server
                • Creating a Foreign Table
                • Importing Data
                • Deleting Resources
                • Error Handling
              • Importing Data from One GaussDB(DWS) Cluster to Another
            • Full Database Migration
              • Using CDM to Migrate Data to GaussDB(DWS)
              • Using DSC to Migrate SQL Scripts
            • Meta-command Migration
              • Using gs_restore to Import Data
              • Using a gsql Meta-Command to Import Data
              • Running the COPY FROM STDIN Statement to Import Data
                • Data Import Using COPY FROM STDIN
                • Introduction to the CopyManager Class
                • Example: Importing and Exporting Data Through Local Files
                • Example: Migrating Data from MySQL to GaussDB(DWS)
            • Data Export
              • Exporting Data to OBS
                • Parallel OBS Data Export
                • Exporting CSV/TXT Data to OBS
                  • Planning Data Export
                  • Creating an OBS Foreign Table
                  • Exporting Data
                  • Examples
                • Exporting ORC Data to OBS
                  • Planning Data Export
                  • Creating a Foreign Server
                  • Creating a Foreign Table
                  • Exporting Data
              • Exporting ORC Data to MRS
                • Overview
                • Planning Data Export
                • Creating a Foreign Server
                • Creating a Foreign Table
                • Exporting Data
              • Using GDS to Export Data to a Remote Server
                • Exporting Data In Parallel Using GDS
                • Planning Data Export
                • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
                • Creating a GDS Foreign Table
                • Exporting Data
                • Stopping GDS
                • Examples of Exporting Data Using GDS
              • Using gs_dump and gs_dumpall to Export Metadata
                • Overview
                • Exporting a Single Database
                  • Exporting a Database
                  • Exporting a Schema
                  • Exporting a Table
                • Exporting All Databases
                  • Exporting All Databases
                  • Exporting Global Objects
                • Data Export By a User Without Required Permissions
            • Appendices
              • GDS Pipe FAQs
              • Checking for Data Skew
          • Syntax Compatibility Differences Among Oracle, Teradata, and MySQL
          • Database Security Management
            • Managing Users and Their Permissions
              • Default Permission Mechanism
              • System Administrator
              • Separation of Permissions
              • Users
              • Roles
              • Schema
              • User Permission Setting
              • Row-Level Access Control
              • Data Redaction
            • Setting Security Policies
              • Setting Account Security Policies
              • Setting the Validity Period of an Account
              • Setting a User Password
            • Querying Audit Results
          • Development and Design Proposal
            • Development and Design Proposal
            • Database Object Naming Conventions
            • Database Object Design
              • Database and Schema Design
              • Table Design
              • Column Design
              • Constraint Design
              • View and Joined Table Design
            • JDBC Configuration
            • SQL Compilation
            • PL/Java Usage
            • PL/pgSQL Usage
          • Guide: JDBC- or ODBC-Based Development
            • Development Specifications
            • Downloading Drivers
            • JDBC-Based Development
              • JDBC Package and Driver Class
              • Development Process
              • Loading a Driver
              • Connecting to a Database
              • Executing SQL Statements
              • Processing Data in a Result Set
              • Closing the Connection
              • Example: Common Operations
              • Example: Retrying SQL Queries for Applications
              • Example: Importing and Exporting Data Through Local Files
              • Example: Migrating Data from MySQL to GaussDB(DWS)
              • JDBC Interface Reference
                • java.sql.Connection
                • java.sql.CallableStatement
                • java.sql.DatabaseMetaData
                • java.sql.Driver
                • java.sql.PreparedStatement
                • java.sql.ResultSet
                • java.sql.ResultSetMetaData
                • java.sql.Statement
                • javax.sql.ConnectionPoolDataSource
                • javax.sql.DataSource
                • javax.sql.PooledConnection
                • javax.naming.Context
                • javax.naming.spi.InitialContextFactory
                • CopyManager
            • ODBC-Based Development
              • ODBC Package and Its Dependent Libraries and Header Files
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Linux OS
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Windows OS
              • ODBC Development Example
              • ODBC Interfaces
                • SQLAllocEnv
                • SQLAllocConnect
                • SQLAllocHandle
                • SQLAllocStmt
                • SQLBindCol
                • SQLBindParameter
                • SQLColAttribute
                • SQLConnect
                • SQLDisconnect
                • SQLExecDirect
                • SQLExecute
                • SQLFetch
                • SQLFreeStmt
                • SQLFreeConnect
                • SQLFreeHandle
                • SQLFreeEnv
                • SQLPrepare
                • SQLGetData
                • SQLGetDiagRec
                • SQLSetConnectAttr
                • SQLSetEnvAttr
                • SQLSetStmtAttr
          • PostGIS Extension
            • PostGIS
            • Using PostGIS
            • PostGIS Support and Constraints
            • OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE NOTICE (For PostGIS)
          • Resource Load Management
            • Overview
            • Query Band Load Identification
            • Schema Space Control
            • Memory Management
              • Overview
              • Job-Level Memory Control
            • Basic Framework for Resource Load Management
              • Resource Pools
              • Associated Jobs
            • Priority-based Scheduling
              • CPU
              • I/O
            • Storage Space Management
            • Resource Monitoring
              • User Resource Query
              • Monitoring Memory Resources
              • Instance Resource Monitoring
              • Real-time TopSQL
              • Historical TopSQL
              • TopSQL Query Example
          • Query Performance Optimization
            • Optimization Overview
            • Overview of Query Performance Optimization
            • Query Analysis
              • Query Execution Process
              • Overview of the SQL Execution Plan
              • Deep Dive on the SQL Execution Plan
              • Querying SQL Statements That Affect Performance Most
              • Checking Blocked Statements
            • System Optimization
              • Optimizing OS Parameters
              • Optimizing Database Parameters
                • Optimizing Database Memory Parameters
                • Optimizing Concurrent Queue Parameters
                • Optimizing Database Communication Parameters
              • Configuration SMP
                • Application Scenarios and Restrictions
                • Resource Impact on SMP Performance
                • Other Factors Affecting SMP Performance
                • Suggestions for SMP Parameter Settings
                • SMP Manual Optimization Suggestions
              • Configuring LLVM
                • LLVM Application Scenarios and Restrictions
                • Other Factors Affecting LLVM Performance
                • Recommended Suggestions for LLVM
            • Query Improvement
              • Query Execution Process
              • Introduction to the SQL Execution Plan
                • SQL Execution Plan
                • Description
              • Optimization Process
              • Updating Statistics
              • Reviewing and Modifying a Table Definition
                • Reviewing and Modifying a Table Definition
                • Selecting a Storage Model
                • Selecting a Distribution Mode
                • Selecting a Distribution Column
                • Using Partial Clustering
                • Using Partitioned Tables
                • Selecting a Data Type
              • Typical SQL Optimization Methods
                • SQL Self-Diagnosis
                • Optimizing Statement Pushdown
                • Optimizing Subqueries
                • Optimizing Statistics
                • Optimizing Operators
                • Optimizing Data Skew
              • Experience in Rewriting SQL Statements
              • Adjusting Key Parameters During SQL Tuning
              • Hint-based Tuning
                • Plan Hint Optimization
                • Join Order Hints
                • Join Operation Hints
                • Rows Hints
                • Stream Operation Hints
                • Scan Operation Hints
                • Sublink Name Hints
                • Skew Hints
                • Configuration Parameter Hints
                • Hint Errors, Conflicts, and Other Warnings
                • Plan Hint Cases
              • Routinely Maintaining Tables
              • Routinely Recreating an Index
              • Configuring the SMP
                • Application Scenarios and Restrictions
                • Resource Impact on SMP Performance
                • Other Factors Affecting SMP Performance
                • Suggestions for SMP Parameter Settings
                • SMP Manual Optimization Suggestions
            • Optimization Cases
              • Case: Selecting an Appropriate Distribution Column
              • Case: Creating an Appropriate Index
              • Case: Adding NOT NULL for JOIN Columns
              • Case: Pushing Down Sort Operations to DNs
              • Case: Configuring cost_param for Better Query Performance
              • Case: Adjusting the Distribution Key
              • Case: Adjusting the Partial Clustering Key
              • Case: Adjusting the Table Storage Mode in a Medium Table
              • Case: Adjusting the Local Clustering Column
              • Case: Reconstructing Partition Tables
              • Case: Adjusting the GUC Parameter best_agg_plan
              • Case: Rewriting SQL and Deleting Subqueries (Case 1)
              • Case: Rewriting SQL and Deleting Subqueries (Case 2)
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Eliminating Prune Interference
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Deleting in-clause
              • Case: Setting Partial Cluster Keys
            • SQL Execution Troubleshooting
              • Low Query Efficiency
              • DROP TABLE Fails to Be Executed
              • Different Data Is Displayed for the Same Table Queried By Multiple Users
              • An Error Occurs During the Integer Conversion
              • Automatic Retry upon SQL Statement Execution Errors
            • Common Performance Parameter Optimization Design
          • User-Defined Functions
            • PL/Java Functions
            • PL/pgSQL Functions
          • Stored Procedures
            • Stored Procedure
            • Data Types
            • Data Type Conversion
            • Arrays and Records
              • Arrays
              • record
            • Syntax
              • Basic Structure
              • Anonymous Block
              • Subprogram
            • Basic Statements
              • Variable Definition Statement
              • Assignment Statement
              • Call Statement
            • Dynamic Statements
              • Executing Dynamic Query Statements
              • Executing Dynamic Non-query Statements
              • Dynamically Calling Stored Procedures
              • Dynamically Calling Anonymous Blocks
            • Control Statements
              • RETURN Statements
                • RETURN
                • RETURN NEXT and RETURN QUERY
              • Conditional Statements
              • Loop Statements
              • Branch Statements
              • NULL Statements
              • Error Trapping Statements
              • GOTO Statements
            • Other Statements
              • Lock Operations
              • Cursor Operations
            • Cursors
              • Overview
              • Explicit Cursor
              • Implicit Cursor
              • Cursor Loop
            • Advanced Packages
              • DBMS_LOB
              • DBMS_RANDOM
              • DBMS_OUTPUT
              • UTL_RAW
              • DBMS_JOB
              • DBMS_SQL
            • Debugging
          • System Catalogs and System Views
            • Overview of System Catalogs and System Views
            • System Catalogs
              • GS_OBSSCANINFO
              • GS_WLM_INSTANCE_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • GS_WLM_USER_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • PG_AGGREGATE
              • PG_AM
              • PG_AMOP
              • PG_AMPROC
              • PG_ATTRDEF
              • PG_ATTRIBUTE
              • PG_AUTHID
              • PG_AUTH_HISTORY
              • PG_AUTH_MEMBERS
              • PG_CAST
              • PG_CLASS
              • PG_COLLATION
              • PG_CONSTRAINT
              • PG_CONVERSION
              • PG_DATABASE
              • PG_DB_ROLE_SETTING
              • PG_DEFAULT_ACL
              • PG_DEPEND
              • PG_DESCRIPTION
              • PG_ENUM
              • PG_EXTENSION
              • PG_EXTENSION_DATA_SOURCE
              • PG_FOREIGN_DATA_WRAPPER
              • PG_FOREIGN_SERVER
              • PG_FOREIGN_TABLE
              • PG_INDEX
              • PG_INHERITS
              • PG_JOBS
              • PG_LANGUAGE
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT_METADATA
              • PG_NAMESPACE
              • PG_OBJECT
              • PG_OBSSCANINFO
              • PG_OPCLASS
              • PG_OPERATOR
              • PG_OPFAMILY
              • PG_PARTITION
              • PG_PLTEMPLATE
              • PG_PROC
              • PG_RANGE
              • PG_REDACTION_COLUMN
              • PG_REDACTION_POLICY
              • PG_RLSPOLICY
              • PG_RESOURCE_POOL
              • PG_REWRITE
              • PG_SECLABEL
              • PG_SHDEPEND
              • PG_SHDESCRIPTION
              • PG_SHSECLABEL
              • PG_STATISTIC
              • PG_STATISTIC_EXT
              • PG_SYNONYM
              • PG_TABLESPACE
              • PG_TRIGGER
              • PG_TS_CONFIG
              • PG_TS_CONFIG_MAP
              • PG_TS_DICT
              • PG_TS_PARSER
              • PG_TS_TEMPLATE
              • PG_TYPE
              • PG_USER_MAPPING
              • PG_USER_STATUS
              • PG_WORKLOAD_ACTION
              • PGXC_CLASS
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            • System Views
              • ALL_ALL_TABLES
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              • ALL_USERS
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              • DBA_DATA_FILES
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              • PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSION_VERSIONS
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              • PG_STATIO_ALL_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_INDEXES
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              • PG_STATIO_USER_TABLES
              • PG_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
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              • PG_TIMEZONE_ABBREVS
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              • PG_USER
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              • PG_VIEWS
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              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
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              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_INFO
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              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_WLM_WORKLOAD_RECORDS
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              • PLAN_TABLE
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              • PV_FILE_STAT
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              • REDACTION_COLUMNS
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          • GUC Parameters
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          • Glossary
        • SQL Syntax Reference (ME-Abu Dhabi Region)
          • GaussDB(DWS) SQL
          • Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) and PostgreSQL
            • GaussDB(DWS) gsql, PostgreSQL psql, and libpq
            • Data Type Differences
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          • Keyword
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          • Expressions
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          • Full Text Search
            • Introduction
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              • What Is a Document?
