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更新时间：2026-04-24 GMT+08:00
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配置索引级监控

在维护大型Elasticsearch集群时，运维人员常面临“集群整体资源（如CPU、内存）正常，但特定业务却出现读写延迟”的困境。由于传统的集群级监控仅反映平均水位，无法深入颗粒度精准定位是哪个索引成为了性能瓶颈，导致故障排查耗时费力。为此，CSS服务提供了精细化的索引级监控功能，通过自动采集每个索引的实时读写流量、延迟及存储变化趋势，并结合预置的Kibana仪表盘进行可视化展示，帮助用户在无需编写复杂脚本的情况下，迅速锁定异常索引，从而进行针对性的性能优化或资源调整，保障业务稳定运行。

功能介绍

索引监控用于实时监控Elasticsearch集群中各个索引的状态和性能，帮助运维人员及时发现和解决问题。索引监控的运作原理：

  1. 采集：后台任务定期（默认10秒，可配置）抓取目标索引的stats信息（如文档数量、存储大小、分片状态等）。
  2. 存储：采集的数据被写入名为“monitoring-eye-css-[yyyy-mm-dd]”的专用监控索引中。
  3. 展示：Kibana读取监控索引数据，通过预置Dashboard或自定义Visualizations实现数据可视化，支持时间序列分析、趋势对比、异常检测等。

约束限制

  • Elasticsearch集群仅7.6.2和7.10.2版本支持索引监控功能。
  • 请勿创建以“monitoring-eye-css-*”开头的业务索引，否则可能干扰监控数据采集逻辑。
  • 禁止删除“monitoring-eye-css-[yyyy-mm-dd]”索引及其关联的Index Pattern，否则监控图表将因数据缺失而显示异常。

登录Kibana

登录Kibana进入命令执行页面。Elasticsearch集群支持多种客户端访问，本文仅以CSS服务集成的Kibana为例介绍配置指导。

  1. 登录云搜索服务管理控制台。
  2. 在左侧导航栏，选择“集群管理 > Elasticsearch”。
  3. 在集群列表，选择目标集群，单击操作列的“Kibana”，登录Kibana。
  4. 在Kibana左侧导航栏选择“Dev Tools”，进入操作页面。

    控制台左侧是命令输入框，其右侧的三角形图标为执行按钮，右侧区域则显示执行结果。

开启索引监控

  • 执行如下命令，开启所有索引的监控，以全面监控集群状态。 
    PUT _cluster/settings
{
  "persistent": {
    "css.monitoring.index.enabled": "true"
  }
}
  • 执行如下命令，开启核心业务索引的监控，以确保关键业务的性能和稳定性。 
    PUT _cluster/settings
{
  "persistent": {
    "css.monitoring.index.enabled": "true",
    "css.monitoring.index.interval": "30s",
    "css.monitoring.index.indices": ["index_name"],
    "css.monitoring.history.duration": "3d"
  }
}
表1 开启索引监控的参数说明

参数

类型

默认值

说明

css.monitoring.index.enabled

Boolean

false

索引监控的功能开关。

取值范围：

  • true：开启索引监控功能。
  • false：关闭索引监控功能。

css.monitoring.index.indices

String

*（表示监控所有索引）

索引监控的目标范围。指定监控的索引名称。

  • 单个索引：直接输入索引名称（如“my_index”）。
  • 多个索引：用英文逗号分隔多个索引（如“my_index1,my_index2”）。
  • 通配符：支持通配符 *（匹配任意字符），如“myindex*”表示匹配所有以myindex开头的索引。

