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- What's New
- Function Overview
- Service Overview
- Billing
-
Getting Started
- Creating a Function from Scratch and Executing the Function
- Creating a Function Using a Template and Executing the Function
- Creating an HTTP Function Using a Container Image and Executing the Function
- Creating an Event Function Using a Container Image and Executing the Function
- Getting Started with Common Practices
-
User Guide
- Replacing the Temporary AK/SK
- Before You Start
- Building Functions
-
Configuring Functions
- Configuring Initialization
- Configuring Basic Settings
- Configuring Agency Permissions
- Configuring the Network
- Configuring Disk Mounting
- Configuring Environment Variables
- Configuring Asynchronous Execution Notification
- Configuring Single-Instance Multi-Concurrency
- Managing Versions
- Managing Aliases
- Configuring Dynamic Memory
- Configuring Heartbeat Function
- Configuring Tags
- Configuring Snapshot-based Cold Start
- Configuring a Log Group and Log Stream
- Shared VPC
- Online Debugging
-
Creating Triggers
- Managing Triggers
- Using a Timer Trigger
- Using an APIG (Dedicated) Trigger
- Using a Kafka Trigger
- Using a DIS Trigger
- Using an SMN Trigger
- Using an LTS Trigger
- Using a CTS Trigger
- Using a DDS Trigger
- Using a GeminiDB Mongo Trigger
- Using an APIG Trigger
- Using an APIC Trigger
- Using a DMS (for RabbitMQ) Trigger
- Using an Open-Source Kafka Trigger
- Cron Expressions for a Function Timer Trigger
- Using an EG Trigger
- Invoking the Function
- Monitoring
- Function Management
- Dependency Management
- Reserved Instance Management (Old)
- Reserved Instance Management
- Flow Management
- Increasing Resource Quota
- GPU Function Management
- Application Center
- Sharing
- Programmable CDN Function
- CLI Command Reference
- Audit
-
Best Practices
- FunctionGraph Best Practices
- Processing DIS Data
- Integrating with LTS to Analyze Logs in Real Time
- Integrating with CTS to Analyze Login/Logout Security
- Periodically Starting or Stopping Huawei Cloud ECSs
- Building an HTTP Function with Spring Boot
- Creating a FunctionGraph Backend API That Uses a Custom Authorizer
- Uploading Files with FunctionGraph and APIG
- Processing IoT Data
- Workflow + Function: Automatically Processing Data in OBS
- Filtering Logs in Real Time by Using FunctionGraph and LTS
- Building an HTTP Function with Go
- Using FunctionGraph HTTP Functions to Process gRPC Requests
- Cold Start Optimization Practices
-
Developer Guide
- Overview
- Initializer
- Node.js
- Python
- Java
- Go
- C#
- PHP
- Development Tools
-
API Reference
- Before You Start
- API Overview
- Calling APIs
- Examples
- Extension and OpenTelemetry APIs
-
APIs
- Function Invocation
- Function Quotas
- Dependencies
- Test Events
- Function Tracing
-
Function Lifecycle Management
- Querying Functions
- Creating a Function
- Deleting a Function or Function Version
- Querying the Code of a Function
- Modifying the Code of a Function
- Querying the Metadata of a Function
- Modifying the Metadata of a Function
- Updating Max. Instances of a Function
- Querying Function Tags
- Enabling or Disabling the Snapshot Function
- Querying ServiceBridge Functions Bound to a Specified Function
- Querying Snapshot Status
- Querying Resource Tags
- Querying Resources
- Deleting Resource Tags
- Creating Resource Tags
- Creating a VPC Endpoint
- Deleting a VPC Endpoint
- Updating the Pinning Status of a Function
- Querying the Available ServiceBridge Version
- Versions and Aliases
- Function Metrics
- Function Logs
- Function Templates
- Reserved Instances
- Function Import and Export
- Function Triggers
-
Function Flows
- Executing a Flow Synchronously
- Executing a Flow Asynchronously
- Deleting Flows
- Querying a Flow
- Creating a Flow
- Querying Instances of a Flow
- Querying a Flow Instance
- Querying Metadata of a Flow Instance
- Modifying Metadata of a Flow Instance
- Querying Flow Metrics
- Querying Metrics of a Flow
- Re-executing a Flow
- Stopping a Flow
- Querying Records of a Flow in Pagination Mode
- Calling Back a Flow
-
Asynchronous Execution Notification
- Querying Asynchronous Execution Notification Settings of a Function Version
- Deleting Asynchronous Execution Notification Settings
- Configuring Asynchronous Execution Notification
- Querying Asynchronous Execution Notification Settings of a Function's All Versions
- Querying Asynchronous Invocation Requests
- Querying Active Asynchronous Invocation Requests
- Stopping an Asynchronous Invocation Request
- Permissions Policies and Supported Actions
- Appendix
- Change History
- SDK Reference
-
FAQs
-
General FAQs
- What Is FunctionGraph?