              • Basic Text Matching
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            • Limitations
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          • DDL Syntax
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            • ALTER DATABASE
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            • CURSOR
            • DROP DATABASE
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            • FETCH
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            • SET
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          • DML Syntax
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              • INSERT
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          • DCL Syntax
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            • ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
            • ANALYZE | ANALYSE
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            • EXECUTE
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            • GRANT
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          • DQL Syntax
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          • TCL Syntax
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            • ABORT
            • BEGIN
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            • COMMIT | END
            • COMMIT PREPARED
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          • GIN Indexes
            • Introduction
            • Scalability
            • Implementation
            • GIN Tips and Tricks
        • Tool Guide (ME-Abu Dhabi Region)
          • Overview
          • Downloading Client Tools
          • gsql - CLI Client
            • Overview
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          • Data Studio - Integrated Database Development Tool
            • About Data Studio
              • Overview
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              • System Requirements
            • Installing and Configuring Data Studio
            • Quick Start
            • Data Studio GUI
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            • Connection Profiles
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            • Databases
              • Creating a Database
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            • Schemas
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            • Creating a Function/Procedure
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            • Debugging a PL/SQL Function
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              • Overview
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            • GaussDB(DWS) Tables
              • Table Management Overview
              • Creating Regular Table
                • Overview
                • Working with Columns
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                • Overview
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                • Exporting Table DDL
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                • Exporting Table Data
                • Show DDL
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              • Editing Temporary Tables
            • Sequences
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              • Working with Sequences
            • Views
              • Creating a View
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            • SQL Terminal
              • Opening Multiple SQL Terminal Tabs
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              • Opening and Saving SQL Scripts
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              • Formatting of SQL Queries
              • Selecting a DB Object in the SQL Terminal
              • Viewing the Execution Plan and Costs
              • Viewing the Query Execution Plan and Cost Graphically
              • Using SQL Terminals
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              • SQL History
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          • GDS: Parallel Data Loader
            • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
            • Stopping GDS
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            • gds
            • gds_ctl.py
            • Handling Import Errors
          • DSC: SQL Syntax Migration Tool
            • Overview
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              • PL/SQL
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              • Comments
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              • Tables
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        • Error Code Reference (ME-Abu Dhabi Region)
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          • Service Overview
            • What Is GaussDB(DWS)?
            • Advantages
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          • Getting Started
            • Step 1: Starting Preparations
            • Step 2: Creating a Cluster
            • Step 3: Connecting to a Cluster
            • Step 4: Viewing Other Documents and Deleting Resources
          • Process for Using GaussDB(DWS)
          • Preparations
          • Creating or Deleting a Cluster
            • Accessing the GaussDB(DWS) Management Console
            • Creating a Cluster
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          • Cluster Connection
            • Methods of Connecting to a Cluster
            • Obtaining the Cluster Connection Address
            • Using the Data Studio GUI Client to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the gsql CLI Client to Connect to a Cluster
              • Downloading the Data Studio client
              • Using the Linux gsql Client to Connect to a Cluster
              • Using the Windows gsql Client to Connect to a Cluster
              • Establishing Secure TCP/IP Connections in SSL Mode
            • Using the JDBC and ODBC Drivers to Connect to a Cluster
              • Development Specifications
              • Downloading the JDBC or ODBC Driver
              • Using JDBC to Connect to a Cluster
              • Configuring JDBC to Connect to a Cluster (Load Balancing Mode)
              • Configuring JDBC to Connect to a Cluster (IAM Authentication Mode)
              • Using ODBC to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the Third-Party Function Library psycopg2 of Python to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the Python Library PyGreSQL to Connect to a Cluster
            • Managing Database Connections
          • Monitoring and Alarms
            • Monitoring Clusters Using Cloud Eye
            • Alarms
              • Alarm Management
              • Alarm Rules
              • Alarm Subscriptions
            • Event Notifications
              • Event Notifications Overview
              • Viewing Events
          • Specifications Change and Scaling
            • Managing Nodes
            • Scaling Nodes
              • Scaling Out a Cluster
              • Cluster Redistribution
                • Redistributing Data
                • Viewing Redistribution Details
              • Scaling In a Cluster
            • Changing Specifications
              • Changing the Node Flavor
              • Changing All Specifications
              • Disk Capacity Expansion of an EVS Cluster
          • Backup and Disaster Recovery
            • Snapshots
              • Overview
              • Manual Snapshots
                • Creating a Manual Snapshot
                • Deleting a Manual Snapshot
              • Automated Snapshots
                • Automatic Snapshot Overview
                • Configuring an Automated Snapshot Policy
                • Copying Automated Snapshots
                • Deleting an Automated Snapshot
              • Viewing Snapshot Information
              • Restoration Using a Snapshot
                • Constraints on Restoring a Snapshot
                • Restoring a Snapshot to a New Cluster
                • Restoring a Snapshot to the Original Cluster
              • Configuring a Snapshot
              • Stopping Snapshot Creation
            • Cluster DR
              • DR Overview
              • Creating a DR Task
              • Viewing DR Information
              • DR Management
              • Mutually Exclusive DR Cases
          • Intelligent O&M
            • Overview
            • O&M Plans
            • O&M Status
          • Cluster Management
            • Modifying Database Parameters
            • Checking the Cluster Status
            • Viewing Cluster Details
            • Managing Access Domain Names
            • Cluster Topology
            • Managing Tags
              • Overview
              • Tag Management
            • Managing Enterprise Projects
            • Managing Clusters That Fail to Be Created
            • Removing the Read-only Status
            • Performing a Primary/Standby Switchback
            • Cluster Restart
            • Resetting a Password
            • Cluster Upgrade
            • Associating and Disassociating ELB
            • Managing CNs
          • Cluster Log Management
          • Database User Management
            • Managing Users
            • Managing Roles
          • Audit Logs
            • Audit Log Overview
            • Management Console Audit Logs
            • Database Audit Logs
              • Configuring the Database Audit Logs
              • Dumping the Database Audit Logs
              • Viewing Database Audit Logs
          • Cluster Security Management
            • Configuring Separation of Permissions
            • Encrypting Databases
              • Overview
              • Rotating Encryption Keys
            • Permissions
              • Syntax of Fine-Grained Permissions Policies
          • Resource Management
            • Overview
            • Resource Pool
              • Feature Description
              • Page Overview
              • Creating a Resource Pool
              • Modifying a Resource Pool
              • Deleting a Resource Pool
            • Resource Management Plan
              • Managing Resource Management Plans
              • Managing Resource Management Plan Stages
              • Importing or Exporting a Resource Management Plan
            • Workspace Management
          • Data Source Management
            • MRS Data Sources
              • MRS Data Source Usage Overview
              • Creating an MRS Data Source Connection
              • Updating the MRS Data Source Configuration
          • Managing Logical Clusters
            • Logical Cluster Overview
            • Adding Logical Clusters
            • Editing Logical Clusters
            • Managing Resources (in a Logical Cluster)
            • Restarting Logical Clusters
            • Scaling Out Logical Clusters
            • Deleting Logical Clusters
            • Tutorial: Converting a Physical Cluster That Contains Data into a Logical Cluster
            • Tutorial: Dividing a New Physical Cluster into Logical Clusters
          • FAQs
            • General Problems
              • Why Do I Need to Use a Data Warehouse?
              • What Are the Differences Between Users and Roles?
              • When Should I Use GaussDB(DWS) and MRS?
              • How Do I Check the Creation Time of a Database User?
              • Regions and AZs
              • Is My Data Secure in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Is GaussDB(DWS) Secured?
              • Can I Modify the Security Group of a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster?
              • How Are Dirty Pages Generated in GaussDB(DWS)?
            • Database Usage
              • How Do I Change Distribution Columns?
              • How Do I View and Set the Database Character Encoding?
              • What Do I Do If Date Type Is Automatically Converted to the Timestamp Type During Table Creation?
              • Do I Need to Run VACUUM FULL and ANALYZE on Common Tables Periodically?
              • Do I Need to Set a Distribution Key After Setting a Primary Key?
              • Is GaussDB(DWS) Compatible with PostgreSQL Stored Procedures?
              • What Are Partitioned Tables, Partitions, and Partition Keys?
              • How Can I Export the Table Structure?
              • How Do I Delete Table Data Efficiently?
              • How Do I View Foreign Table Information?
              • If No Distribution Column Is Specified, How Will Data Be Stored?
              • How Do I Replace the Null Result with 0?
              • How Do I Check Whether a Table Is Row-Stored or Column-Stored?
              • How Do I Query the Information About GaussDB(DWS) Column-Store Tables?
              • Why Sometimes the GaussDB(DWS) Query Indexes Become Invalid?
              • How Do I Use a User-Defined Function to Rewrite the CRC32() Function?
              • What Are the Schemas Starting with pg_toast_temp* or pg_temp*?
              • Solutions to Inconsistent GaussDB(DWS) Query Results
              • Which System Catalogs That the VACUUM FULL Operation Cannot Be Performed on?
              • In Which Scenarios Would a Statement Be "idle in transaction"?
              • How Does GaussDB(DWS) Implement Row-to-Column and Column-to-Row Conversion?
              • What Are the Differences Between Unique Constraints and Unique Indexes?
              • What Are the Differences Between Functions and Stored Procedures?
              • How Do I Delete Duplicate Table Data?
            • Cluster Management
              • What Do I Do If Creating a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Failed?
              • How Can I Clear and Reclaim the Storage Space?
              • Why Did the Used Storage Shrink After Scale-out?
              • How Do I View Node Metrics (CPU, Memory, and Disk Usage)?
              • How Is the Disk Space or Capacity of GaussDB(DWS) Calculated?
              • What Are the gaussdb and postgres Databases of GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Do I Set the Maximum Number of Sessions When Adding an Alarm Rule on Cloud Eye?
              • When Should I Add CNs or Scale out a cluster?
              • How Should I Select from a Small-Flavor Many-Node Cluster and a Large-Flavor Three-Node Cluster with Same CPU Cores and Memory?
              • What Are the Differences Between Hot Data Storage and Cold Data Storage?
              • What Do I do if the Scale-in Button Is Dimmed?
            • Database Connections
              • How Applications Communicate with GaussDB(DWS)?
              • Does GaussDB(DWS) Support Third-Party Clients and JDBC and ODBC Drivers?
              • Can I Connect to GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Nodes Using SSH?
              • What Should I Do If I Cannot Connect to a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster?
              • Why Was I Not Notified of Failure Unbinding the EIP When GaussDB(DWS) Is Connected Over the Internet?
              • How Do I Configure a Whitelist to Protect Clusters Available Through a Public IP Address?
            • Data Import and Export
              • What Are the Differences Between Data Formats Supported by OBS and GDS Foreign Tables?
              • How Do I Import Incremental Data Using an OBS Foreign Table?
              • How Can I Import Data to GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Much Service Data Can a Data Warehouse Store?
              • How Do I Use \Copy to Import and Export Data?
              • How Do I Implement Fault Tolerance Import Between Different Encoding Libraries
              • Can I Import and Export Data to and from OBS Across Regions?
              • Can I Import Data over the Public/External Network Using GDS?
              • Which Are the Factors That Affect GaussDB(DWS) Import Performance?
            • Account, Password, and Permission
              • How Does GaussDB(DWS) Implement Workload Isolation?
              • How Do I Change the Password of a Database Account When the Password Expires?
              • How Do I Grant Table Permissions to a User?
              • How Do I Grant Schema Permissions to a User?
              • How Do I Create a Database Read-only User?
              • How Do I Create Private Database Users and Tables?
              • How Do I Revoke the CONNECT ON DATABASE Permission from a User?
              • How Do I View the Table Permissions of a User?
              • Who Is User Ruby?
            • Database Performance
              • Why Is SQL Execution Slow After Long GaussDB(DWS) Usage?
              • Why Does GaussDB(DWS) Perform Worse Than a Single-Server Database in Extreme Scenarios?
              • How Can I View SQL Execution Records in a Certain Period When Read and Write Requests Are Blocked?
              • What Do I Do If My Cluster Is Unavailable Because of Insufficient Space?
              • GaussDB(DWS) CPU Resource Management
              • Why the Tasks Executed by an Ordinary User Are Slower Than That Executed by the dbadmin User?
              • What Are the Factors Related to the Single-Table Query Performance in GaussDB(DWS)?
            • Snapshot Backup and Restoration
              • Why Is Creating an Automated Snapshot So Slow?
              • Does a DWS Snapshot Have the Same Function as an EVS Snapshot?
