Relational Database Service
Relational Database Service
Relational Database Service
RDS for SQL Server
RDS for MariaDB
RDS for MySQL
RDS for PostgreSQL
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" in this service
Relational Database Service
RDS for SQL Server
RDS for MariaDB
RDS for MySQL
RDS for PostgreSQL
All results for "
" in this service
What's New
Function Overview
Product Bulletin
Vulnerability Fixing Policies
Product Lifecycle
Service Overview
RDS Infographic
What Is RDS for PostgreSQL?
Advantages
Typical Use Cases
Product Series
DB Instance Description
DB Instance Types
DB Instance Storage Types
DB Engines and Versions
DB Instance Statuses
DB Instance Classes
x86-based Instance Classes
Security
Shared Responsibilities
Identity Authentication and Access Control
Data Protection
Audit and Logs
Risk Monitoring
Fault Recovery
Certificates
Permissions
Constraints
Related Services
Basic Concepts
Billing
Billed Items
Billing Modes
Comparison of Billing Modes
Yearly/Monthly Billing
Pay-per-Use Billing
Billing Examples
Billing Mode Changes
Pay-per-Use to Yearly/Monthly
Yearly/Monthly to Pay-per-Use
Renewing Subscriptions
Manually Renewing a DB Instance
Auto-Renewing a DB Instance
Bills
Arrears
Billing Termination
Cost Management
Getting Started
Buying an RDS for PostgreSQL Instance and Connecting to It Through DAS
Buying an RDS for PostgreSQL Instance and Connecting to It Using a PostgreSQL Client
Getting Started with RDS for PostgreSQL Common Practices
Kernels
RDS for PostgreSQL Kernel Version Description
Main Kernel Functions
Failover Slot for Logical Subscriptions
User Guide
Using IAM to Grant Access to RDS
Creating a User and Granting Permissions
RDS Custom Policies
Buying an RDS for PostgreSQL DB Instance
Instance Connection
Overview
Logging In to an RDS for PostgreSQL Instance and Creating a Database Through DAS (Recommended)
Connecting to an RDS for PostgreSQL Instance Through the psql CLI Client
Connecting to a DB Instance from a Linux ECS over a Private Network
Connecting to a DB Instance from a Linux ECS over a Public Network
Connecting to an RDS for PostgreSQL Instance Using pgAdmin
Connecting to an RDS for PostgreSQL Instance Through JDBC
Connecting to an RDS for PostgreSQL Instance Using Python
Connection Management
Viewing and Changing a Floating IP Address
Changing a Private Domain Name
Configuring SSL Encryption
Binding and Unbinding an EIP
Changing a Database Port
Configuring a Security Group Rule
Database Usage
Suggestions on Using RDS for PostgreSQL
Instance Usage Suggestions
Database Usage Suggestions
Databases
Creating a Database
Modifying Database Remarks
Deleting a Database
Accounts (Non-Administrator)
Creating a Database Account
Resetting a Password for a Database Account
Modifying Remarks of a Database Account
Deleting a Database Account
Modifying pg_hba.conf
Viewing the pg_hba.conf Change History
Tablespace Management
Database Migration
Migration Solution Overview
Migrating Data to RDS for PostgreSQL Using psql
Migrating Data to RDS for PostgreSQL Using the Export and Import Functions of DAS
Version Upgrade
Upgrading a Minor Version
Upgrading the Major Version of a DB Instance Using SQL Commands
Upgrading the Major Version of a DB Instance on the Console
Instance Management
Instance Overview
Instance Lifecycle
Buying a Same DB Instance as an Existing DB Instance
Stopping an Instance
Starting an Instance
Rebooting DB Instances or Read Replicas
Selecting Displayed Items
Exporting DB Instance Information
Deleting a Pay-per-Use DB Instance or Read Replica
Unsubscribing from a Yearly/Monthly Instance
Recycling a DB Instance
Instance Modifications
Changing a DB Instance Name
Changing a DB Instance Description
Changing the Replication Mode
Changing the Failover Priority
Changing a DB Instance Class
Changing the Storage Type
Scaling Storage Space
Configuring Storage Autoscaling
Changing the Maintenance Window
Changing a DB Instance Type from Single-Node to Primary/Standby
Manually Switching Between Primary and Standby DB Instances