默认监控所有索引。如果索引数量大，建议仅监控核心业务索引以降低负载。

css.monitoring.index.interval

Time

10s

索引监控的采集频率，即采集索引监控数据的时间间隔。

取值格式：数字+单位

  • 数字：自然数
  • 单位：nanos(纳秒)、micros（微秒）、ms（毫秒）、s（秒）、m（分钟）、h（小时）、d（天）

最小值：1s

建议根据业务需求和集群负载调整采集频率，避免过高频率导致性能下降。

css.monitoring.history.duration

Time

7d

索引监控的数据保留时长，即“monitoring-eye-css-[yyyy-mm-dd]”监控索引的存储时长，过期后自动清理且数据不可恢复。

取值格式：数字+单位

  • 数字：自然数
  • 单位：nanos(纳秒)、micros（微秒）、ms（毫秒）、s（秒）、m（分钟）、h（小时）、d（天）

最小值：1d

建议根据业务需求和存储成本调整数据保留时长，避免过长保留时长导致存储成本增加。

查看索引读写流量

当集群开启索引监控后，可以使用API查询索引的实时读写流量。

系统索引（以“.”开头的索引）通常包含内部管理和维护信息，因此不支持查看其读写流量，以保护系统安全。

  • 执行如下命令，获取集群中所有索引的实时读写流量信息。 
    GET  /_cat/monitoring
  • 执行如下命令，获取指定索引的实时读写流量信息。 
    GET  /_cat/monitoring/{index_name}
  • 执行如下命令，获取指定时间段内索引的读写流量信息。 
    GET _cat/monitoring?begin=1650099461000
GET _cat/monitoring?begin=2022-04-16T08:57:41
GET _cat/monitoring?begin=2022-04-16T08:57:41&end=2022-04-17T08:57:41
表2 查看索引流量的参数说明

参数

类型

默认值

说明

index_name

String

无

指定索引名称。

  • 单个索引：直接输入索引名称（如“my_index”）。
  • 多个索引：用英文逗号分隔多个索引（如“my_index1,my_index2”）。
  • 通配符：支持通配符 *（匹配任意字符），如“myindex*”表示匹配所有以myindex开头的索引。

begin

String

最近5分钟

指定监控的起始时间。

必须使用UTC时间。

取值格式：

  • 标准日期格式（yyyy-MM-dd或yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ss）。
  • 毫秒级时间戳。

end

String

当前时间

指定监控的结束时间。

必须使用UTC时间。

取值格式：

  • 标准日期格式（yyyy-MM-dd或yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ss）。
  • 毫秒级时间戳。

返回示例：

index   begin               end                 status pri rep init unassign docs.count docs.deleted store.size pri.store.size delete.rate indexing.rate search.rate
test 2022-03-25T09:46:53.765Z 2022-03-25T09:51:43.767Z yellow  1   1  0    1     9         0      5.9kb        5.9kb         0/s           0/s         0/s
表3 返回参数说明

参数

说明

index

索引名称。

begin

监控数据的起始时间。

end

监控数据的结束时间。

status

监控时间间隔内的索引状态。

pri

监控时间间隔内的索引的shard数量。

rep

监控时间间隔内的索引副本数量。

init

监控时间间隔内的索引的初始化数量。

unassign

监控时间间隔内的索引的未分配数量。

docs.count

监控时间间隔内的文档数量。

docs.deleted

监控时间间隔内的文档删除数量。

store.size

监控时间间隔内存储的索引大小。

pri.store.size

监控时间间隔内的索引主分片的大小。

delete.rate

监控时间间隔内的索引每秒删除数量。

indexing.rate

监控时间间隔内的索引每秒写入数量。

search.rate

监控时间间隔内的索引每秒查询数量。

使用Kibana图表可视化分析索引监控数据

使用Kibana图表可更高效地进行时间序列分析、趋势对比、异常检测等索引监控数据分析，提升监控效率。

CSS服务的索引监控功能已预置了开箱即用的Kibana Dashboard，便于用户快速查看索引监控信息。同时，支持通过Kibana Visualizations工具自定义可视化图表。

  • 通过预置Dashboard查看索引监控
    1. 在Kibana左侧导航栏选择“Dashboard”，打开Dashboard界面。
    2. 搜索并单击 “[Monitoring] Index monitoring Dashboard”，查看预置Dashboard图表。

      图表展示了集群的每秒读写数量和每秒读写数量前10的索引情况。

      图1 预置dashboard图表
      表4 预置图表说明

      图表名称

      说明

      [monitoring] markdown

      Markdown图表，简单说明dashboard表达的内容。

      [monitoring] Indexing Rate (/s)

      集群每秒写入文档数。

      [monitoring] Search Rate (/s)