        • API Reference (Paris Region)
          • Before You Start
            • Overview
            • API Calling
            • Endpoints
            • Basic Concepts
          • API Overview
          • Calling APIs
            • Making an API Request
            • Authentication
            • Response
          • Getting Started
          • API Description
            • Cluster Management APIs
              • Creating a Cluster
              • Querying the Cluster List
              • Querying Cluster Details
              • Querying the Supported Node Types
              • Deleting a Cluster
              • Restarting a Cluster
              • Scaling Out Clusters
              • Resetting a Password
            • Snapshot Management APIs
              • Creating a Snapshot
              • Querying the Snapshot List
              • Querying Snapshot Details
              • Deleting a Manual Snapshot
              • Restoring a Cluster
          • Appendix
            • Status Code
            • Error Code
            • Creating a VPC
            • Obtaining a Project ID
            • Obtaining an Account ID
            • Obtaining the Cluster ID
          • Change History
        • Developer Guide (Paris Region)
          • Welcome
            • Target Readers
            • Reading Guide
            • Conventions
            • Prerequisites
          • System Overview
            • Highly Reliable Transaction Processing
            • High Query Performance
            • Related Concepts
          • Data Migration
            • Data Migration to GaussDB(DWS)
            • Data Import
              • Importing Data from OBS in Parallel
                • About Parallel Data Import from OBS
                • Importing CSV/TXT Data from the OBS
                  • Creating Access Keys (AK and SK)
                  • Uploading Data to OBS
                  • Creating an OBS Foreign Table
                  • Importing Data
                  • Handling Import Errors
                • Importing ORC/CarbonData Data from OBS
                  • Preparing Data on OBS
                  • Creating a Foreign Server
                  • Creating a Foreign Table
                  • Querying Data on OBS Through Foreign Tables
                  • Deleting Resources
                  • Supported Data Types
              • Using GDS to Import Data from a Remote Server
                • Importing Data In Parallel Using GDS
                • Preparing Source Data
                • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
                • Creating a GDS Foreign Table
                • Importing Data
                • Handling Import Errors
                • Stopping GDS
                • Example of Importing Data Using GDS
              • Importing Data from MRS to a Cluster
                • Overview
                • Preparing Data in an MRS Cluster
                • Manually Creating a Foreign Server
                • Creating a Foreign Table
                • Importing Data
                • Deleting Resources
                • Error Handling
              • Importing Data from One GaussDB(DWS) Cluster to Another
              • Using a gsql Meta-Command to Import Data
              • Running the COPY FROM STDIN Statement to Import Data
                • Data Import Using COPY FROM STDIN
                • Introduction to the CopyManager Class
                • Example: Importing and Exporting Data Through Local Files
                • Example: Migrating Data from MySQL to GaussDB(DWS)
            • Full Database Migration
              • Using CDM to Migrate Data to GaussDB(DWS)
              • Using DSC to Migrate SQL Scripts
            • Meta-command Migration
              • Using gs_dump and gs_dumpall to Export Metadata
                • Overview
                • Exporting a Single Database
                  • Exporting a Database
                  • Exporting a Schema
                  • Exporting a Table
                • Exporting All Databases
                  • Exporting All Databases
                  • Exporting Global Objects
                • Data Export By a User Without Required Permissions
              • Using gs_restore to Import Data
            • Data Export
              • Exporting Data to OBS
                • Parallel OBS Data Export
                • Exporting CSV/TXT Data to OBS
                  • Planning Data Export
                  • Creating an OBS Foreign Table
                  • Exporting Data
                  • Examples
                • Exporting ORC Data to OBS
                  • Planning Data Export
                  • Creating a Foreign Server
                  • Creating a Foreign Table
                  • Exporting Data
              • Exporting ORC Data to MRS
                • Overview
                • Planning Data Export
                • Creating a Foreign Server
                • Creating a Foreign Table
                • Exporting Data
              • Using GDS to Export Data to a Remote Server
                • Exporting Data In Parallel Using GDS
                • Planning Data Export
                • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
                • Creating a GDS Foreign Table
                • Exporting Data
                • Stopping GDS
                • Examples of Exporting Data Using GDS
            • Other Operations
              • GDS Pipe FAQs
              • Checking for Data Skew
          • Syntax Compatibility Differences Among Oracle, Teradata, and MySQL
          • Database Security Management
            • Managing Users and Their Permissions
              • Default Permission Mechanism
              • System Administrator
              • Separation of Permissions
              • Users
              • Roles
              • Schema
              • User Permission Setting
              • Row-Level Access Control
              • Data Redaction
            • Setting Security Policies
              • Setting Account Security Policies
              • Setting the Validity Period of an Account
              • Setting a User Password
            • Querying Audit Results
          • Development and Design Proposal
            • Development and Design Proposal
            • Database Object Naming Conventions
            • Database Object Design
              • Database and Schema Design
              • Table Design
              • Column Design
              • Constraint Design
              • View and Joined Table Design
            • JDBC Configuration
            • SQL Compilation
            • PL/Java Usage
            • PL/pgSQL Usage
          • Guide: JDBC- or ODBC-Based Development
            • Development Specifications
            • Downloading Drivers
            • JDBC-Based Development
              • JDBC Package and Driver Class
              • Development Process
              • Loading a Driver
              • Connecting to a Database
              • Executing SQL Statements
              • Processing Data in a Result Set
              • Closing the Connection
              • Example: Common Operations
              • Example: Retrying SQL Queries for Applications
              • Example: Importing and Exporting Data Through Local Files
              • Example: Migrating Data from MySQL to GaussDB(DWS)
              • JDBC Interface Reference
                • java.sql.Connection
                • java.sql.CallableStatement
                • java.sql.DatabaseMetaData
                • java.sql.Driver
                • java.sql.PreparedStatement
                • java.sql.ResultSet
                • java.sql.ResultSetMetaData
                • java.sql.Statement
                • javax.sql.ConnectionPoolDataSource
                • javax.sql.DataSource
                • javax.sql.PooledConnection
                • javax.naming.Context
                • javax.naming.spi.InitialContextFactory
                • CopyManager
            • ODBC-Based Development
              • ODBC Package and Its Dependent Libraries and Header Files
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Linux OS
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Windows OS
              • ODBC Development Example
              • ODBC Interfaces
                • SQLAllocEnv
                • SQLAllocConnect
                • SQLAllocHandle
                • SQLAllocStmt
                • SQLBindCol
                • SQLBindParameter
                • SQLColAttribute
                • SQLConnect
                • SQLDisconnect
                • SQLExecDirect
                • SQLExecute
                • SQLFetch
                • SQLFreeStmt
                • SQLFreeConnect
                • SQLFreeHandle
                • SQLFreeEnv
                • SQLPrepare
                • SQLGetData
                • SQLGetDiagRec
                • SQLSetConnectAttr
                • SQLSetEnvAttr
                • SQLSetStmtAttr
          • PostGIS Extension
            • PostGIS
            • Using PostGIS
            • PostGIS Support and Constraints
            • OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE NOTICE (For PostGIS)
          • Resource Load Management
            • Overview
            • Query Band Load Identification
            • Schema Space Control
            • Memory Management
              • Overview
              • Job-Level Memory Control
            • Basic Framework for Resource Load Management
              • Resource Pools
              • Associated Jobs
            • Priority-based Scheduling
              • CPU
              • I/O
            • Storage Space Management
          • Resource Monitoring
            • User Resource Query
            • Monitoring Memory Resources
            • Instance Resource Monitoring
            • Real-time TopSQL
            • Historical TopSQL
            • TopSQL Query Example
          • Query Performance Optimization
            • Overview of Query Performance Optimization
            • Query Analysis
              • Query Execution Process
              • Overview of the SQL Execution Plan
              • Deep Dive on the SQL Execution Plan
              • Querying SQL Statements That Affect Performance Most
              • Checking Blocked Statements
            • Query Improvement
              • Optimization Process
              • Updating Statistics
              • Reviewing and Modifying a Table Definition
                • Reviewing and Modifying a Table Definition
                • Selecting a Storage Model
                • Selecting a Distribution Mode
                • Selecting a Distribution Column
                • Using Partial Clustering
                • Using Partitioned Tables
                • Selecting a Data Type
              • Typical SQL Optimization Methods
                • SQL Self-Diagnosis
                • Optimizing Statement Pushdown
                • Optimizing Subqueries
                • Optimizing Statistics
                • Optimizing Operators
                • Optimizing Data Skew
              • Experience in Rewriting SQL Statements
              • Adjusting Key Parameters During SQL Tuning
              • Hint-based Tuning
                • Plan Hint Optimization
                • Join Order Hints
                • Join Operation Hints
                • Rows Hints
                • Stream Operation Hints
                • Scan Operation Hints
                • Sublink Name Hints
                • Skew Hints
                • Configuration Parameter Hints
                • Hint Errors, Conflicts, and Other Warnings
                • Plan Hint Cases
              • Routinely Maintaining Tables
              • Routinely Recreating an Index
              • Configuring the SMP
                • Application Scenarios and Restrictions
                • Resource Impact on SMP Performance
                • Other Factors Affecting SMP Performance
                • Suggestions for SMP Parameter Settings
                • SMP Manual Optimization Suggestions
            • Optimization Cases
              • Case: Selecting an Appropriate Distribution Column
              • Case: Creating an Appropriate Index
              • Case: Adding NOT NULL for JOIN Columns
              • Case: Pushing Down Sort Operations to DNs
              • Case: Configuring cost_param for Better Query Performance
              • Case: Adjusting the Distribution Key
              • Case: Adjusting the Partial Clustering Key
              • Case: Adjusting the Table Storage Mode in a Medium Table
              • Case: Adjusting the Local Clustering Column
              • Case: Reconstructing Partition Tables
              • Case: Adjusting the GUC Parameter best_agg_plan
              • Case: Rewriting SQL and Deleting Subqueries (Case 1)
              • Case: Rewriting SQL and Deleting Subqueries (Case 2)
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Eliminating Prune Interference
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Deleting in-clause
              • Case: Setting Partial Cluster Keys
            • SQL Execution Troubleshooting
              • Low Query Efficiency
              • DROP TABLE Fails to Be Executed
              • Different Data Is Displayed for the Same Table Queried By Multiple Users
              • An Error Occurs During the Integer Conversion
              • Automatic Retry upon SQL Statement Execution Errors
            • Common Performance Parameter Optimization Design
          • User-Defined Functions
            • PL/Java Functions
            • PL/pgSQL Functions
          • Stored Procedures
            • Stored Procedure
            • Data Types
            • Data Type Conversion
            • Arrays and Records
              • Arrays
              • record
            • Syntax
              • Basic Structure
              • Anonymous Block
              • Subprogram
            • Basic Statements
              • Variable Definition Statement
              • Assignment Statement
              • Call Statement
            • Dynamic Statements
              • Executing Dynamic Query Statements
              • Executing Dynamic Non-query Statements
              • Dynamically Calling Stored Procedures
              • Dynamically Calling Anonymous Blocks
            • Control Statements
              • RETURN Statements
                • RETURN
                • RETURN NEXT and RETURN QUERY
              • Conditional Statements
              • Loop Statements
              • Branch Statements
              • NULL Statements
              • Error Trapping Statements
              • GOTO Statements
            • Other Statements
              • Lock Operations
              • Cursor Operations
            • Cursors
              • Overview
              • Explicit Cursor
              • Implicit Cursor
              • Cursor Loop
            • Advanced Packages
              • DBMS_LOB
              • DBMS_RANDOM
              • DBMS_OUTPUT
              • UTL_RAW
              • DBMS_JOB
              • DBMS_SQL
            • Debugging
          • System Catalogs and System Views
            • Overview of System Catalogs and System Views
            • System Catalogs