Changing the AZ of a Standby DB Instance
Updating the OS of a DB Instance
Data Backups
Introduction to Backups
Backup Types
Instance-Level Backups
Configuring a Same-Region Backup Policy
Creating a Manual Backup
Replicating a Backup
Creating a Database-Level Backup
Managing Backups
Downloading an Instance-Level Backup
Downloading a Database-Level Backup
Downloading an Incremental Backup File
Checking and Exporting Backup Information
Deleting a Manual Backup
Stopping a Backup
Data Restorations
Restoration Solutions
Restoring Data to RDS for PostgreSQL
Restoring a DB Instance from Backups
PITR: Restoring a DB Instance to a Point in Time
PITR: Restoring Databases or Tables to a Point in Time
Restoring Databases from Database-Level Backups
Restoring Data to an On-Premises PostgreSQL Database from a Full Backup
Read Replicas
Introduction to Read Replicas
Creating a Read Replica
Managing a Read Replica
Configuring Replication Delay for a Read Replica
DR Management
Creating a DR Relationship
Promoting a DR Instance to Primary
Removing a DR Relationship
Extension Management
Installing and Uninstalling an Extension on the RDS Console
Installing and Uninstalling an Extension Using SQL Commands
Supported Extensions
pg_profile_pro
pg_repack
pgl_ddl_deploy
pgvector
pgAudit
pglogical
pg_stat_statements
rds_hwdrs_ddl
rds_hwdrs_privs
HypoPG
pg_cron
dblink
rds_pg_sql_ccl
Problem Diagnosis and SQL Analysis
Function Overview
Performance Monitoring
Viewing the Overall Status of a DB Instance
Viewing Performance Metrics of a DB Instance
Problem Diagnosis
Killing Sessions
Managing Real-Time Sessions
SQL Analysis
Viewing Slow Query Logs of a DB Instance
Creating a SQL Insights Task
Creating a SQL Throttling Rule
Common Performance Problems
Troubleshooting High CPU Usage
Troubleshooting High Memory Usage
Troubleshooting Database Age Increase Problem
Troubleshooting High Storage Space Usage
Troubleshooting Abnormal Connections and Active Connections
Troubleshooting Long-Running Transactions
Troubleshooting Inactive Logical Replication Slots
Troubleshooting High Oldest Replication Slot Lag or Replication Lag
Troubleshooting SQL Statements That Have Been Executed for 3s or 5s
Security and Encryption
Database Account Security
Resetting the Administrator Password to Restore root Access
Changing a Security Group
Performing a Server-Side Encryption
Using DBSS (Recommended)
Parameters
Modifying Parameters of an RDS for PostgreSQL Instance
Managing Parameter Templates
Creating a Parameter Template
Applying a Parameter Template
Resetting a Parameter Template
Replicating a Parameter Template
Comparing Parameter Templates
Importing a Parameter Template
Exporting a Parameter Template
Modifying a Parameter Template Description
Deleting a Parameter Template
Viewing Parameter Change History
Viewing Application Records of a Parameter Template
Suggestions on RDS for PostgreSQL Parameter Tuning
Log Management
Log Reporting
Viewing and Downloading Error Logs
Viewing and Downloading Slow Query Logs
Enabling SQL Audit
Downloading SQL Audit Logs
Metrics and Alarms
Configuring Displayed Metrics
Viewing Monitoring Metrics
Setting Alarm Rules
Event Monitoring
Introduction to Event Monitoring
Viewing Event Monitoring Data
Creating an Alarm Rule to Monitor an Event
Events Supported by Event Monitoring
Billing Management
Renewing DB Instances
Changing the Billing Mode from Pay-per-Use to Yearly/Monthly
Changing the Billing Mode from Yearly/Monthly to Pay-per-Use
Interconnection with CTS
Key Operations Supported by CTS
Viewing Traces
Task Center
Viewing a Task
Deleting a Task Record
RDS for PostgreSQL Tags
RDS for PostgreSQL Quotas
RDS for PostgreSQL Enhanced Edition
Introduction to RDS for PostgreSQL Enhanced Edition
Functions
System Views
Data Types
Implicit Type Conversion
Predefined Parameters
Macro Variables
Operators
Syntax
Best Practices
Best Practices
Creating a Cross-Region DR Relationship for an RDS for PostgreSQL Instance
Overview
Resource Planning
Preparing an RDS for PostgreSQL Instance in the Production Center
