Creating a Deployment

Scenario

Deployments are workloads (for example, Nginx) that do not store any data or status. You can create Deployments on the CCE console or by running kubectl commands.

Prerequisites

Before creating a workload, you must have an available cluster. For details on how to create a cluster, see Buying a CCE Standard/Turbo Cluster.
To enable public access to a workload, ensure that an EIP or load balancer has been bound to at least one node in the cluster.

If a pod has multiple containers, ensure that the ports used by the containers do not conflict with each other. Otherwise, creating the Deployment will fail.

Using the CCE Console

Log in to the CCE console.
Click the cluster name to go to the cluster console, choose Workloads in the navigation pane, and click the Create Workload in the upper right corner.

Set basic information about the workload.

Basic Info

Workload Type: Select Deployment. For details about workload types, see Overview.
Workload Name: Enter the name of the workload. Enter 1 to 63 characters starting with a lowercase letter and ending with a lowercase letter or digit. Only lowercase letters, digits, and hyphens (-) are allowed.
Namespace: Select the namespace of the workload. The default value is default. You can also click Create Namespace to create one. For details, see Creating a Namespace.
Pods: Enter the number of pods of the workload.
Container Runtime: A CCE standard cluster uses runC by default, whereas a CCE Turbo cluster supports both runC and Kata. For details about the differences, see Secure Runtime and Common Runtime.
Time Zone Synchronization: Specify whether to enable time zone synchronization. After time zone synchronization is enabled, the container and node use the same time zone. The time zone synchronization function depends on the local disk mounted to the container. Do not modify or delete the time zone. For details, see Configuring Time Zone Synchronization.

Container Settings

Container Information

Multiple containers can be configured in a pod. You can click Add Container on the right to configure multiple containers for the pod.

Basic Info: Configure basic information about the container.

Parameter	Description
Container Name	Name the container.
Pull Policy	Image update or pull policy. If you select Always, the image is pulled from the image repository each time. If you do not select Always, the existing image of the node is preferentially used. If the image does not exist, the image is pulled from the image repository.
Image Name	Click Select Image and select the image used by the container. To use a third-party image, see Using Third-Party Images.
Image Tag	Select the image tag to be deployed.
CPU Quota	Request: minimum number of CPU cores required by a container. The default value is 0.25 cores. Limit: maximum number of CPU cores that can be used by a container. This prevents containers from using excessive resources. If Request and Limit are not specified, the quota is not limited. For more information and suggestions about Request and Limit, see Configuring Container Specifications.
Memory Quota	Request: minimum amount of memory required by a container. The default value is 512 MiB. Limit: maximum amount of memory available for a container. When memory usage exceeds the specified memory limit, the container will be terminated. If Request and Limit are not specified, the quota is not limited. For more information and suggestions about Request and Limit, see Configuring Container Specifications.
(Optional) GPU Quota	Configurable only when the cluster contains GPU nodes and the CCE AI Suite (NVIDIA GPU) add-on is installed. All: No GPU will be used. Dedicated: GPU resources are dedicated for the container. Shared: percentage of GPU resources used by the container. For example, if this parameter is set to 10%, the container uses 10% of GPU resources. For details about how to use GPUs in the cluster, see Default GPU Scheduling in Kubernetes.
(Optional) NPU Quota	Number of required Ascend chips. The value must be an integer and the CCE AI Suite (Ascend NPU) add-on must be installed. For details about how to use NPUs in the cluster, see NPU Scheduling.
(Optional) Privileged Container	Programs in a privileged container have certain privileges. If Privileged Container is enabled, the container is assigned privileges. For example, privileged containers can manipulate network devices on the host machine and modify kernel parameters.
(Optional) Init Container	Whether to use the container as an init container. An init container does not support health check. An init container is a special container that runs before other app containers in a pod are started. Each pod can contain multiple containers. In addition, a pod can contain one or more init containers. Application containers in a pod are started and run only after the running of all init containers completes. For details, see Init Containers.

(Optional) Lifecycle: Configure operations to be performed in a specific phase of the container lifecycle, such as Startup Command, Post-Start, and Pre-Stop. For details, see Configuring Container Lifecycle Parameters.
(Optional) Health Check: Set the liveness probe, ready probe, and startup probe as required. For details, see Configuring Container Health Check.
(Optional) Environment Variables: Configure variables for the container running environment using key-value pairs. These variables transfer external information to containers running in pods and can be flexibly modified after application deployment. For details, see Configuring Environment Variables.
(Optional) Data Storage: Mount local storage or cloud storage to the container. The application scenarios and mounting modes vary with the storage type. For details, see Storage.

If the workload contains more than one pod, EVS volumes cannot be mounted.
(Optional) Security Context: Assign container permissions to protect the system and other containers from being affected. Enter the user ID to assign container permissions and prevent systems and other containers from being affected.
(Optional) Logging: Report standard container output logs to AOM by default, without requiring manual settings. You can manually configure the log collection path. For details, see Collecting Container Logs Using ICAgent (Not Recommended).
To disable the standard output of the current workload, add the annotation kubernetes.AOM.log.stdout: [] in Labels and Annotations. For details about how to use this annotation, see Table 1.

Image Access Credential: Select the credential used for accessing the image repository. The default value is default-secret. You can use default-secret to access images in SWR. For details about default-secret, see default-secret.
(Optional) GPU: All is selected by default. The workload instance will be scheduled to the node of the specified GPU type.

(Optional) Service Settings

A Service provides external access for pods. With a static IP address, a Service forwards access traffic to pods and automatically balances load for these pods.

You can also create a Service after creating a workload. For details about Services of different types, see Overview.