              • GS_OBSSCANINFO
              • GS_WLM_INSTANCE_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • GS_WLM_USER_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • PG_AGGREGATE
              • PG_AM
              • PG_AMOP
              • PG_AMPROC
              • PG_ATTRDEF
              • PG_ATTRIBUTE
              • PG_AUTHID
              • PG_AUTH_HISTORY
              • PG_AUTH_MEMBERS
              • PG_CAST
              • PG_CLASS
              • PG_COLLATION
              • PG_CONSTRAINT
              • PG_CONVERSION
              • PG_DATABASE
              • PG_DB_ROLE_SETTING
              • PG_DEFAULT_ACL
              • PG_DEPEND
              • PG_DESCRIPTION
              • PG_ENUM
              • PG_EXTENSION
              • PG_EXTENSION_DATA_SOURCE
              • PG_FOREIGN_DATA_WRAPPER
              • PG_FOREIGN_SERVER
              • PG_FOREIGN_TABLE
              • PG_INDEX
              • PG_INHERITS
              • PG_JOBS
              • PG_LANGUAGE
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT_METADATA
              • PG_NAMESPACE
              • PG_OBJECT
              • PG_OBSSCANINFO
              • PG_OPCLASS
              • PG_OPERATOR
              • PG_OPFAMILY
              • PG_PARTITION
              • PG_PLTEMPLATE
              • PG_PROC
              • PG_RANGE
              • PG_REDACTION_COLUMN
              • PG_REDACTION_POLICY
              • PG_RLSPOLICY
              • PG_RESOURCE_POOL
              • PG_REWRITE
              • PG_SECLABEL
              • PG_SHDEPEND
              • PG_SHDESCRIPTION
              • PG_SHSECLABEL
              • PG_STATISTIC
              • PG_STATISTIC_EXT
              • PG_SYNONYM
              • PG_TABLESPACE
              • PG_TRIGGER
              • PG_TS_CONFIG
              • PG_TS_CONFIG_MAP
              • PG_TS_DICT
              • PG_TS_PARSER
              • PG_TS_TEMPLATE
              • PG_TYPE
              • PG_USER_MAPPING
              • PG_USER_STATUS
              • PG_WORKLOAD_ACTION
              • PGXC_CLASS
              • PGXC_GROUP
              • PGXC_NODE
            • System Views
              • ALL_ALL_TABLES
              • ALL_CONSTRAINTS
              • ALL_CONS_COLUMNS
              • ALL_COL_COMMENTS
              • ALL_DEPENDENCIES
              • ALL_IND_COLUMNS
              • ALL_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • ALL_INDEXES
              • ALL_OBJECTS
              • ALL_PROCEDURES
              • ALL_SEQUENCES
              • ALL_SOURCE
              • ALL_SYNONYMS
              • ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
              • ALL_TAB_COMMENTS
              • ALL_TABLES
              • ALL_USERS
              • ALL_VIEWS
              • DBA_DATA_FILES
              • DBA_USERS
              • DBA_COL_COMMENTS
              • DBA_CONSTRAINTS
              • DBA_CONS_COLUMNS
              • DBA_IND_COLUMNS
              • DBA_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • DBA_IND_PARTITIONS
              • DBA_INDEXES
              • DBA_OBJECTS
              • DBA_PART_INDEXES
              • DBA_PART_TABLES
              • DBA_PROCEDURES
              • DBA_SEQUENCES
              • DBA_SOURCE
              • DBA_SYNONYMS
              • DBA_TAB_COLUMNS
              • DBA_TAB_COMMENTS
              • DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
              • DBA_TABLES
              • DBA_TABLESPACES
              • DBA_TRIGGERS
              • DBA_VIEWS
              • DUAL
              • GLOBAL_REDO_STAT
              • GLOBAL_REL_IOSTAT
              • GLOBAL_STAT_DATABASE
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • GS_ALL_CONTROL_GROUP_INFO
              • GS_CLUSTER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • GS_INSTR_UNIQUE_SQL
              • GS_REL_IOSTAT
              • GS_NODE_STAT_RESET_TIME
              • GS_SESSION_CPU_STATISTICS
              • GS_SESSION_MEMORY_STATISTICS
              • GS_SQL_COUNT
              • GS_WAIT_EVENTS
              • GS_WLM_OPERAROR_INFO
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
              • GS_WLM_SQL_ALLOW
              • GS_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • GS_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • GS_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • GS_STAT_DB_CU
              • GS_STAT_SESSION_CU
              • GS_TOTAL_NODEGROUP_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • GS_USER_TRANSACTION
              • GS_VIEW_DEPENDENCY
              • GS_VIEW_DEPENDENCY_PATH
              • GS_VIEW_INVALID
              • PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSION_VERSIONS
              • PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSIONS
              • PG_BULKLOAD_STATISTICS
              • PG_COMM_CLIENT_INFO
              • PG_COMM_DELAY
              • PG_COMM_STATUS
              • PG_COMM_RECV_STREAM
              • PG_COMM_SEND_STREAM
              • PG_CONTROL_GROUP_CONFIG
              • PG_CURSORS
              • PG_EXT_STATS
              • PG_GET_INVALID_BACKENDS
              • PG_GET_SENDERS_CATCHUP_TIME
              • PG_GROUP
              • PG_INDEXES
              • PG_JOB
              • PG_JOB_PROC
              • PG_JOB_SINGLE
              • PG_LIFECYCLE_DATA_DISTRIBUTE
              • PG_LOCKS
              • PG_NODE_ENV
              • PG_OS_THREADS
              • PG_POOLER_STATUS
              • PG_PREPARED_STATEMENTS
              • PG_PREPARED_XACTS
              • PG_QUERYBAND_ACTION
              • PG_REPLICATION_SLOTS
              • PG_ROLES
              • PG_RULES
              • PG_RUNNING_XACTS
              • PG_SECLABELS
              • PG_SESSION_WLMSTAT
              • PG_SESSION_IOSTAT
              • PG_SETTINGS
              • PG_SHADOW
              • PG_SHARED_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PG_STATS
              • PG_STAT_ACTIVITY
              • PG_STAT_ALL_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
              • PG_STAT_BGWRITER
              • PG_STAT_DATABASE
              • PG_STAT_DATABASE_CONFLICTS
              • PG_STAT_GET_MEM_MBYTES_RESERVED
              • PG_STAT_USER_FUNCTIONS
              • PG_STAT_USER_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_USER_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_REPLICATION
              • PG_STAT_SYS_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_USER_FUNCTIONS
              • PG_STAT_XACT_USER_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_TABLES
              • PG_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
              • PG_TABLES
              • PG_TIMEZONE_ABBREVS
              • PG_TIMEZONE_NAMES
              • PG_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PG_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO
              • PG_TOTAL_USER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • PG_USER
              • PG_USER_MAPPINGS
              • PG_VIEWS
              • PG_WLM_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_PROGRESS
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_COMM_CLIENT_INFO
              • PGXC_COMM_DELAY
              • PGXC_COMM_RECV_STREAM
              • PGXC_COMM_SEND_STREAM
              • PGXC_COMM_STATUS
              • PGXC_DEADLOCK
              • PGXC_GET_STAT_ALL_TABLES
              • PGXC_GET_STAT_ALL_PARTITIONS
              • PGXC_GET_TABLE_SKEWNESS
              • PGXC_GTM_SNAPSHOT_STATUS
              • PGXC_INSTANCE_TIME
              • PGXC_INSTR_UNIQUE_SQL
              • PGXC_LOCK_CONFLICTS
              • PGXC_NODE_ENV
              • PGXC_NODE_STAT_RESET_TIME
              • PGXC_OS_RUN_INFO
              • PGXC_OS_THREADS
              • PGXC_PREPARED_XACTS
              • PGXC_REDO_STAT
              • PGXC_REL_IOSTAT
              • PGXC_REPLICATION_SLOTS
              • PGXC_RUNNING_XACTS
              • PGXC_SETTINGS
              • PGXC_STAT_ACTIVITY
              • PGXC_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
              • PGXC_STAT_BGWRITER
              • PGXC_STAT_DATABASE
              • PGXC_STAT_REPLICATION
              • PGXC_SQL_COUNT
              • PGXC_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
              • PGXC_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PGXC_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO
              • PGXC_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO_ANALYZE
              • PGXC_USER_TRANSACTION
              • PGXC_VARIABLE_INFO
              • PGXC_WAIT_EVENTS
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_WLM_WORKLOAD_RECORDS
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • PLAN_TABLE
              • PLAN_TABLE_DATA
              • PV_FILE_STAT
              • PV_INSTANCE_TIME
              • PV_OS_RUN_INFO
              • PV_SESSION_MEMORY
              • PV_SESSION_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PV_SESSION_STAT
              • PV_SESSION_TIME
              • PV_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PV_REDO_STAT
              • REDACTION_COLUMNS
              • REDACTION_POLICIES
              • USER_COL_COMMENTS
              • USER_CONSTRAINTS
              • USER_CONS_COLUMNS
              • USER_INDEXES
              • USER_IND_COLUMNS
              • USER_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • USER_IND_PARTITIONS
              • USER_JOBS
              • USER_OBJECTS
              • USER_PART_INDEXES
              • USER_PART_TABLES
              • USER_PROCEDURES
              • USER_SEQUENCES
              • USER_SOURCE
              • USER_SYNONYMS
              • USER_TAB_COLUMNS
              • USER_TAB_COMMENTS
              • USER_TAB_PARTITIONS
              • USER_TABLES
              • USER_TRIGGERS
              • USER_VIEWS
              • V$SESSION
              • V$SESSION_LONGOPS
          • GUC Parameters
            • Viewing GUC Parameters
            • Configuring GUC Parameters
            • GUC Parameter Usage
            • Connection and Authentication
              • Connection Settings
              • Security and Authentication (postgresql.conf)
              • Communication Library Parameters
            • Resource Consumption
              • Memory
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              • Cost-based Vacuum Delay
              • Asynchronous I/O Operations
            • Parallel Data Import
            • Write Ahead Logs
              • Settings
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            • HA Replication
              • Sending Server
              • Primary Server
            • Query Planning
              • Optimizer Method Configuration
              • Optimizer Cost Constants
              • Genetic Query Optimizer
              • Other Optimizer Options
            • Error Reporting and Logging
              • Logging Destination
              • Logging Time
              • Logging Content
            • Alarm Detection
            • Statistics During the Database Running
              • Query and Index Statistics Collector
              • Performance Statistics
            • Workload Management
            • Automatic Cleanup
            • Default Settings of Client Connection
              • Statement Behavior
              • Zone and Formatting
              • Other Default Parameters
            • Lock Management
            • Version and Platform Compatibility
              • Compatibility with Earlier Versions
              • Platform and Client Compatibility
            • Fault Tolerance
            • Connection Pool Parameters
            • Cluster Transaction Parameters
            • Developer Operations
            • Auditing
              • Audit Switch
              • Operation Audit
            • Transaction Monitoring
            • Miscellaneous Parameters
          • Glossary
        • SQL Syntax Reference (Paris Region)
          • GaussDB(DWS) SQL
          • Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) and PostgreSQL
            • GaussDB(DWS) gsql, PostgreSQL psql, and libpq
            • Data Type Differences
            • Function Differences
            • PostgreSQL Features Unsupported by GaussDB(DWS)
          • Keyword
          • Data Types
            • Numeric Types
            • Monetary Types
            • Boolean Type
            • Character Types
            • Binary Data Types
            • Date/Time Types
            • Geometric Types
            • Network Address Types
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            • Text Search Types
            • UUID Type
            • JSON Types
            • HLL Data Types
            • Object Identifier Types
            • Pseudo-Types
            • Data Types Supported by Column-Store Tables
            • XML
          • Constant and Macro
          • Functions and Operators
            • Logical Operators
            • Comparison Operators
            • Character Processing Functions and Operators
            • Binary String Functions and Operators
            • Bit String Functions and Operators
            • Pattern Matching Operators
            • Mathematical Functions and Operators
            • Date and Time Processing Functions and Operators
            • Type Conversion Functions
            • Geometric Functions and Operators
            • Network Address Functions and Operators
            • Text Search Functions and Operators
            • UUID Functions
            • JSON Functions
            • HLL Functions and Operators
            • SEQUENCE Functions
            • Array Functions and Operators
            • Range Functions and Operators
            • Aggregate Functions
            • Window Functions
            • Security Functions
            • Set Returning Functions
            • Conditional Expression Functions
            • System Information Functions
            • System Administration Functions
              • Configuration Settings Functions
              • Universal File Access Functions
              • Server Signaling Functions
              • Backup and Restoration Control Functions
              • Snapshot Synchronization Functions
              • Database Object Functions
              • Advisory Lock Functions
              • Residual File Management Functions
              • Replication Functions
              • Other Functions
              • Resource Management Functions
            • Data Redaction Functions
            • Statistics Information Functions
            • Trigger Functions
            • XML Functions
            • Call Stack Recording Functions
          • Expressions
            • Simple Expressions
            • Conditional Expressions
            • Subquery Expressions
            • Array Expressions
            • Row Expressions
          • Type Conversion
            • Overview
            • Operators
            • Functions
            • Value Storage
            • UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
          • Full Text Search
            • Introduction
              • Full-Text Retrieval
              • What Is a Document?