Preparing an RDS for PostgreSQL Instance in the DR Center
Configuring Cross-Region Network Connectivity
Creating a DR Relationship
Promoting a DR Instance to Primary
Removing a DR Relationship
FAQs
RDS for PostgreSQL Publications and Subscriptions
User-Defined Data Type Conversion
Using Client Drivers to Implement Failover and Read/Write Splitting
Using pg_waldump to Parse WAL Logs of RDS for PostgreSQL
Best Practices for Using PoWA
Overview
Supported Performance Metrics
Database Performance Metrics
Instance Performance Metrics
PoWA Deployment
Deploying PoWA for an RDS for PostgreSQL Instance
Deploying PoWA on a Self-Managed PostgreSQL Instance
Viewing Metric Details on PoWA
Best Practices for Using pg_dump
Best Practices for Using PgBouncer
Creating a Read-Only User
RDS for PostgreSQL Table Design
RDS for PostgreSQL Permissions Management
Troubleshooting WAL Accumulation
Updating, Deleting, or Inserting Data Records at a Time
Using Event Triggers to Implement the DDL Recycle Bin, Firewalls, and Incremental Synchronization
Creating Replication Slots to Enable CDC
Read/Write Splitting with Pgpool
User Preference Recommendation Systems
Suggestions on RDS for PostgreSQL Metric Alarm Configurations
Security Best Practices
Performance White Paper
Test Method
RDS for PostgreSQL 12 Test Data
General-Purpose DB Instances
Dedicated DB Instances
RDS for PostgreSQL 13 Test Data
General-Purpose DB Instances
Dedicated DB Instances
RDS for PostgreSQL 14 Test Data
General-Purpose DB Instances
Dedicated DB Instances
RDS for PostgreSQL 15 Test Data
General-Purpose DB Instances
Dedicated DB Instances
FAQs
Product Consulting
What Should I Pay Attention to When Using RDS?
Will My RDS DB Instances Be Affected by Other User Instances?
Will Different RDS DB Instances Share CPU and Memory Resources?
How Long Does It Take to Create an RDS for PostgreSQL Instance?
What Can I Do About Slow Responses of Websites When They Use RDS?
What Is the Time Delay for Primary/Standby Replication?
Can Multiple ECSs Connect to the Same RDS DB Instance?
Will Backups Be Encrypted After Disk Encryption Is Enabled for My RDS for PostgreSQL Instance?
What Is the Availability of RDS DB Instances?
Does RDS for PostgreSQL Support Cross-AZ High Availability?
Does RDS for PostgreSQL Support CloudPond?
Can I Use an Encrypted Password to Log In to an RDS DB Instance?
What Are the Differences Between Floating and Private IP Addresses of RDS DB Instances?
What Can I Do If I Can't Find My RDS Resources?
Resource Freezing, Release, Stopping, Deletion, and Unsubscription
Resource and Disk Management
Which Types of Logs and Files Occupy RDS for PostgreSQL Storage Space?
Which Items Occupy the Storage Space of My RDS for PostgreSQL Instances?
How Much Storage Space Is Required for DDL Operations?
What Are the Differences Between the Storage Space and Backup Space of an RDS for PostgreSQL Primary/Standby Instance?
Database Connection
What Do I Do If There Are Too Many Database Connections?
What Is the Maximum Number of Connections to an RDS for PostgreSQL Instance?
What Should I Do If an ECS Cannot Connect to an RDS for PostgreSQL Instance Through a Private Network?
What Should I Do If My RDS for PostgreSQL Instance Fails to Be Connected Due to Database Client Problems?
What Should I Do If an RDS for PostgreSQL Database Problem Causes a Connection Failure?
Do Applications Need to Support Reconnecting to an RDS DB Instance Automatically?
Why Can't I Ping My EIP After It Is Bound to an RDS DB Instance?
Can I Access an RDS for PostgreSQL Instance over an Intranet Across Regions?
Why Did the New Password Not Take Effect After I Reset the Administrator Password of My RDS for PostgreSQL Instance?
Can I Access Standby RDS DB Instances?
Will My Access Be Restricted by Bandwidth When I Connect to My RDS for PostgreSQL Instance from an ECS over a Private Network?
Database Migration
What Types of DB Engines Does RDS Support for Importing Data?
Why Do I Need to Use the pg_dump Tool for Migration?