      集群每秒查询次数。

      [monitoring] indexing rate of index for top10

      每秒写入文档数最多的Top10索引。

      [monitoring] search rate of index for top10

      每秒查询次数最多的Top10索引。

      [monitoring] total docs count

      集群总文档数量变化。

      [monitoring] total docs delete

      集群总的删除文档数量变化。

      [monitoring] total store size in bytes

      集群总文档所占用的存储空间变化。

      [monitoring] indices store_size for top10

      占用存储空间最多的Top10索引。

      [monitoring] indices docs_count for top10

      文档数量最多的Top10索引。

      [monitoring] indexing time in millis of index for top10(ms)

      单位时间内文档写入时延最大的Top10索引（ms）。

      [monitoring] search query time in millis of index for top10(ms)

      单位时间内索引查询时间最大的Top10索引（ms）。

      [monitoring] segment count of index for top10

      索引Segment数量最多的Top10索引。

      [monitoring] segment memory in bytes of index for top10

      索引Segment占用堆内存最大的Top10索引。
  • 通过Visualizations自定义图表查看索引监控

    下面以文档数据为例介绍通过Visualizations工具自定义可视化图表查看文档数量变化趋势的操作步骤。

    1. 在Kibana左侧导航栏选择“Visualize”，进入图形列表。
    2. 单击“Create visualization”，选择“TSVB” ，进入TSVB绘图页面。
    3. 设置图表参数，查看文档数量变化趋势。

      如图2所示，在“Data”页签，配置参数。

      • “Aggregation”选择“Max”，“Field”选择“index_stats.primaries.docs.count”表示主分片的文档数量。
      • “Aggregation”选择“Derivative”表示聚合桶之间的差异，“Units”设置为“1s”表示使用每秒代替速率。
      • “Aggregation”选择“Positive Only”避免数字重置后出现负数。
      • 当需要区分不同索引的情况时，则将“Group by”设置为“Terms”，“By”设置为“index_stats.index”，最终得到的聚合结果将按照索引名称区分。
      图2 TSVB绘图页面

      当需要查看不同时间段的数据时，则需要将时间聚合间隔设置好，否则将导致数据显示不完整。如图3所示，在“Panel options”页签，将“Interval”设置为“1m”或“30m”，即可调整“timestamp”的时间间隔。

      图3 设置时间间隔

常见问题：索引监控图表不显示时怎么办？

现象：集群无法查看到预置的Dashboard和Visualizations图表。

解决方案：

  1. 在集群列表确认集群是否启用安全模式。
    图4 确认集群是否启用安全模式

    • “安全模式”为“启用”，则切换为Global空间。

      在Kibana页面，单击右上方用户名，选择“Switch tenants”，在Select your tenant页面切换空间，单击“Confirm”，查看图表是否正常显示，如果依旧没有显示则继续执行下一步。

    • “安全模式”为“未开启”，则执行下一步。
  2. 重新导入图表。
    1. 参考kibana-monitor配置文件创建“monitoring-kibana.ndjson”文件。
    2. 在Kibana页面，选择“Management > Stack Management > Saved objects”。
      图5 选择Saved objects
    3. 单击“Import ”，选择上传创建的“monitoring-kibana.ndjson”文件。
      图6 上传文件
    4. 上传完成选择“done”，索引监控图表即导入成功。
      图7 索引监控图表导入成功