              • Basic Text Matching
              • Configurations
            • Table and index
              • Searching a Table
              • Creating an Index
              • Constraints on Index Use
            • Controlling Text Search
              • Parsing Documents
              • Parsing Queries
              • Ranking Search Results
              • Highlighting Results
            • Additional Features
              • Manipulating tsvector
              • Manipulating Queries
              • Rewriting Queries
              • Gathering Document Statistics
            • Parsers
            • Dictionaries
              • Overview
              • Stop Words
              • Simple Dictionary
              • Synonym Dictionary
              • Thesaurus Dictionary
              • Ispell Dictionary
              • Snowball Dictionary
            • Configuration Examples
            • Testing and Debugging Text Search
              • Testing a Configuration
              • Testing a Parser
              • Testing a Dictionary
            • Limitations
          • System Operation
          • Controlling Transactions
          • DDL Syntax
            • DDL Syntax Overview
            • ALTER DATABASE
            • ALTER FOREIGN TABLE (for GDS)
            • ALTER FOREIGN TABLE (for HDFS or OBS)
            • ALTER FUNCTION
            • ALTER GROUP
            • ALTER INDEX
            • ALTER LARGE OBJECT
            • ALTER REDACTION POLICY
            • ALTER RESOURCE POOL
            • ALTER ROLE
            • ALTER ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • ALTER SCHEMA
            • ALTER SEQUENCE
            • ALTER SERVER
            • ALTER SESSION
            • ALTER SYNONYM
            • ALTER SYSTEM KILL SESSION
            • ALTER TABLE
            • ALTER TABLE PARTITION
            • ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • ALTER TRIGGER
            • ALTER TYPE
            • ALTER USER
            • ALTER VIEW
            • CLEAN CONNECTION
            • CLOSE
            • CLUSTER
            • COMMENT
            • CREATE BARRIER
            • CREATE DATABASE
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (for GDS Import and Export)
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (SQL on OBS or Hadoop )
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (for OBS Import and Export)
            • CREATE FUNCTION
            • CREATE GROUP
            • CREATE INDEX
            • CREATE REDACTION POLICY
            • CREATE ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • CREATE PROCEDURE
            • CREATE RESOURCE POOL
            • CREATE ROLE
            • CREATE SCHEMA
            • CREATE SEQUENCE
            • CREATE SERVER
            • CREATE SYNONYM
            • CREATE TABLE
            • CREATE TABLE AS
            • CREATE TABLE PARTITION
            • CREATE TABLESPACE
            • CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • CREATE TRIGGER
            • CREATE TYPE
            • CREATE USER
            • CREATE VIEW
            • CURSOR
            • DROP DATABASE
            • DROP FOREIGN TABLE
            • DROP FUNCTION
            • DROP GROUP
            • DROP INDEX
            • DROP OWNED
            • DROP REDACTION POLICY
            • DROP ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • DROP PROCEDURE
            • DROP RESOURCE POOL
            • DROP ROLE
            • DROP SCHEMA
            • DROP SEQUENCE
            • DROP SERVER
            • DROP SYNONYM
            • DROP TABLE
            • DROP TABLESPACE
            • DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • DROP TRIGGER
            • DROP TYPE
            • DROP USER
            • DROP VIEW
            • FETCH
            • MOVE
            • REINDEX
            • RESET
            • SET
            • SET CONSTRAINTS
            • SET ROLE
            • SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
            • SHOW
            • TRUNCATE
            • VACUUM
          • DML Syntax
            • DML Syntax Overview
            • CALL
            • COPY
            • DELETE
            • EXPLAIN
            • EXPLAIN PLAN
            • LOCK
            • MERGE INTO
            • INSERT and UPSERT
              • INSERT
              • UPSERT
            • UPDATE
            • VALUES
          • DCL Syntax
            • DCL Syntax Overview
            • ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
            • ANALYZE | ANALYSE
            • DEALLOCATE
            • DO
            • EXECUTE
            • EXECUTE DIRECT
            • GRANT
            • PREPARE
            • REASSIGN OWNED
            • REVOKE
          • DQL Syntax
            • DQL Syntax Overview
            • SELECT
            • SELECT INTO
          • TCL Syntax
            • TCL Syntax Overview
            • ABORT
            • BEGIN
            • CHECKPOINT
            • COMMIT | END
            • COMMIT PREPARED
            • PREPARE TRANSACTION
            • SAVEPOINT
            • SET TRANSACTION
            • START TRANSACTION
            • ROLLBACK
            • RELEASE SAVEPOINT
            • ROLLBACK PREPARED
            • ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
          • GIN Indexes
            • Introduction
            • Scalability
            • Implementation
            • GIN Tips and Tricks
        • Tool Guide (Paris Region)
          • Overview
          • Downloading Client Tools
          • gsql - CLI Client
            • Overview
            • Instruction
            • Online Help
            • Command Reference
            • Meta-Command Reference
            • Troubleshooting
          • Data Studio - Integrated Database Development Tool
            • About Data Studio
              • Overview
              • Constraints and Limitations
              • Structure of the Release Package
              • System Requirements
            • Installing and Configuring Data Studio
            • Quick Start
            • Data Studio GUI
            • Data Studio Menus
              • File
              • Edit
              • Run
              • Debug
              • Settings
              • Help
            • Data Studio Toolbar
            • Data Studio Right-Click Menus
            • Connection Profiles
              • Overview
              • Adding a Connection
              • Renaming a Connection
              • Editing a Connection
              • Removing a Connection
              • Viewing Connection Properties
              • Refreshing a Database Connection
            • Databases
              • Creating a Database
              • Disconnect All
              • Connecting to a Database
              • Disconnecting a Database
              • Renaming a Database
              • Dropping a Database
              • Viewing Properties of a Database
            • Schemas
              • Overview
              • Creating a Schema
              • Exporting Schema DDL
              • Exporting Schema DDL and Data
              • Renaming a Schema
              • Supporting Sequence DDL
              • Granting/Revoking a Privilege
              • Dropping a Schema
            • Creating a Function/Procedure
            • Editing a Function/Procedure
            • Granting/Revoking a Permission (Function/Procedure)
            • Debugging a PL/SQL Function
              • Overview
              • Using Breakpoints
              • Controlling Execution
              • Checking Debugging Information
            • Working with Functions/Procedures
              • Overview
              • Selecting a DB Object in the PL/SQL Viewer
              • Exporting the DDL of a Function or Procedure
              • Viewing Object Properties in the PL/SQL Viewer
              • Dropping a Function/Procedure
              • Executing a Function/Procedure
              • Granting/Revoking a Privilege
            • GaussDB(DWS) Tables
              • Table Management Overview
              • Creating Regular Table
                • Overview
                • Working with Columns
                • Working with Constraints
                • Managing Indexes
              • Creating Foreign Table
              • Creating Partition Table
                • Overview
                • Working with Partitions
              • Grant/Revoke Privilege - Regular/Partition Table
              • Managing Table
                • Overview
                • Renaming a Table
                • Truncating a Table
                • Reindexing a Table
                • Analyzing a Table
                • Vacuuming a Table
                • Setting the Table Description
                • Setting the Schema
                • Dropping a Table
                • Viewing Table Properties
                • Grant/Revoke Privilege
              • Managing Table Data
                • Exporting Table DDL
                • Exporting Table DDL and Data
                • Exporting Table Data
                • Show DDL
                • Importing Table Data
                • Viewing Table Data
                • Editing Table Data
              • Editing Temporary Tables
            • Sequences
              • Creating Sequence
              • Grant/Revoke Privilege
              • Working with Sequences
            • Views
              • Creating a View
              • Granting/Revoking a Privilege
              • Working with Views
            • SQL Terminal
              • Opening Multiple SQL Terminal Tabs
              • Managing the History of Executed SQL Queries
              • Opening and Saving SQL Scripts
              • Viewing Object Properties in the SQL Terminal
              • Canceling the Execution of SQL Queries
              • Formatting of SQL Queries
              • Selecting a DB Object in the SQL Terminal
              • Viewing the Execution Plan and Costs
              • Viewing the Query Execution Plan and Cost Graphically
              • Using SQL Terminals
              • Exporting Query Results
              • Managing SQL Terminal Connections
            • Batch Operation
              • Overview
              • Batch Dropping Objects
              • Granting/Revoking Privileges
            • Personalizing Data Studio
              • Overview
              • General
              • Editor
              • Environment
              • Result Management
              • Security
            • Performance Specifications
            • Security Management
              • Overview
              • Login History
              • Password Expiry Notification
              • Securing the Application In-Memory Data
              • Data Encryption for Saved Data
              • SQL History
              • SSL Certificates
            • Troubleshooting
            • FAQs
          • GDS: Parallel Data Loader
            • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
            • Stopping GDS
            • Example of Importing Data Using GDS
            • gds
            • gds_ctl.py
            • Handling Import Errors
          • DSC: SQL Syntax Migration Tool
            • Overview
            • Supported Keywords and Features
            • Constraints and Limitations
            • System Requirements
            • Installing DSC
            • Configuring DSC
              • Overview
              • DSC Configuration
              • Teradata SQL Configuration
              • Oracle SQL Configuration
              • Teradata Perl Configuration
              • MySQL SQL Configuration
              • Netezza Configuration
            • Using DSC
              • Migration Process
                • Overview
                • Prerequisites
                • Preparations
                • Migrating Data Using DSC
                • Viewing Output Files and Logs
                • Troubleshooting
              • Teradata SQL Migration
              • Oracle SQL Migration
              • Teradata Perl Migration
              • Netezza SQL Migration
              • MySQL SQL Migration
              • SQL Formatter
            • Teradata Syntax Migration
              • Overview
              • Schema Objects
                • Table Migration
                • Index Migration
                • View Migration
                • COLLECT STATISTICS
                • ACCESS LOCK
                • DBC.COLUMNS
                • DBC.TABLES
                • DBC.INDICES
              • SHOW STATS VALUES SEQUENCED
              • DML
              • Query Migration Operators
              • Query Optimization Operators
              • System Functions and Operators
              • Math Functions
              • String Functions
              • Date and Time Functions
              • Type Casting and Formatting
              • BTEQ Utility Command
              • DSQL
            • Oracle Syntax Migration
              • Overview
              • Schema Objects
                • Tables
                • Temporary Tables
                • Global Temporary Tables
                • Indexes
                • Views
                • Sequences
                • PURGE
                • Database Keywords
              • COMPRESS Phrase
              • Bitmap Index
              • Custom Tablespace
              • Supplemental Log Data
              • LONG RAW
              • DML
              • Pseudo Columns
              • OUTER JOIN
              • OUTER QUERY (+)
              • CONNECT BY
              • System Functions
                • Date Functions
                • LOB Functions
                • String Functions
                • Analytical Functions
                • Regular Expression Functions
              • PL/SQL
              • PL/SQL Collections (Using User-Defined Types)
              • PL/SQL Packages
                • Packages
                • Package Variables
                • Splitting Packages
                • REF CURSOR
                • Creating a Schema for Package
              • VARRAY
              • Granting Execution Permissions
              • Package Name List
              • Data Type
              • Chinese Character Support
            • Netezza Syntax Migration
              • Tables
              • PROCEDURE with RETURNS
              • Procedure
              • System Functions
              • Operator
              • DML
              • Index
            • MySQL Syntax Migration
              • Basic Data Types
              • Table (Optional)
              • Table Operations
              • Unique Indexes
              • Normal and Prefix Indexes
              • Hash Indexes
              • B-tree Indexes
              • Spatial Indexes
              • Delete an Index
              • Comments
              • Databases
              • Data Manipulation Language (DML)
              • Transaction Management and Database Management
            • DB2 Syntax Migration
              • Tables
              • DML
              • Index
              • NICKNAME
              • Statement
              • System Functions
            • Command Reference
              • Database Schema Conversion
              • Version
              • Help
            • Log Reference
              • Overview
              • SQL Migration Logs
              • Perl Migration Logs
            • Troubleshooting
            • FAQs
            • Security Management
          • Server Tool
            • gs_dump
            • gs_dumpall
            • gs_restore
            • gds_check
            • gds_install
            • gds_uninstall
            • gds_ctl
            • gs_sshexkey
          • Change History
        • Error Code Reference (Paris Region)
          • Management Console Error Code
        • User Guide (Kuala Lumpur Region)
          • Service Overview
            • What Is GaussDB(DWS)?
            • Advantages
            • Application Scenarios
            • Functions
            • Concepts
              • GaussDB(DWS) Management Concepts
              • GaussDB(DWS) Database Concepts
            • Related Services
            • GaussDB(DWS) Permissions Management
            • GaussDB(DWS) Access
            • Restrictions
            • Technical Specifications
          • Getting Started
            • Step 1: Starting Preparations
            • Step 2: Creating a Cluster
            • Step 3: Connecting to a Cluster
            • Step 4: Viewing Other Documents and Clearing Resources
          • Process for Using GaussDB(DWS)
          • Preparations
          • Cluster Configuration
            • Accessing the GaussDB(DWS) Management Console
            • Creating a Cluster
          • Cluster Connection
            • Methods of Connecting to a Cluster
            • Obtaining the Cluster Connection Address
            • Using the gsql CLI Client to Connect to a Cluster
              • Downloading the Client
              • Preparing an ECS as the gsql Client Host
              • Using the gsql Client to Connect to a Cluster
              • Establishing Secure TCP/IP Connections in SSL Mode
              • (Optional) Configuring SSL Connection
              • (Optional) Downloading the SSL Certificate
            • Using the Data Studio GUI Client to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the JDBC and ODBC Drivers to Connect to a Cluster
              • Development Specifications
              • Downloading the JDBC or ODBC Driver
              • Using a JDBC Driver to Connect to a Database
              • Using an ODBC Driver to Connect to a Database
              • Connecting to a Cluster Using IAM Authentication
                • Overview
                • Granting an IAM Account the DWS Database Access Permission
                • Creating an IAM User Credential
                • Configuring the JDBC Connection to Connect to a Cluster Using IAM Authentication
            • Using the Python Library psycopg2 to Connect to a Cluster
            • Using the Python Library PyGreSQL to Connect to a Cluster
            • Managing Database Connections
          • Clusters
            • Checking the Cluster Status
            • Viewing Basic Cluster Information
            • Managing Access Domain Names
            • Nodes
            • Cluster Scale-out
            • Cluster Redistribution
              • Redistributing Data
              • Viewing Redistribution Details
            • Performing a Primary/Standby Switchback
            • Cluster Upgrade
            • Password Reset
            • Cluster Restart
            • Modifying Database Parameters
            • MRS Data Sources
              • Importing Data from MRS to GaussDB(DWS)
              • Creating an MRS Data Source Connection
              • Updating the MRS Data Source Configuration
            • Managing Cluster Workloads
              • Workload Management Overview
              • Adding Workload Queues
              • Modifying Workload Queues
              • Workload Queue Query
              • Deleting Workload Queues
              • Workload Plans
              • Stages of Workload Plans
              • Importing and Exporting Workload Plans
              • Schema Space Management
            • Managing Logical Clusters
              • Overview
              • Adding Logical Clusters
              • Editing Logical Clusters
              • Deleting Logical Clusters
              • Restarting Logical Clusters
              • Scaling Out Logical Clusters
            • Managing Tags
              • Overview
              • Tag Management
            • Deleting Clusters
            • Managing Parameter Templates
            • Managing Clusters That Fail to Be Created
            • Read-only Status
          • Cluster HA
            • Snapshots
              • Overview
              • Manual Snapshots
                • Manually Creating a Snapshot
                • Deleting Manual Snapshots
              • Automated Snapshots
                • Automated Snapshot Overview
                • Configuring an Automated Snapshot Policy
                • Copying Automated Snapshots
                • Deleting an Automated Snapshot
              • Viewing Snapshot Information
              • Restoration Using a Snapshot
                • Restoring a Snapshot to a New Cluster
            • Cluster DR
              • DR Overview
              • Creating a DR Task
              • Viewing DR Information
              • DR Management
              • Mutually Exclusive DR Cases
            • Associating and Disassociating ELB
            • CNs
          • Monitoring and Alarms
            • Monitoring Clusters Using Cloud Eye
            • Databases Monitoring
              • Database Monitoring Overview
              • Monitoring Metrics
              • Cluster Overview
              • Monitoring
                • Node Monitoring
                • Performance Monitoring
                • Database Monitoring
                • Session Monitoring
                • Query Monitoring
                • Instance Monitoring
                • Load Monitoring
              • Utilities
                • SQL Diagnosis
              • Settings
              • Typical Scenarios
                • SQL Diagnosis
                • Top Time-Consuming SQL Statements Viewing
            • Event Notifications
              • Event Notifications Overview
              • Subscribing to Event Notifications
              • Viewing Events
            • Alarms
              • Alarm Management
              • Alarm Rules
              • Alarm Subscriptions
          • Cluster Security Management
            • Configuring Separation of Permissions
            • Encrypting Databases
              • Overview
              • Rotating Encryption Keys
            • Permissions
              • Syntax of Fine-Grained Permissions Policies
              • RBAC Syntax of RBAC Policies
            • Fine-Grained Permissions Policies
            • Protection for Mission-Critical Operations
          • Audit Logs
            • Overview
            • Viewing Audit Logs of Key Operations on the Management Console
            • Configuring the Database Audit Logs
            • Dumping the Database Audit Logs
          • FAQs
            • General Problems
              • Why Are Data Warehouses Necessary?
              • What Are the Differences Between a Data Warehouse and the Hadoop Big Data Platform?