Database Permission
Why Does the Root User of My RDS for PostgreSQL Instance Not Have the Super Permissions?
What Are the Differences Between RDS ManageAccess and DAS Permissions?
How Do I View Authorized Databases After a Local Client Is Connected to an RDS DB Instance?
Can Multiple Users Log In to an RDS Instance Through DAS at the Same Time? Will the Accounts Be Locked If I Enter Wrong Passwords Several Times in a Row?
Why Did I Fail to Create an Object on the postgres Database as a Common User?
What Should I Do If a Role Failed to Be Deleted from an RDS for PostgreSQL Instance?
Why Did My RDS for PostgreSQL Migration Fail?
How Do I Grant the REPLICATION Permission to an RDS for PostgreSQL Database User?
Why Is An Error Reported When I Attempt to Change a Table Owner of My RDS for PostgreSQL Instance?
Database Storage
What Types of Storage Does RDS Use?
How Do I View the Storage Usage of My RDS Instance?
Database Usage
How Do I Use DAS to Query SQL Statements?
How Do I View Session IDs and Login and Logout Time of an RDS Database?
What Should I Do If Garbled Characters Are Displayed After SQL Query Results Are Exported to an Excel File for My RDS Instance?
Does the OPTIMIZE TABLE Operation Lock Tables on an RDS DB Instance?
Backup and Restoration
How Do I View My Backup Storage Usage?
How Is RDS for PostgreSQL Backup Data Billed?
Why Has Automated Backup of My RDS Instance Failed?
Why Is a Table or Data Missing from My RDS for PostgreSQL Database?
How Long Does RDS for PostgreSQL Store Backup Data For?
How Do I Clear RDS for PostgreSQL Backup Space?
Can My RDS for PostgreSQL Instance Still Be Used in the Backup Window?
How Can I Back Up an RDS for PostgreSQL Database to an ECS?
Can I Dump RDS for PostgreSQL Backups to My OBS Bucket?
Does RDS for PostgreSQL Support Restoration of Only a Single Table?
Read Replicas and Read/Write Splitting
Can I Change the Replication Mode Between RDS for PostgreSQL Primary Instances and Read Replicas?
Does RDS for PostgreSQL Support Read/Write Splitting?
Database Monitoring
Which RDS for PostgreSQL Instance Metrics Do I Need to Pay Attention To?
How Can I Calculate the Memory Usage of an RDS DB Instance?
Capacity Expansion and Specification Change
Are My RDS for PostgreSQL Instances Still Available During Storage Scale-up or Instance Class Change?
Why Does My RDS for PostgreSQL Instance Become Faulty After Its Database Port Is Changed?
Can I Change the VPC or Subnet that My RDS for PostgreSQL Instance Belongs To?
Database Parameter Modification
Can I Use SQL Commands to Modify Global Parameters of My RDS Instance?
How Do I Change the Time Zone of My RDS for PostgreSQL Instance?
What Inappropriate Parameter Settings Will Cause Unavailability of My RDS for PostgreSQL Instance?
How Do I Set the Upper Limit for the Storage Space Occupied by Temporary Files of My RDS for PostgreSQL Instance?
How Do I Configure the test_decoding Extension for My RDS for PostgreSQL Instance?
Network Security
How Can Secure Data Transmission Be Ensured When I Access an RDS for PostgreSQL Instance Through an EIP?
How Can I Prevent Untrusted Source IP Addresses from Accessing RDS for PostgreSQL?
How Do I Import the SSL Certificate of an RDS Instance to a Windows or Linux Server?
What Are the Possible Causes for Data Corruption of an RDS Instance?
After My RDS for PostgreSQL Instance Is Deleted, Why Can't the Associated Security Group Be Deleted Immediately?
Version Upgrade
How Can I View the Version of an RDS DB Instance?
Does RDS for PostgreSQL Support Major Version Upgrades?
Developer-Related APIs and SDKs for RDS
Troubleshooting
A Large Number of Schemas Whose Owner Is rdsadmin
Index Name Containing a Schema Name During Index Creation
Authentication Not Supported When a DB Instance Is Accessed Through an Application
Error Reported When a Request Is Executed Through an Existing Connection
Slow Instance Reboot Due to Too Many Inodes
"password is easily cracked" Displayed When an RDS for PostgreSQL User Is Created
General Reference
Glossary
Service Level Agreement
White Papers
Endpoints
Permissions