- Do I Need to Apply for Any Compute, Storage, or Network Services When Using FunctionGraph?
- Do I Need to Deploy My Code After Programming?
- How Do I Obtain a Token?
- What Runtimes Does FunctionGraph Support?
- How Much Disk Space Is Allocated to Each FunctionGraph Function?
- Does FunctionGraph Support Function Versioning?
- How Does a Function Read or Write Files?
- How Do I Set a Proxy When Using CLI?
- Does FunctionGraph Support Function Extension?
- Which Permissions Are Required for an IAM User to Use FunctionGraph?
- How Can I Create an ODBC Drive-based Python Dependency Package for Database Query?
- What Is the Quota of FunctionGraph?
- What Chinese Fonts Does FunctionGraph Support?
- How Does FunctionGraph Resolve a Private DNS Domain Name?
- How Does a Container Image–based Function Resolve a Private DNS Domain Name?
- How Do I Use a Domain Name to Access an API Registered with API Gateway (Dedicated)?
- What Are the Common Application Scenarios of FunctionGraph?
- Why Can't the API Gateway Domain Name Bound to a Service Be Resolved During Function Invocation?
- Does FunctionGraph Support Synchronous Transmission at the Maximum Intranet Bandwidth?
- What If the VPC Quota Is Used Up?
- How Can I Print Info, Error, or Warn Logs?
- Can I Set the Domain Name of an API to My Own Domain Name?
- Can I Change the Runtime?
- Can I Change a Function's Name?
- Why Is Message "failed to mount exist system path" Displayed?
- How Do I Obtain Uploaded Files?
- Why Can't I Receive Responses for Synchronous Invocation?
- What Should I Do If the os.system("command &") Execution Logs Are Not Collected?
- Which Directories Can Be Accessed When a Custom Runtime Is Used?
- Which Minor Versions of Python 3.6 and 3.9 Are Supported?
- Which Actions Can Be Used Instead of a VPC Administrator Agency for VPC Access?
- What Are the Possible Causes for Function Timeout?
- How Do I Obtain the Code of a Function?
- Do You Have Sample Code for Initializers?
- How Do I Enable Structured Log Query?
- Can I Enable a Listening Port in a Function to Receive External TCP Requests via EIP?
- Does FunctionGraph Support Domain Name Resolution?
- How Do I Obtain the Source IP Address of an HTTP Request Initiated by a Function?
- Function Creation FAQs
-
Trigger Management FAQs
- What Events Can Trigger a FunctionGraph Function?
- What If Error Code 500 Is Reported When Functions that Use APIG Triggers Return Strings?
- What Do LATEST and TRIM_HORIZON Mean in DIS Trigger Configuration?
- How Do I Use an APIG Trigger to Invoke a Function?
- How Does a Function Obtain the Request Path or Parameters When Using an APIG Trigger?
- Can I Configure a Kafka Trigger in a Different Subnet from My Function?
-
Dependency Management FAQs
- What Is a Dependency?
- When Do I Need a Dependency?
- What Are the Precautions for Using a Dependency?
- What Dependencies Does FunctionGraph Support?
- Does FunctionGraph Support Class Libraries?
- How Do I Use Third-Party Dependencies on FunctionGraph?
- How Do I Create Function Dependencies?
- How Do I Create a Dependency on the FunctionGraph Console?
- How Do I Add a Dependency to a Function?
-
Function Execution FAQs
- How Long Does It Take to Execute a FunctionGraph Function?
- Which Steps Are Included in Function Execution?
- How Does FunctionGraph Process Concurrent Requests?
- What If Function Instances Have Not Been Executed for a Long Time?
- How Can I Speed Up Initial Access to a Function?
- How Do I Know the Actual Memory Used for Function Execution?
- Why Is My First Request Slow?
