Window Functions
Window Functions
Currently, column-store tables only support rank(expression) and row_number(expression) functions.
This statement is used together with the window function. The OVER clause is used for grouping data and sorting the elements in a group. Window functions are used for generating sequence numbers for the values in the group.
order by in a window function must be followed by a column name. If it is followed by a number, the number is processed as a constant value and the target column is not ranked.
- RANK()
Description: The RANK function is used for generating non-consecutive sequence numbers for the values in each group. The same values have the same sequence number.
Return type: bigint
Example:
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openGauss=# SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, rank() OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 7 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | rank -------+---------------+------ 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 2 | 8 1 | 2 | 8 1 | 2 | 8 1 | 2 | 8 1 | 2 | 8 1 | 2 | 8 1 | 2 | 8 1 | 3 | 15 1 | 3 | 15 1 | 3 | 15 1 | 3 | 15 1 | 3 | 15 1 | 3 | 15 1 | 3 | 15 1 | 4 | 22 1 | 4 | 22 1 | 4 | 22 1 | 4 | 22 1 | 4 | 22 1 | 4 | 22 1 | 4 | 22 1 | 5 | 29 1 | 5 | 29 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 (42 rows)
- ROW_NUMBER()
Description: The ROW_NUMBER function is used for generating consecutive sequence numbers for the values in each group. The same values have different sequence numbers.
Return type: bigint
Example:
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openGauss=# SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, Row_number() OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 7 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | row_number -------+---------------+------------ 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 2 1 | 1 | 3 1 | 1 | 4 1 | 1 | 5 1 | 1 | 6 1 | 1 | 7 1 | 2 | 8 1 | 2 | 9 1 | 2 | 10 1 | 2 | 11 1 | 2 | 12 1 | 2 | 13 1 | 2 | 14 1 | 3 | 15 1 | 3 | 16 1 | 3 | 17 1 | 3 | 18 1 | 3 | 19 1 | 3 | 20 1 | 3 | 21 1 | 4 | 22 1 | 4 | 23 1 | 4 | 24 1 | 4 | 25 1 | 4 | 26 1 | 4 | 27 1 | 4 | 28 1 | 5 | 29 1 | 5 | 30 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 2 2 | 5 | 3 2 | 5 | 4 2 | 5 | 5 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 7 2 | 6 | 8 2 | 6 | 9 2 | 6 | 10 2 | 6 | 11 2 | 6 | 12 (42 rows)
- DENSE_RANK()
Description: The DENSE_RANK function is used for generating consecutive sequence numbers for the values in each group. The same values have the same sequence number.
Return type: bigint
Example:
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openGauss=# SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, dense_rank() OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 7 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | dense_rank -------+---------------+------------ 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 5 | 5 1 | 5 | 5 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 (42 rows)
- PERCENT_RANK()
Description: The PERCENT_RANK function is used for generating corresponding sequence numbers for the values in each group. That is, the function calculates the value according to the formula Sequence number = (rank - 1) / (total rows - 1). rank is the corresponding sequence number generated based on the RANK function for the value and totalrows is the total number of elements in a group.
Return type: double precision
Example:
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openGauss=# SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, percent_rank() OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 7 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | percent_rank -------+---------------+------------------ 1 | 1 | 0 1 | 1 | 0 1 | 1 | 0 1 | 1 | 0 1 | 1 | 0 1 | 1 | 0 1 | 1 | 0 1 | 2 | .241379310344828 1 | 2 | .241379310344828 1 | 2 | .241379310344828 1 | 2 | .241379310344828 1 | 2 | .241379310344828 1 | 2 | .241379310344828 1 | 2 | .241379310344828 1 | 3 | .482758620689655 1 | 3 | .482758620689655 1 | 3 | .482758620689655 1 | 3 | .482758620689655 1 | 3 | .482758620689655 1 | 3 | .482758620689655 1 | 3 | .482758620689655 1 | 4 | .724137931034483 1 | 4 | .724137931034483 1 | 4 | .724137931034483 1 | 4 | .724137931034483 1 | 4 | .724137931034483 1 | 4 | .724137931034483 1 | 4 | .724137931034483 1 | 5 | .96551724137931 1 | 5 | .96551724137931 2 | 5 | 0 2 | 5 | 0 2 | 5 | 0 2 | 5 | 0 2 | 5 | 0 2 | 6 | .454545454545455 2 | 6 | .454545454545455 2 | 6 | .454545454545455 2 | 6 | .454545454545455 2 | 6 | .454545454545455 2 | 6 | .454545454545455 2 | 6 | .454545454545455 (42 rows)
- CUME_DIST()
Description: The CUME_DIST function is used for generating accumulative distribution sequence numbers for the values in each group. That is, the function calculates the value according to the following formula: Sequence number = Number of rows preceding or peer with current row/Total rows.