              • Why Should I Use GaussDB(DWS)?
              • When Should I Use GaussDB(DWS) and MRS?
              • What Are the Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) and Hive in Functions?
              • What Is the User Quota?
              • What Are the Differences Between Users and Roles?
              • How Do I Check the Creation Time of a Database User?
              • Regions and AZs
              • Is My Data Secure in GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Is GaussDB(DWS) Secured?
              • Can I Modify the Security Group of a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster?
              • What Is a Database/Data Warehouse/Data Lake/Lakehouse?
            • Cluster Management
              • What Do I Do If Creating a GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Failed?
              • How Can I Clear and Reclaim the Storage Space?
              • Why Did the Used Storage Shrink After Scale-out?
              • How Do I View Node Metrics (CPU, Memory, and Disk Usage)?
              • Does GaussDB(DWS) Support a Single Node for a Learning Environment?
              • How Is the Disk Space or Capacity of GaussDB(DWS) Calculated?
              • What Are the gaussdb and postgres Databases of GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Do I Set the Maximum Number of Sessions When Adding an Alarm Rule on Cloud Eye?
              • When Should I Add CNs or Scale out a cluster?
              • What Are the Differences Between Hot Data Storage and Cold Data Storage?
            • Database Connections
              • How Applications Communicate with GaussDB(DWS)?
              • Does GaussDB(DWS) Support Third-Party Clients and JDBC and ODBC Drivers?
              • Can I Connect to GaussDB(DWS) Cluster Nodes Using SSH?
              • What Should I Do If I Cannot Connect to a Data Warehouse Cluster?
              • Why Was I Not Notified of Failure Unbinding the EIP When GaussDB(DWS) Is Connected Over the Internet?
              • How Do I Configure a Whitelist to Protect Clusters Available Through a Public IP Address?
            • Data Import and Export
              • What Are the Differences Between Data Formats Supported by OBS and GDS Foreign Tables?
              • How Do I Import Incremental Data Using an OBS Foreign Table?
              • How Can I Import Data to GaussDB(DWS)?
              • How Much Service Data Can a Data Warehouse Store?
              • How Do I Use \Copy to Import and Export Data?
              • Can I Export GaussDB(DWS) Data from/to OBS Across Regions?
              • How Do I Import GaussDB(DWS)/Oracle/MySQL/SQL Server Data to GaussDB(DWS) (Whole Database Migration)?
              • Can I Import Data over the Public/External Network Using GDS?
              • Which Are the Factors That Affect GaussDB(DWS) Import Performance?
            • Account, Password, and Permissions
              • How Does GaussDB(DWS) Implement Workload Isolation?
              • How Do I Change the Password of a Database Account When the Password Expires?
              • How Do I Grant Table Permissions to a User?
              • How Do I Grant Schema Permissions to a User?
              • How Do I Create a Database Read-only User?
              • How Do I Create Private Database Users and Tables?
              • How Do I Revoke the CONNECT ON DATABASE Permission from a User?
              • How Do I View the Table Permissions of a User?
              • Who Is User Ruby?
            • Database Usage
              • How Do I Change Distribution Columns?
              • How Do I View and Set the Database Character Encoding?
              • What Do I Do If Date Type Is Automatically Converted to the Timestamp Type During Table Creation?
              • Do I Need to Run VACUUM FULL and ANALYZE on Common Tables Periodically?
              • Do I Need to Set a Distribution Key After Setting a Primary Key?
              • Is GaussDB(DWS) Compatible with PostgreSQL Stored Procedures?
              • What Are Partitioned Tables, Partitions, and Partition Keys?
              • How Can I Export the Table Structure?
              • How Can I Export All Tables and Views from a Database?
              • How Can I Delete Table Data Efficiently?
              • How Do I View Foreign Table Information?
              • If No Distribution Column Is Specified, How Will Data Be Stored?
              • How Do I Replace the Null Result with 0?
              • How Do I Check Whether a Table Is Row-Stored or Column-Stored?
              • How Do I Query the Information About GaussDB(DWS) Column-Store Tables?
              • Why Sometimes the GaussDB(DWS) Query Indexes Become Invalid?
              • How Do I Use a User-Defined Function to Rewrite the CRC32() Function?
              • What Are the Schemas Starting with pg_toast_temp* or pg_temp*?
              • Solutions to Inconsistent GaussDB(DWS) Query Results
              • Which System Catalogs That the VACUUM FULL Operation Cannot Be Performed on?
              • In Which Scenarios Would a Statement Be "idle in transaction"?
            • Database Performance
              • Why Is SQL Execution Slow After Long GaussDB(DWS) Usage?
              • Why Does GaussDB(DWS) Perform Worse Than a Single-Server Database in Extreme Scenarios?
              • How Can I View SQL Execution Records in a Certain Period When Read and Write Requests Are Blocked?
              • What Do I Do If My Cluster Is Unavailable Because of Insufficient Space?
            • Snapshot Backup and Restoration
              • Why Is Creating an Automated Snapshot So Slow?
              • Where Can a Snapshot Be Restored To?
              • Does a DWS Snapshot Have the Same Function as an EVS Snapshot?
          • Change History
        • API Reference (Kuala Lumpur Region)
          • Before You Start
            • Overview
            • API Calling
            • Endpoints
            • Basic Concepts
          • API Overview
          • Calling APIs
            • Making an API Request
            • Authentication
            • Response
          • Getting Started
          • API Description
            • Cluster Management APIs
              • Creating a Cluster
              • Querying the Cluster List
              • Querying Cluster Details
              • Querying the Supported Node Types
              • Deleting a Cluster
              • Restarting a Cluster
              • Scaling Out Clusters
              • Resetting a Password
            • Snapshot Management APIs
              • Creating a Snapshot
              • Querying the Snapshot List
              • Querying Snapshot Details
              • Deleting a Manual Snapshot
              • Restoring a Cluster
          • Permissions Policies and Supported Actions
          • Appendix
            • Status Code
            • Error Code
            • Creating a VPC
            • Obtaining a Project ID
            • Obtaining an Account ID
            • Obtaining the Cluster ID
          • Change History
        • Developer Guide (Kuala Lumpur Region)
          • Welcome
            • Target Readers
            • Reading Guide
            • Conventions
            • Prerequisites
          • System Overview
            • Highly Reliable Transaction Processing
            • High Query Performance
            • Related Concepts
          • Data Migration
            • Data Migration to GaussDB(DWS)
            • Data Import
              • Importing Data from OBS in Parallel
                • About Parallel Data Import from OBS
                • Importing CSV/TXT Data from the OBS
                  • Creating Access Keys (AK and SK)
                  • Uploading Data to OBS
                  • Creating an OBS Foreign Table
                  • Importing Data
                  • Handling Import Errors
                • Importing ORC/CarbonData Data from OBS
                  • Preparing Data on OBS
                  • Creating a Foreign Server
                  • Creating a Foreign Table
                  • Querying Data on OBS Through Foreign Tables
                  • Deleting Resources
                  • Supported Data Types
              • Using GDS to Import Data from a Remote Server
                • Importing Data In Parallel Using GDS
                • Preparing Source Data
                • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
                • Creating a GDS Foreign Table
                • Importing Data
                • Handling Import Errors
                • Stopping GDS
                • Example of Importing Data Using GDS
              • Importing Data from MRS to a Cluster
                • Overview
                • Preparing Data in an MRS Cluster
                • Manually Creating a Foreign Server
                • Creating a Foreign Table
                • Importing Data
                • Deleting Resources
                • Error Handling
              • Importing Data from One GaussDB(DWS) Cluster to Another
              • Using the gsql Meta-Command \COPY to Import Data
              • Running the COPY FROM STDIN Statement to Import Data
                • Data Import Using COPY FROM STDIN
                • Introduction to the CopyManager Class
                • Example: Importing and Exporting Data Through Local Files
                • Example: Migrating Data from MySQL to GaussDB(DWS)
            • Full Database Migration
              • Using CDM to Migrate Data to GaussDB(DWS)
              • Using DSC to Migrate SQL Scripts
            • Metadata Migration
              • Using gs_dump and gs_dumpall to Export Metadata
                • Overview
                • Exporting a Single Database
                  • Exporting a Database
                  • Exporting a Schema
                  • Exporting a Table
                • Exporting All Databases
                  • Exporting All Databases
                  • Exporting Global Objects
                • Data Export By a User Without Required Permissions
              • Using gs_restore to Import Data
            • Data Export
              • Exporting Data to OBS
                • Parallel OBS Data Export
                • Exporting CSV/TXT Data to OBS
                  • Planning Data Export
                  • Creating an OBS Foreign Table
                  • Exporting Data
                  • Examples
                • Exporting ORC Data to OBS
                  • Planning Data Export
                  • Creating a Foreign Server
                  • Creating a Foreign Table
                  • Exporting Data
              • Exporting ORC Data to MRS
                • Overview
                • Planning Data Export
                • Creating a Foreign Server
                • Creating a Foreign Table
                • Exporting Data
              • Using GDS to Export Data to a Remote Server
                • Exporting Data In Parallel Using GDS
                • Planning Data Export
                • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
                • Creating a GDS Foreign Table
                • Exporting Data
                • Stopping GDS
                • Examples of Exporting Data Using GDS
            • Other Operations
              • GDS Pipe FAQs
              • Checking for Data Skew
          • Syntax Compatibility Differences Among Oracle, Teradata, and MySQL
          • Database Security Management
            • Managing Users and Their Permissions
              • Default Permission Mechanism
              • System Administrator
              • Separation of Permissions
              • Users
              • Roles
              • Schema
              • User Permission Setting
              • Row-Level Access Control
              • Data Redaction
            • Setting Security Policies
              • Setting Account Security Policies
              • Setting the Validity Period of an Account
              • Setting a User Password
            • Querying Audit Results
          • Development and Design Proposal
            • Development and Design Proposal
            • Database Object Naming Conventions
            • Database Object Design
              • Database and Schema Design
              • Table Design
              • Column Design
              • Constraint Design
              • View and Joined Table Design
            • JDBC Configuration
            • SQL Compilation
            • PL/Java Usage
            • PL/pgSQL Usage
          • Guide: JDBC- or ODBC-Based Development
            • Development Specifications
            • Downloading Drivers
            • JDBC-Based Development
              • JDBC Package and Driver Class
              • Development Process
              • Loading a Driver
              • Connecting to a Database
              • Executing SQL Statements
              • Processing Data in a Result Set
              • Closing the Connection
              • Example: Common Operations
              • Example: Retrying SQL Queries for Applications
              • Example: Importing and Exporting Data Through Local Files
              • Example: Migrating Data from MySQL to GaussDB(DWS)
              • JDBC Interface Reference
                • java.sql.Connection
                • java.sql.CallableStatement
                • java.sql.DatabaseMetaData
                • java.sql.Driver
                • java.sql.PreparedStatement
                • java.sql.ResultSet
                • java.sql.ResultSetMetaData
                • java.sql.Statement
                • javax.sql.ConnectionPoolDataSource
                • javax.sql.DataSource
                • javax.sql.PooledConnection
                • javax.naming.Context
                • javax.naming.spi.InitialContextFactory
                • CopyManager
            • ODBC-Based Development
              • ODBC Package and Its Dependent Libraries and Header Files
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Linux OS
              • Configuring a Data Source in the Windows OS
              • ODBC Development Example
              • ODBC Interfaces
                • SQLAllocEnv
                • SQLAllocConnect
                • SQLAllocHandle
                • SQLAllocStmt
                • SQLBindCol
                • SQLBindParameter
                • SQLColAttribute
                • SQLConnect
                • SQLDisconnect
                • SQLExecDirect
                • SQLExecute
                • SQLFetch
                • SQLFreeStmt
                • SQLFreeConnect
                • SQLFreeHandle
                • SQLFreeEnv
                • SQLPrepare
                • SQLGetData
                • SQLGetDiagRec
                • SQLSetConnectAttr
                • SQLSetEnvAttr
                • SQLSetStmtAttr
          • PostGIS Extension
            • PostGIS
            • Using PostGIS
            • PostGIS Support and Constraints
            • OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE NOTICE (For PostGIS)
          • Resource Load Management
            • Overview
            • Query Band Load Identification
            • Schema Space Control
            • Memory Management
              • Overview
              • Job-Level Memory Control
            • Basic Framework for Resource Load Management
              • Resource Pools
              • Associated Jobs
            • Priority-based Scheduling
              • CPU
              • I/O
            • Storage Space Management
          • Resource Monitoring
            • User Resource Query
            • Monitoring Memory Resources
            • Instance Resource Monitoring
            • Real-time TopSQL
            • Historical TopSQL
            • TopSQL Query Example
          • Query Performance Optimization
            • Overview of Query Performance Optimization
            • Query Analysis
              • Query Execution Process
              • Overview of the SQL Execution Plan
              • Deep Dive on the SQL Execution Plan
              • Querying SQL Statements That Affect Performance Most
              • Checking Blocked Statements
            • Query Improvement
              • Optimization Process
              • Updating Statistics
              • Reviewing and Modifying a Table Definition
                • Reviewing and Modifying a Table Definition
                • Selecting a Storage Model
                • Selecting a Distribution Mode
                • Selecting a Distribution Column
                • Using Partial Clustering
                • Using Partitioned Tables
                • Selecting a Data Type
              • Typical SQL Optimization Methods
                • SQL Self-Diagnosis
                • Optimizing Statement Pushdown
                • Optimizing Subqueries
                • Optimizing Statistics
                • Optimizing Operators
                • Optimizing Data Skew
              • Experience in Rewriting SQL Statements
              • Adjusting Key Parameters During SQL Tuning
              • Hint-based Tuning
                • Plan Hint Optimization
                • Join Order Hints
                • Join Operation Hints
                • Rows Hints
                • Stream Operation Hints
                • Scan Operation Hints
                • Sublink Name Hints
                • Skew Hints
                • Configuration Parameter Hints
                • Hint Errors, Conflicts, and Other Warnings
                • Plan Hint Cases
              • Routinely Maintaining Tables
              • Routinely Recreating an Index
              • Configuring the SMP
                • Application Scenarios and Restrictions
                • Resource Impact on SMP Performance
                • Other Factors Affecting SMP Performance
                • Suggestions for SMP Parameter Settings
                • SMP Manual Optimization Suggestions
            • Optimization Cases
              • Case: Selecting an Appropriate Distribution Column
              • Case: Creating an Appropriate Index
              • Case: Adding NOT NULL for JOIN Columns
              • Case: Pushing Down Sort Operations to DNs