(Optional) Advanced Settings

Upgrade: Specify the upgrade mode and parameters of the workload. Rolling upgrade and Replace upgrade are available. For details, see Configuring Workload Upgrade Policies.
Scheduling: Configure affinity and anti-affinity policies for flexible workload scheduling. Load affinity and node affinity are provided.
- Load Affinity: Common load affinity policies are offered for quick load affinity deployment.
  - Not configured: No load affinity policy is configured.
  - Multi-AZ deployment preferred: Workload pods are preferentially scheduled to nodes in different AZs through pod anti-affinity.
  - Forcible multi-AZ deployment: Workload pods are forcibly scheduled to nodes in different AZs through pod anti-affinity (podAntiAffinity). If there are fewer AZs than pods, the extra pods will fail to run.
  - Custom policies: Affinity and anti-affinity policies can be customized. For details, see Configuring Workload Affinity or Anti-affinity Scheduling (podAffinity or podAntiAffinity).
- Node Affinity: Common load affinity policies are offered for quick load affinity deployment.
  - Not configured: No node affinity policy is configured.
  - Node Affinity: Workload pods can be deployed on specified nodes through node affinity (nodeAffinity). If no node is specified, the pods will be randomly scheduled based on the default scheduling policy of the cluster.
  - Specified node pool scheduling: Workload pods can be deployed in a specified node pool through node affinity (nodeAffinity). If no node pool is specified, the pods will be randomly scheduled based on the default scheduling policy of the cluster.
  - Custom policies: Affinity and anti-affinity policies can be customized. For details, see Configuring Node Affinity Scheduling (nodeAffinity).
Toleration: Using both taints and tolerations allows (not forcibly) the pod to be scheduled to a node with the matching taints, and controls the pod eviction policies after the node where the pod is located is tainted. For details, see Configuring Tolerance Policies.
Labels and Annotations: Add labels or annotations for pods using key-value pairs. After entering the key and value, click Confirm. For details about how to use and configure labels and annotations, see Configuring Labels and Annotations.
DNS: Configure a separate DNS policy for the workload. For details, see DNS Configuration.
APM Settings: Use Application Performance Management (APM) to provide more accurate problem analysis and location for Java programs. For details, see Configuring APM.
Network Configuration
- Pod ingress/egress bandwidth limitation: You can set ingress/egress bandwidth limitation for pods. For details, see Configuring QoS for a Pod.
- Whether to enable a specified container network configuration: available only for clusters that support this function. After you enable a specified container network configuration, the workload will be created using the container subnet and security group in the configuration. For details, see Binding a Subnet and Security Group to a Namespace or Workload Using a Container Network Configuration.
- Specify the container network configuration name: Only the custom container network configuration whose associated resource type is workload can be selected.

Click Create Workload in the lower right corner.

Using kubectl

The following procedure uses Nginx as an example to describe how to create a workload using kubectl.

Use kubectl to access the cluster. For details, see Connecting to a Cluster Using kubectl.

Create and edit the nginx-deployment.yaml file. nginx-deployment.yaml is an example file name, and you can rename it as required.

vi nginx-deployment.yaml

The following is an example YAML file. For more information about Deployments, see Kubernetes documentation.

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  strategy:
    type: RollingUpdate
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: nginx    # If you use an image from an open-source image registry, enter the image name. If you use an image in My Images, obtain the image path from SWR.
        imagePullPolicy: Always
        name: nginx
      imagePullSecrets:
      - name: default-secret

For details about the parameters, see Table 1.

**Table 1** Deployment YAML parameters
Parameter	Description	Mandatory/Optional
apiVersion	API version. NOTE: Set this parameter based on the cluster version. For clusters of v1.17 or later, the apiVersion format of Deployments is apps/v1. For clusters of v1.15 or earlier, the apiVersion format of Deployments is extensions/v1beta1.	Mandatory
kind	Type of a created object.	Mandatory
metadata	Metadata of a resource object.	Mandatory
name	Name of the Deployment.	Mandatory
spec	Detailed description of the Deployment.	Mandatory
replicas	Number of pods.	Mandatory
selector	Determines container pods that can be managed by the Deployment.	Mandatory
strategy	Upgrade mode. Possible values: RollingUpdate ReplaceUpdate By default, rolling update is used.	Optional
template	Detailed description of a created container pod.	Mandatory
metadata	Metadata.	Mandatory
labels	metadata.labels: Container labels.	Optional
spec: containers	image (mandatory): Name of a container image. imagePullPolicy (optional): Policy for obtaining an image. The options include Always (attempting to download images each time), Never (only using local images), and IfNotPresent (using local images if they are available; downloading images if local images are unavailable). The default value is Always. name (mandatory): Container name.	Mandatory
imagePullSecrets	Name of the secret used during image pulling. If a private image is used, this parameter is mandatory. To pull an image from the Software Repository for Container (SWR), set this parameter to default-secret. To pull an image from a third-party image repository, set this parameter to the name of the created secret.	Optional

Create a Deployment.

kubectl create -f nginx-deployment.yaml

If the following information is displayed, the Deployment is being created.
```
deployment "nginx" created
```
Obtain the Deployment status.

kubectl get deployment

If the following information is displayed, the Deployment is running.
```
NAME           READY     UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE 
nginx          1/1       1            1           4m5s
```
Parameter description
- NAME: Name of the application running in the pod.
- READY: indicates the number of available workloads. The value is displayed as "the number of available pods/the number of expected pods".
- UP-TO-DATE: indicates the number of replicas that have been updated.
- AVAILABLE: indicates the number of available pods.
- AGE: period the Deployment keeps running
If the Deployment will be accessed through a ClusterIP or NodePort Service, configure the access mode. For details, see Network.