- What Do I Do If an Error Occurs When Calling an API?
- How Do I Read the Request Header of a Function?
- Can the Synchronous Execution Interface Be Invoked on a Private Network?
- Why Does a Function Use More Memory Than Estimated and Even Trigger the Out of Memory Alarm?
- How Do I Check the Memory Usage When Seeing "runtime memory limit exceeded"?
- How Do I Troubleshoot "CrashLoopBackOff"?
- After I Updated an Image with the Same Name, Reserved Instances Still Use the Old Image. What Can I Do?
- Function Configuration FAQs
- External Resource Access FAQs
-
Other FAQs
- How Do I View the Alarm Rules Configured for a Function?
- Does FunctionGraph Support ZIP Decompiling During Video Transcoding?
- Will Resources Created During FunctionGraph 2.0 OBT Be Automatically Released When They Expire? Will Them Be Billed?
- What Is an App in FunctionGraph?
- Do I Need to Pay for Cold Start Time?
- Why Am I Seeing a Message Indicating that My Account Was Suspended When Creating a Function?
- Will the Requests of All My Functions in Different Regions Be Billed?
- Migration from FunctionGraph V1 to V2
-
General FAQs
-
More Documents
-
User Guide (ME-Abu Dhabi Region)
- Service Overview
- Getting Started
- Before You Start
- Building Functions
-
Configuring Functions
- Configuring Initialization
- Configuring Basic Settings
- Configuring Agency Permissions
- Configuring the Network
- Configuring Disk Mounting
- Configuring Environment Variables
- Configuring Asynchronous Execution Notification
- Configuring Single-Instance Multi-Concurrency
- Managing Versions
- Managing Aliases
- Configuring Dynamic Memory
- Configuring Heartbeat Function
- Online Debugging
- Creating Triggers
- Invoking the Function
- Monitoring
- Function Management
- Dependency Management
- Reserved Instance Management
- Increasing Resource Quota
- Audit
-
FAQs
-
General FAQs
- What Is FunctionGraph?
- Do I Need to Apply for Any Compute, Storage, or Network Services When Using FunctionGraph?
- Do I Need to Deploy My Code After Programming?
- What Runtimes Does FunctionGraph Support?
- How Much Disk Space Is Allocated to Each FunctionGraph Function?
- Does FunctionGraph Support Function Versioning?
- How Does a Function Read or Write Files?
- Does FunctionGraph Support Function Extension?
- Which Permissions Are Required for an IAM User to Use FunctionGraph?
- How Can I Create an ODBC Drive-based Python Dependency Package for Database Query?
- What Is the Quota of FunctionGraph?
- How Does FunctionGraph Resolve a Private DNS Domain Name?
- How Does a Container Image–based Function Resolve a Private DNS Domain Name?
- How Do I Use a Domain Name to Access an API Registered with API Gateway (Dedicated)?
- What Are the Common Application Scenarios of FunctionGraph?
- Why Can't the API Gateway Domain Name Bound to a Service Be Resolved During Function Invocation?
- Does FunctionGraph Support Synchronous Transmission at the Maximum Intranet Bandwidth?
- What If the VPC Quota Is Used Up?
- How Can I Print Info, Error, or Warn Logs?
- Can I Set the Domain Name of an API to My Own Domain Name?
- Can I Change the Runtime?
- Can I Change a Function's Name?
- Why Is Message "failed to mount exist system path" Displayed?
- How Do I Obtain Uploaded Files?
- Why Can't I Receive Responses for Synchronous Invocation?
- What Should I Do If the os.system("command &") Execution Logs Are Not Collected?
- Which Directories Can Be Accessed When a Custom Runtime Is Used?
- Which Minor Versions of Python 3.6 and 3.9 Are Supported?
- Which Actions Can Be Used Instead of a VPC Administrator Agency for VPC Access?
- What Are the Possible Causes for Function Timeout?
- How Do I Obtain the Code of a Function?
- Do You Have Sample Code for Initializers?
- How Do I Enable Structured Log Query?
- Can I Enable a Listening Port in a Function to Receive External TCP Requests via EIP?
- Function Creation FAQs
-
Trigger Management FAQs
- What Events Can Trigger a FunctionGraph Function?
- What If Error Code 500 Is Reported When Functions that Use APIG Triggers Return Strings?
- What Do LATEST and TRIM_HORIZON Mean in DIS Trigger Configuration?