              • Case: Configuring cost_param for Better Query Performance
              • Case: Adjusting the Distribution Key
              • Case: Adjusting the Partial Clustering Key
              • Case: Adjusting the Table Storage Mode in a Medium Table
              • Case: Adjusting the Local Clustering Column
              • Case: Reconstructing Partition Tables
              • Case: Adjusting the GUC Parameter best_agg_plan
              • Case: Rewriting SQL and Deleting Subqueries (Case 1)
              • Case: Rewriting SQL and Deleting Subqueries (Case 2)
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Eliminating Prune Interference
              • Case: Rewriting SQL Statements and Deleting in-clause
              • Case: Setting Partial Cluster Keys
            • SQL Execution Troubleshooting
              • Low Query Efficiency
              • DROP TABLE Fails to Be Executed
              • Different Data Is Displayed for the Same Table Queried By Multiple Users
              • An Error Occurs During the Integer Conversion
              • Automatic Retry upon SQL Statement Execution Errors
            • Common Performance Parameter Optimization Design
          • User-Defined Functions
            • PL/Java Functions
            • PL/pgSQL Functions
          • Stored Procedures
            • Stored Procedure
            • Data Types
            • Data Type Conversion
            • Arrays and Records
              • Arrays
              • record
            • Syntax
              • Basic Structure
              • Anonymous Block
              • Subprogram
            • Basic Statements
              • Variable Definition Statement
              • Assignment Statement
              • Call Statement
            • Dynamic Statements
              • Executing Dynamic Query Statements
              • Executing Dynamic Non-query Statements
              • Dynamically Calling Stored Procedures
              • Dynamically Calling Anonymous Blocks
            • Control Statements
              • RETURN Statements
                • RETURN
                • RETURN NEXT and RETURN QUERY
              • Conditional Statements
              • Loop Statements
              • Branch Statements
              • NULL Statements
              • Error Trapping Statements
              • GOTO Statements
            • Other Statements
              • Lock Operations
              • Cursor Operations
            • Cursors
              • Overview
              • Explicit Cursor
              • Implicit Cursor
              • Cursor Loop
            • Advanced Packages
              • DBMS_LOB
              • DBMS_RANDOM
              • DBMS_OUTPUT
              • UTL_RAW
              • DBMS_JOB
              • DBMS_SQL
            • Debugging
          • System Catalogs and System Views
            • Overview of System Catalogs and System Views
            • System Catalogs
              • GS_OBSSCANINFO
              • GS_WLM_INSTANCE_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • GS_WLM_USER_RESOURCE_HISTORY
              • PG_AGGREGATE
              • PG_AM
              • PG_AMOP
              • PG_AMPROC
              • PG_ATTRDEF
              • PG_ATTRIBUTE
              • PG_AUTHID
              • PG_AUTH_HISTORY
              • PG_AUTH_MEMBERS
              • PG_CAST
              • PG_CLASS
              • PG_COLLATION
              • PG_CONSTRAINT
              • PG_CONVERSION
              • PG_DATABASE
              • PG_DB_ROLE_SETTING
              • PG_DEFAULT_ACL
              • PG_DEPEND
              • PG_DESCRIPTION
              • PG_ENUM
              • PG_EXTENSION
              • PG_EXTENSION_DATA_SOURCE
              • PG_FOREIGN_DATA_WRAPPER
              • PG_FOREIGN_SERVER
              • PG_FOREIGN_TABLE
              • PG_INDEX
              • PG_INHERITS
              • PG_JOBS
              • PG_LANGUAGE
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT
              • PG_LARGEOBJECT_METADATA
              • PG_NAMESPACE
              • PG_OBJECT
              • PG_OBSSCANINFO
              • PG_OPCLASS
              • PG_OPERATOR
              • PG_OPFAMILY
              • PG_PARTITION
              • PG_PLTEMPLATE
              • PG_PROC
              • PG_RANGE
              • PG_REDACTION_COLUMN
              • PG_REDACTION_POLICY
              • PG_RLSPOLICY
              • PG_RESOURCE_POOL
              • PG_REWRITE
              • PG_SECLABEL
              • PG_SHDEPEND
              • PG_SHDESCRIPTION
              • PG_SHSECLABEL
              • PG_STATISTIC
              • PG_STATISTIC_EXT
              • PG_SYNONYM
              • PG_TABLESPACE
              • PG_TRIGGER
              • PG_TS_CONFIG
              • PG_TS_CONFIG_MAP
              • PG_TS_DICT
              • PG_TS_PARSER
              • PG_TS_TEMPLATE
              • PG_TYPE
              • PG_USER_MAPPING
              • PG_USER_STATUS
              • PG_WORKLOAD_ACTION
              • PGXC_CLASS
              • PGXC_GROUP
              • PGXC_NODE
            • System Views
              • ALL_ALL_TABLES
              • ALL_CONSTRAINTS
              • ALL_CONS_COLUMNS
              • ALL_COL_COMMENTS
              • ALL_DEPENDENCIES
              • ALL_IND_COLUMNS
              • ALL_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • ALL_INDEXES
              • ALL_OBJECTS
              • ALL_PROCEDURES
              • ALL_SEQUENCES
              • ALL_SOURCE
              • ALL_SYNONYMS
              • ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
              • ALL_TAB_COMMENTS
              • ALL_TABLES
              • ALL_USERS
              • ALL_VIEWS
              • DBA_DATA_FILES
              • DBA_USERS
              • DBA_COL_COMMENTS
              • DBA_CONSTRAINTS
              • DBA_CONS_COLUMNS
              • DBA_IND_COLUMNS
              • DBA_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • DBA_IND_PARTITIONS
              • DBA_INDEXES
              • DBA_OBJECTS
              • DBA_PART_INDEXES
              • DBA_PART_TABLES
              • DBA_PROCEDURES
              • DBA_SEQUENCES
              • DBA_SOURCE
              • DBA_SYNONYMS
              • DBA_TAB_COLUMNS
              • DBA_TAB_COMMENTS
              • DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
              • DBA_TABLES
              • DBA_TABLESPACES
              • DBA_TRIGGERS
              • DBA_VIEWS
              • DUAL
              • GLOBAL_REDO_STAT
              • GLOBAL_REL_IOSTAT
              • GLOBAL_STAT_DATABASE
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • GLOBAL_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • GS_ALL_CONTROL_GROUP_INFO
              • GS_CLUSTER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • GS_INSTR_UNIQUE_SQL
              • GS_REL_IOSTAT
              • GS_NODE_STAT_RESET_TIME
              • GS_SESSION_CPU_STATISTICS
              • GS_SESSION_MEMORY_STATISTICS
              • GS_SQL_COUNT
              • GS_WAIT_EVENTS
              • GS_WLM_OPERAROR_INFO
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_HISTORY
              • GS_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
              • GS_WLM_SQL_ALLOW
              • GS_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • GS_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • GS_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • GS_STAT_DB_CU
              • GS_STAT_SESSION_CU
              • GS_TOTAL_NODEGROUP_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • GS_USER_TRANSACTION
              • GS_VIEW_DEPENDENCY
              • GS_VIEW_DEPENDENCY_PATH
              • GS_VIEW_INVALID
              • PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSION_VERSIONS
              • PG_AVAILABLE_EXTENSIONS
              • PG_BULKLOAD_STATISTICS
              • PG_COMM_CLIENT_INFO
              • PG_COMM_DELAY
              • PG_COMM_STATUS
              • PG_COMM_RECV_STREAM
              • PG_COMM_SEND_STREAM
              • PG_CONTROL_GROUP_CONFIG
              • PG_CURSORS
              • PG_EXT_STATS
              • PG_GET_INVALID_BACKENDS
              • PG_GET_SENDERS_CATCHUP_TIME
              • PG_GROUP
              • PG_INDEXES
              • PG_JOB
              • PG_JOB_PROC
              • PG_JOB_SINGLE
              • PG_LIFECYCLE_DATA_DISTRIBUTE
              • PG_LOCKS
              • PG_NODE_ENV
              • PG_OS_THREADS
              • PG_POOLER_STATUS
              • PG_PREPARED_STATEMENTS
              • PG_PREPARED_XACTS
              • PG_QUERYBAND_ACTION
              • PG_REPLICATION_SLOTS
              • PG_ROLES
              • PG_RULES
              • PG_RUNNING_XACTS
              • PG_SECLABELS
              • PG_SESSION_WLMSTAT
              • PG_SESSION_IOSTAT
              • PG_SETTINGS
              • PG_SHADOW
              • PG_SHARED_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PG_STATS
              • PG_STAT_ACTIVITY
              • PG_STAT_ALL_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
              • PG_STAT_BGWRITER
              • PG_STAT_DATABASE
              • PG_STAT_DATABASE_CONFLICTS
              • PG_STAT_GET_MEM_MBYTES_RESERVED
              • PG_STAT_USER_FUNCTIONS
              • PG_STAT_USER_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_USER_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_REPLICATION
              • PG_STAT_SYS_INDEXES
              • PG_STAT_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STAT_XACT_USER_FUNCTIONS
              • PG_STAT_XACT_USER_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_ALL_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_SYS_TABLES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_INDEXES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_SEQUENCES
              • PG_STATIO_USER_TABLES
              • PG_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
              • PG_TABLES
              • PG_TDE_INFO
              • PG_TIMEZONE_ABBREVS
              • PG_TIMEZONE_NAMES
              • PG_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PG_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO
              • PG_TOTAL_USER_RESOURCE_INFO
              • PG_USER
              • PG_USER_MAPPINGS
              • PG_VIEWS
              • PG_WLM_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_PROGRESS
              • PGXC_BULKLOAD_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_COMM_CLIENT_INFO
              • PGXC_COMM_DELAY
              • PGXC_COMM_RECV_STREAM
              • PGXC_COMM_SEND_STREAM
              • PGXC_COMM_STATUS
              • PGXC_DEADLOCK
              • PGXC_GET_STAT_ALL_TABLES
              • PGXC_GET_STAT_ALL_PARTITIONS
              • PGXC_GET_TABLE_SKEWNESS
              • PGXC_GTM_SNAPSHOT_STATUS
              • PGXC_INSTANCE_TIME
              • PGXC_INSTR_UNIQUE_SQL
              • PGXC_LOCK_CONFLICTS
              • PGXC_NODE_ENV
              • PGXC_NODE_STAT_RESET_TIME
              • PGXC_OS_RUN_INFO
              • PGXC_OS_THREADS
              • PGXC_PREPARED_XACTS
              • PGXC_REDO_STAT
              • PGXC_REL_IOSTAT
              • PGXC_REPLICATION_SLOTS
              • PGXC_RUNNING_XACTS
              • PGXC_SETTINGS
              • PGXC_STAT_ACTIVITY
              • PGXC_STAT_BAD_BLOCK
              • PGXC_STAT_BGWRITER
              • PGXC_STAT_DATABASE
              • PGXC_STAT_REPLICATION
              • PGXC_SQL_COUNT
              • PGXC_THREAD_WAIT_STATUS
              • PGXC_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PGXC_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO
              • PGXC_TOTAL_SCHEMA_INFO_ANALYZE
              • PGXC_USER_TRANSACTION
              • PGXC_VARIABLE_INFO
              • PGXC_WAIT_EVENTS
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_INFO
              • PGXC_WLM_OPERATOR_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_INFO
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_HISTORY
              • PGXC_WLM_SESSION_STATISTICS
              • PGXC_WLM_WORKLOAD_RECORDS
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_SQL_COUNT
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_SQL_ELAPSE_TIME
              • PGXC_WORKLOAD_TRANSACTION
              • PLAN_TABLE
              • PLAN_TABLE_DATA
              • PV_FILE_STAT
              • PV_INSTANCE_TIME
              • PV_OS_RUN_INFO
              • PV_SESSION_MEMORY
              • PV_SESSION_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PV_SESSION_STAT
              • PV_SESSION_TIME
              • PV_TOTAL_MEMORY_DETAIL
              • PV_REDO_STAT
              • REDACTION_COLUMNS
              • REDACTION_POLICIES
              • USER_COL_COMMENTS
              • USER_CONSTRAINTS
              • USER_CONS_COLUMNS
              • USER_INDEXES
              • USER_IND_COLUMNS
              • USER_IND_EXPRESSIONS
              • USER_IND_PARTITIONS
              • USER_JOBS
              • USER_OBJECTS
              • USER_PART_INDEXES
              • USER_PART_TABLES
              • USER_PROCEDURES
              • USER_SEQUENCES
              • USER_SOURCE
              • USER_SYNONYMS
              • USER_TAB_COLUMNS
              • USER_TAB_COMMENTS
              • USER_TAB_PARTITIONS
              • USER_TABLES
              • USER_TRIGGERS
              • USER_VIEWS
              • V$SESSION
              • V$SESSION_LONGOPS
          • GUC Parameters
            • Viewing GUC Parameters
            • Configuring GUC Parameters
            • GUC Parameter Usage
            • Connection and Authentication
              • Connection Settings
              • Security and Authentication (postgresql.conf)
              • Communication Library Parameters
            • Resource Consumption
              • Memory
              • Disk Space
              • Kernel Resources
              • Cost-based Vacuum Delay
              • Asynchronous I/O Operations
            • Parallel Data Import
            • Write Ahead Logs
              • Settings
              • Checkpoints
              • Archiving
            • HA Replication
              • Sending Server
              • Primary Server
            • Query Planning
              • Optimizer Method Configuration
              • Optimizer Cost Constants
              • Genetic Query Optimizer
              • Other Optimizer Options
            • Error Reporting and Logging
              • Logging Destination
              • Logging Time
              • Logging Content
            • Alarm Detection
            • Statistics During the Database Running
              • Query and Index Statistics Collector
              • Performance Statistics
            • Workload Management
            • Automatic Cleanup
            • Default Settings of Client Connection
              • Statement Behavior
              • Zone and Formatting
              • Other Default Parameters
            • Lock Management
            • Version and Platform Compatibility
              • Compatibility with Earlier Versions
              • Platform and Client Compatibility
            • Fault Tolerance
            • Connection Pool Parameters
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            • Developer Operations
            • Auditing
              • Audit Switch
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            • Transaction Monitoring
            • Miscellaneous Parameters
          • Glossary
        • SQL Syntax Reference (Kuala Lumpur Region)
          • GaussDB(DWS) SQL
          • Differences Between GaussDB(DWS) and PostgreSQL
            • GaussDB(DWS) gsql, PostgreSQL psql, and libpq
            • Data Type Differences
            • Function Differences
            • PostgreSQL Features Unsupported by GaussDB(DWS)
          • Keyword
          • Data Types
            • Numeric Types
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            • Text Search Types
            • UUID Type
            • JSON Types
            • HLL Data Types
            • Object Identifier Types
            • Pseudo-Types
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            • XML
          • Constant and Macro
          • Functions and Operators
            • Logical Operators
            • Comparison Operators
            • Character Processing Functions and Operators
            • Binary String Functions and Operators
            • Bit String Functions and Operators
            • Pattern Matching Operators
            • Mathematical Functions and Operators
            • Date and Time Processing Functions and Operators
            • Type Conversion Functions
            • Geometric Functions and Operators
            • Network Address Functions and Operators
            • Text Search Functions and Operators
            • UUID Functions
            • JSON Functions
            • HLL Functions and Operators
            • SEQUENCE Functions
            • Array Functions and Operators
            • Range Functions and Operators
            • Aggregate Functions
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            • Security Functions
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            • System Information Functions
            • System Administration Functions
              • Configuration Settings Functions
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              • Database Object Functions
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              • Other Functions
              • Resource Management Functions
            • Data Redaction Functions
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            • XML Functions
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          • Expressions
            • Simple Expressions
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          • Type Conversion
            • Overview
            • Operators
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            • UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs
          • Full Text Search
            • Introduction
              • Full-Text Retrieval
              • What Is a Document?