Return type: double precision
Example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
openGauss=# SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, cume_dist() OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim e_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 7 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | cume_dist -------+---------------+------------------ 1 | 1 | .233333333333333 1 | 1 | .233333333333333 1 | 1 | .233333333333333 1 | 1 | .233333333333333 1 | 1 | .233333333333333 1 | 1 | .233333333333333 1 | 1 | .233333333333333 1 | 2 | .466666666666667 1 | 2 | .466666666666667 1 | 2 | .466666666666667 1 | 2 | .466666666666667 1 | 2 | .466666666666667 1 | 2 | .466666666666667 1 | 2 | .466666666666667 1 | 3 | .7 1 | 3 | .7 1 | 3 | .7 1 | 3 | .7 1 | 3 | .7 1 | 3 | .7 1 | 3 | .7 1 | 4 | .933333333333333 1 | 4 | .933333333333333 1 | 4 | .933333333333333 1 | 4 | .933333333333333 1 | 4 | .933333333333333 1 | 4 | .933333333333333 1 | 4 | .933333333333333 1 | 5 | 1 1 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | .416666666666667 2 | 5 | .416666666666667 2 | 5 | .416666666666667 2 | 5 | .416666666666667 2 | 5 | .416666666666667 2 | 6 | 1 2 | 6 | 1 2 | 6 | 1 2 | 6 | 1 2 | 6 | 1 2 | 6 | 1 2 | 6 | 1 (42 rows)
- NTILE(num_buckets integer)
Description: The NTILE function is used for equally allocating sequential data sets to the buckets whose quantity is specified by num_buckets according to num_buckets integer and allocating the bucket number to each row. Divide the partition as evenly as possible.
Return type: integer
Example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
openGauss=# SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, ntile(3) OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 7 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | ntile -------+---------------+------- 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 3 | 2 1 | 3 | 2 1 | 3 | 2 1 | 3 | 2 1 | 3 | 2 1 | 3 | 2 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 4 | 3 1 | 4 | 3 1 | 4 | 3 1 | 4 | 3 1 | 4 | 3 1 | 4 | 3 1 | 4 | 3 1 | 5 | 3 1 | 5 | 3 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 3 2 | 6 | 3 2 | 6 | 3 2 | 6 | 3 (42 rows)
- LAG(value any [, offset integer [, default any ]])
Description: The LAG function is used for generating lag values for the corresponding values in each group. That is, the value of the row obtained by moving forward the row corresponding to the current value by offset (integer) is the sequence number. If the row does not exist after the moving, the result value is the default value. If omitted, offset defaults to 1 and default to NULL. The type of the default value must be the same as that of value.
Return type: same as the parameter type
Example:
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openGauss=# SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, lag(d_moy,3,null) OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 7 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | lag -------+---------------+----- 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 5 | 1 1 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 2 | 5 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 (42 rows)
- LEAD(value any [, offset integer [, default any ]])
Description: The LEAD function is used for generating leading values for the corresponding values in each group. That is, the value of the row obtained by moving backward the row corresponding to the current value by offset (integer) is the sequence number. If the row after the moving exceeds the total number of rows for the current group, the result value is the default value. If omitted, offset defaults to 1 and default to NULL. The type of the default value must be the same as that of value.
Return type: same as the parameter type
Example:
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openGauss=# SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, lead(d_fy_week_seq,2) OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 7 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | lead -------+---------------+------ 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 2 1 | 1 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 2 1 | 2 | 3 1 | 2 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 1 | 3 | 4 1 | 3 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 4 1 | 4 | 5 1 | 4 | 5 1 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 5 2 | 5 | 5 2 | 5 | 5 2 | 5 | 6 2 | 5 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 6 2 | 6 | 2 | 6 | (42 rows)
- FIRST_VALUE(value any)
Description: Returns the first value of each group.
Return type: same as the parameter type
Example:
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openGauss=# SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, first_value(d_fy_week_seq) OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 7 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | first_value -------+---------------+------------- 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 5 | 1 1 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 5 2 | 5 | 5 2 | 5 | 5 2 | 5 | 5 2 | 5 | 5 2 | 6 | 5 2 | 6 | 5 2 | 6 | 5 2 | 6 | 5 2 | 6 | 5 2 | 6 | 5 2 | 6 | 5 (42 rows)
- LAST_VALUE(value any)
Description: Returns the last value of each group.
Return type: same as the parameter type
Example:
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openGauss=# SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, last_value(d_moy) OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 6 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | last_value -------+---------------+------------ 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 5 | 1 1 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 2 2 | 5 | 2 2 | 5 | 2 2 | 5 | 2 2 | 5 | 2 (35 rows)
- NTH_VALUE(value any, nth integer)
Description: The nth row for a group is the returned value. If the row does not exist, NULL is returned by default.
Return type: same as the parameter type
Example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
openGauss=# SELECT d_moy, d_fy_week_seq, nth_value(d_fy_week_seq,6) OVER(PARTITION BY d_moy ORDER BY d_fy_week_seq) FROM tpcds.date_dim WHERE d_moy < 4 AND d_fy_week_seq < 6 ORDER BY 1,2; d_moy | d_fy_week_seq | nth_value -------+---------------+----------- 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 3 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 4 | 1 1 | 5 | 1 1 | 5 | 1 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | (35 rows)
- delta
Description: Returns the difference between the current row and the previous row.
Parameter: numeric
Return type: numeric
- spread
Description: Calculates the difference between the maximum value and minimum value in a certain period.
Parameter: real
Return type: real
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