    如果此时图表依旧未显示，则联系技术支持定位处理。

kibana-monitor配置文件

kibana-monitor配置文件内容如下，建议保存为“monitoring-kibana.ndjson”文件。

{"attributes":{"description":"","kibanaSavedObjectMeta":{"searchSourceJSON":"{}"},"title":"[monitoring] segment memory in bytes of index for top10","uiStateJSON":"{}","version":1,"visState":"{\"title\":\"[monitoring] segment memory in bytes of index for top10\",\"type\":\"metrics\",\"aggs\":[],\"params\":{\"id\":\"61ca57f0-469d-11e7-af02-69e470af7417\",\"type\":\"timeseries\",\"series\":[{\"id\":\"61ca57f1-469d-11e7-af02-69e470af7417\",\"color\":\"#68BC00\",\"split_mode\":\"terms\",\"split_color_mode\":\"kibana\",\"metrics\":[{\"id\":\"61ca57f2-469d-11e7-af02-69e470af7417\",\"type\":\"max\",\"field\":\"index_stats.total.segments.memory_in_bytes\"}],\"separate_axis\":0,\"axis_position\":\"right\",\"formatter\":\"bytes\",\"chart_type\":\"line\",\"line_width\":1,\"point_size\":1,\"fill\":0.5,\"stacked\":\"none\",\"label\":\"segments memory in bytes \",\"type\":\"timeseries\",\"terms_field\":\"index_stats.index\",\"terms_order_by\":\"61ca57f2-469d-11e7-af02-69e470af7417\"}],\"time_field\":\"timestamp\",\"index_pattern\":\"monitoring-eye-css-*\",\"interval\":\"\",\"axis_position\":\"left\",\"axis_formatter\":\"number\",\"axis_scale\":\"normal\",\"show_legend\":1,\"show_grid\":1,\"tooltip_mode\":\"show_all\",\"default_index_pattern\":\"monitoring-eye-css-*\",\"default_timefield\":\"timestamp\",\"isModelInvalid\":false}}"},"id":"3ae5d820-6628-11ed-8cd7-973626cf6f70","references":[],"type":"visualization","updated_at":"2022-12-01T12:41:01.165Z","version":"WzIwNiwyXQ=="}
{"attributes":{"description":"","kibanaSavedObjectMeta":{"searchSourceJSON":"{}"},"title":"[monitoring] segment count of index for top10","uiStateJSON":"{}","version":1,"visState":"{\"aggs\":[],\"params\":{\"axis_formatter\":\"number\",\"axis_position\":\"left\",\"axis_scale\":\"normal\",\"default_index_pattern\":\"monitoring-eye-css-*\",\"default_timefield\":\"timestamp\",\"filter\":{\"language\":\"kuery\",\"query\":\"\"},\"id\":\"61ca57f0-469d-11e7-af02-69e470af7417\",\"index_pattern\":\"monitoring-eye-css-*\",\"interval\":\"\",\"isModelInvalid\":false,\"series\":[{\"axis_position\":\"right\",\"chart_type\":\"line\",\"color\":\"rgba(231,102,76,1)\",\"fill\":0.5,\"formatter\":\"number\",\"id\":\"61ca57f1-469d-11e7-af02-69e470af7417\",\"label\":\"segment count of index for top10\",\"line_width\":1,\"metrics\":[{\"field\":\"index_stats.total.segments.count\",\"id\":\"61ca57f2-469d-11e7-af02-69e470af7417\",\"type\":\"max\"}],\"point_size\":1,\"separate_axis\":0,\"split_color_mode\":\"kibana\",\"split_mode\":\"terms\",\"stacked\":\"none\",\"terms_field\":\"index_stats.index\",\"terms_order_by\":\"61ca57f2-469d-11e7-af02-69e470af7417\",\"type\":\"timeseries\"}],\"show_grid\":1,\"show_legend\":1,\"time_field\":\"timestamp\",\"tooltip_mode\":\"show_all\",\"type\":\"timeseries\"},\"title\":\"[monitoring] segment count of index for top10\",\"type\":\"metrics\"}"},"id":"45d571c0-6626-11ed-8cd7-973626cf6f70","references":[],"type":"visualization","updated_at":"2022-12-01T12:41:01.165Z","version":"WzIwNywyXQ=="}
{"attributes":{"description":"","kibanaSavedObjectMeta":{"searchSourceJSON":"{}"},"title":"[monitoring] markdown","uiStateJSON":"{}","version":1,"visState":"{\"title\":\"[monitoring] markdown\",\"type\":\"markdown\",\"params\":{\"fontSize\":12,\"openLinksInNewTab\":false,\"markdown\":\"### Index Monitoring \\nThis dashboard contains default table for you to play with. You can view it, search it, and interact with the visualizations.\"},\"aggs\":[]}"},"id":"b2811c70-a5f1-11ec-9a68-ada9d754c566","references":[],"type":"visualization","updated_at":"2022-12-01T12:41:01.165Z","version":"WzIwOCwyXQ=="}
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