              • Basic Text Matching
              • Configurations
            • Table and index
              • Searching a Table
              • Creating an Index
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            • Controlling Text Search
              • Parsing Documents
              • Parsing Queries
              • Ranking Search Results
              • Highlighting Results
            • Additional Features
              • Manipulating tsvector
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              • Rewriting Queries
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            • Parsers
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              • Overview
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            • Configuration Examples
            • Testing and Debugging Text Search
              • Testing a Configuration
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            • Limitations
          • System Operation
          • Controlling Transactions
          • DDL Syntax
            • DDL Syntax Overview
            • ALTER DATABASE
            • ALTER FOREIGN TABLE (for GDS)
            • ALTER FOREIGN TABLE (for HDFS or OBS)
            • ALTER FUNCTION
            • ALTER GROUP
            • ALTER INDEX
            • ALTER LARGE OBJECT
            • ALTER REDACTION POLICY
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            • CLEAN CONNECTION
            • CLOSE
            • CLUSTER
            • COMMENT
            • CREATE BARRIER
            • CREATE DATABASE
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (for GDS Import and Export)
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (SQL on OBS or Hadoop )
            • CREATE FOREIGN TABLE (for OBS Import and Export)
            • CREATE FUNCTION
            • CREATE GROUP
            • CREATE INDEX
            • CREATE REDACTION POLICY
            • CREATE ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY
            • CREATE PROCEDURE
            • CREATE RESOURCE POOL
            • CREATE ROLE
            • CREATE SCHEMA
            • CREATE SEQUENCE
            • CREATE SERVER
            • CREATE SYNONYM
            • CREATE TABLE
            • CREATE TABLE AS
            • CREATE TABLE PARTITION
            • CREATE TABLESPACE
            • CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
            • CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
            • CREATE TRIGGER
            • CREATE TYPE
            • CREATE USER
            • CREATE VIEW
            • CURSOR
            • DROP DATABASE
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            • DROP FUNCTION
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            • DROP OWNED
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            • DROP PROCEDURE
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            • DROP SEQUENCE
            • DROP SERVER
            • DROP SYNONYM
            • DROP TABLE
            • DROP TABLESPACE
            • DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
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            • DROP TRIGGER
            • DROP TYPE
            • DROP USER
            • DROP VIEW
            • FETCH
            • MOVE
            • REINDEX
            • RESET
            • SET
            • SET CONSTRAINTS
            • SET ROLE
            • SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
            • SHOW
            • TRUNCATE
            • VACUUM
          • DML Syntax
            • DML Syntax Overview
            • CALL
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            • LOCK
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            • INSERT and UPSERT
              • INSERT
              • UPSERT
            • UPDATE
            • VALUES
          • DCL Syntax
            • DCL Syntax Overview
            • ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
            • ANALYZE | ANALYSE
            • DEALLOCATE
            • DO
            • EXECUTE
            • EXECUTE DIRECT
            • GRANT
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            • REVOKE
          • DQL Syntax
            • DQL Syntax Overview
            • SELECT
            • SELECT INTO
          • TCL Syntax
            • TCL Syntax Overview
            • ABORT
            • BEGIN
            • CHECKPOINT
            • COMMIT | END
            • COMMIT PREPARED
            • PREPARE TRANSACTION
            • SAVEPOINT
            • SET TRANSACTION
            • START TRANSACTION
            • ROLLBACK
            • RELEASE SAVEPOINT
            • ROLLBACK PREPARED
            • ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
          • GIN Indexes
            • Introduction
            • Scalability
            • Implementation
            • GIN Tips and Tricks
        • Tool Guide (Kuala Lumpur Region)
          • Overview
          • Downloading Client Tools
          • gsql - CLI Client
            • Overview
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            • Online Help
            • Command Reference
            • Meta-Command Reference
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          • Data Studio - Integrated Database Development Tool
            • About Data Studio
              • Overview
              • Constraints and Limitations
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              • System Requirements
            • Installing and Configuring Data Studio
            • Quick Start
            • Data Studio GUI
            • Data Studio Menus
              • File
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            • Connection Profiles
              • Overview
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              • Editing a Connection
              • Removing a Connection
              • Viewing Connection Properties
              • Refreshing a Database Connection
            • Databases
              • Creating a Database
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              • Connecting to a Database
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              • Renaming a Database
              • Dropping a Database
              • Viewing Properties of a Database
            • Schemas
              • Overview
              • Creating a Schema
              • Exporting Schema DDL
              • Exporting Schema DDL and Data
              • Renaming a Schema
              • Supporting Sequence DDL
              • Granting/Revoking a Privilege
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            • Creating a Function/Procedure
            • Editing a Function/Procedure
            • Granting/Revoking a Permission (Function/Procedure)
            • Debugging a PL/SQL Function
              • Overview
              • Using Breakpoints
              • Controlling Execution
              • Checking Debugging Information
            • Working with Functions/Procedures
              • Overview
              • Selecting a DB Object in the PL/SQL Viewer
              • Exporting the DDL of a Function or Procedure
              • Viewing Object Properties in the PL/SQL Viewer
              • Dropping a Function/Procedure
              • Executing a Function/Procedure
              • Granting/Revoking a Privilege
            • GaussDB(DWS) Tables
              • Table Management Overview
              • Creating Regular Table
                • Overview
                • Working with Columns
                • Working with Constraints
                • Managing Indexes
              • Creating Foreign Table
              • Creating Partition Table
                • Overview
                • Working with Partitions
              • Grant/Revoke Privilege - Regular/Partition Table
              • Managing Table
                • Overview
                • Renaming a Table
                • Truncating a Table
                • Reindexing a Table
                • Analyzing a Table
                • Vacuuming a Table
                • Setting the Table Description
                • Setting the Schema
                • Dropping a Table
                • Viewing Table Properties
                • Grant/Revoke Privilege
              • Managing Table Data
                • Exporting Table DDL
                • Exporting Table DDL and Data
                • Exporting Table Data
                • Show DDL
                • Importing Table Data
                • Viewing Table Data
                • Editing Table Data
              • Editing Temporary Tables
            • Sequences
              • Creating Sequence
              • Grant/Revoke Privilege
              • Working with Sequences
            • Views
              • Creating a View
              • Granting/Revoking a Privilege
              • Working with Views
            • SQL Terminal
              • Opening Multiple SQL Terminal Tabs
              • Managing the History of Executed SQL Queries
              • Opening and Saving SQL Scripts
              • Viewing Object Properties in the SQL Terminal
              • Canceling the Execution of SQL Queries
              • Formatting of SQL Queries
              • Selecting a DB Object in the SQL Terminal
              • Viewing the Execution Plan and Costs
              • Viewing the Query Execution Plan and Cost Graphically
              • Using SQL Terminals
              • Exporting Query Results
              • Managing SQL Terminal Connections
            • Batch Operation
              • Overview
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              • Granting/Revoking Privileges
            • Personalizing Data Studio
              • Overview
              • General
              • Editor
              • Environment
              • Result Management
              • Security
            • Performance Specifications
            • Security Management
              • Overview
              • Login History
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              • Securing the Application In-Memory Data
              • Data Encryption for Saved Data
              • SQL History
              • SSL Certificates
            • Troubleshooting
            • FAQs
          • GDS: Parallel Data Loader
            • Installing, Configuring, and Starting GDS
            • Stopping GDS
            • Example of Importing Data Using GDS
            • gds
            • gds_ctl.py
            • Handling Import Errors
          • DSC: SQL Syntax Migration Tool
            • Overview
            • Supported Keywords and Features
            • Constraints and Limitations
            • System Requirements
            • Installing DSC
            • Configuring DSC
              • Overview
              • DSC Configuration
              • Teradata SQL Configuration
              • Oracle SQL Configuration
              • Teradata Perl Configuration
              • MySQL SQL Configuration
              • Netezza Configuration
            • Using DSC
              • Migration Process
                • Overview
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                • Preparations
                • Migrating Data Using DSC
                • Viewing Output Files and Logs
                • Troubleshooting
              • Teradata SQL Migration
              • Oracle SQL Migration
              • Teradata Perl Migration
              • Netezza SQL Migration
              • MySQL SQL Migration
              • SQL Formatter
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              • Overview
              • Schema Objects
                • Table Migration
                • Index Migration
                • View Migration
                • COLLECT STATISTICS
                • ACCESS LOCK
                • DBC.COLUMNS
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              • SHOW STATS VALUES SEQUENCED
              • DML
              • Query Migration Operators
              • Query Optimization Operators
              • System Functions and Operators
              • Math Functions
              • String Functions
              • Date and Time Functions
              • Type Casting and Formatting
              • BTEQ Utility Command
              • DSQL
            • Oracle Syntax Migration
              • Overview
              • Schema Objects
                • Tables
                • Temporary Tables
                • Global Temporary Tables
                • Indexes
                • Views
                • Sequences
                • PURGE
                • Database Keywords
              • COMPRESS Phrase
              • Bitmap Index
              • Custom Tablespace
              • Supplemental Log Data
              • LONG RAW
              • DML
              • Pseudo Columns
              • OUTER JOIN
              • OUTER QUERY (+)
              • CONNECT BY
              • System Functions
                • Date Functions
                • LOB Functions
                • String Functions
                • Analytical Functions
                • Regular Expression Functions
              • PL/SQL
              • PL/SQL Collections (Using User-Defined Types)
              • PL/SQL Packages
                • Packages
                • Package Variables
                • Splitting Packages
                • REF CURSOR
                • Creating a Schema for Package
              • VARRAY
              • Granting Execution Permissions
              • Package Name List
              • Data Type
              • Chinese Character Support
            • Netezza Syntax Migration
              • Tables
              • PROCEDURE with RETURNS
              • Procedure
              • System Functions
              • Operator
              • DML
              • Index
            • MySQL Syntax Migration
              • Basic Data Types
              • Table (Optional)
              • Table Operations
              • Unique Indexes
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              • Hash Indexes
              • B-tree Indexes
              • Spatial Indexes
              • Delete an Index
              • Comments
              • Databases
              • Data Manipulation Language (DML)
              • Transaction Management and Database Management
            • DB2 Syntax Migration
              • Tables
              • DML
              • Index
              • NICKNAME
              • Statement
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            • Command Reference
              • Database Schema Conversion
              • Version
              • Help
            • Log Reference
              • Overview
              • SQL Migration Logs
              • Perl Migration Logs
            • Troubleshooting
            • FAQs
            • Security Management
          • Server Tool
            • gs_dump
            • gs_dumpall
            • gs_restore
            • gds_check
            • gds_install
            • gds_uninstall
            • gds_ctl
            • gs_sshexkey
          • Change History
        • Error Code Reference (Kuala Lumpur Region)
          • Management Console Error Code