- Why Can't I Enable or Disable OBS Triggers by Calling APIs?
- How Do I Use an APIG Trigger to Invoke a Function?
- How Does a Function Obtain the Request Path or Parameters When Using an APIG Trigger?
- Can I Create an OBS Trigger with an Existing Bucket?
-
Dependency Management FAQs
- What Is a Dependency?
- When Do I Need a Dependency?
- What Are the Precautions for Using a Dependency?
- What Dependencies Does FunctionGraph Support?
- Does FunctionGraph Support Class Libraries?
- How Do I Use Third-Party Dependencies on FunctionGraph?
- How Do I Create Function Dependencies?
- How Do I Create a Dependency on the FunctionGraph Console?
- How Do I Add a Dependency to a Function?
-
Function Execution FAQs
- How Long Does It Take to Execute a FunctionGraph Function?
- Which Steps Are Included in Function Execution?
- How Does FunctionGraph Process Concurrent Requests?
- What If Function Instances Have Not Been Executed for a Long Time?
- How Can I Speed Up Initial Access to a Function?
- How Do I Know the Actual Memory Used for Function Execution?
- Why Is My First Request Slow?
- What Do I Do If an Error Occurs When Calling an API?
- How Do I Read the Request Header of a Function?
- Why Does a Function Use More Memory Than Estimated and Even Trigger the Out of Memory Alarm?
- How Do I Check the Memory Usage When Seeing "runtime memory limit exceeded"?
- How Do I Troubleshoot "CrashLoopBackOff"?
- After I Updated an Image with the Same Name, Reserved Instances Still Use the Old Image. What Can I Do?
- Function Configuration FAQs
- External Resource Access FAQs
- Other FAQs
-
General FAQs
-
API Reference (ME-Abu Dhabi Region)
- Before You Start
- API Overview
- Calling APIs
- Function Model Definition
-
Function Management Zone APIs
- Querying a Function List
- Querying the Metadata of a Function
- Querying the Code of a Function
- Creating a Function
- Deleting a Function or Function Version
- Modifying the Code of a Function
- Modifying the Metadata of a Function
- Publishing a Function Version
- Querying the Versions of a Function
- Creating an Alias for a Function Version
- Modifying the Alias Information About a Function Version
- Deleting an Alias of a Function Version
- Querying the Alias Information About a Function Version
- Querying the Version Alias List of a Function
- Querying All Triggers of a Function
- Querying the Information About a Trigger
- Deleting All Triggers of a Function
- Creating a Trigger
- Deleting a Trigger
- Function Data Zone APIs
- Permissions Policies and Supported Actions
- Appendix
- Change History
- Developer Guide (ME-Abu Dhabi Region)
-
User Guide (Kuala Lumpur Region)
- Service Overview
- Getting Started
- Before You Start
- Building Functions
-
Configuring Functions
- Configuring Initialization
- Configuring Basic Settings
- Configuring Agency Permissions
- Configuring the Network
- Configuring Disk Mounting
- Configuring Environment Variables
- Configuring Asynchronous Execution Notification
- Configuring Single-Instance Multi-Concurrency
- Managing Versions
- Managing Aliases
- Configuring Dynamic Memory
- Online Debugging
- Creating Triggers
- Invoking the Function
- Monitoring
- Function Management
- Dependency Management
- Reserved Instance Management
- Audit
-
FAQs
-
General FAQs
- What Is FunctionGraph?
- Do I Need to Apply for Any Compute, Storage, or Network Services When Using FunctionGraph?
- Do I Need to Deploy My Code After Programming?
- What Runtimes Does FunctionGraph Support?
- How Much Disk Space Is Allocated to Each FunctionGraph Function?
- Does FunctionGraph Support Function Versioning?
- How Does a Function Read or Write Files?
- Does FunctionGraph Support Function Extension?
- Which Permissions Are Required for an IAM User to Use FunctionGraph?
- How Can I Create an ODBC Drive-based Python Dependency Package for Database Query?
- What Is the Quota of FunctionGraph?
- How Does a Container Image–based Function Resolve a Private DNS Domain Name?
- How Do I Use a Domain Name to Access an API Registered with API Gateway (Dedicated)?
- What Are the Common Application Scenarios of FunctionGraph?
- Why Can't the API Gateway Domain Name Bound to a Service Be Resolved During Function Invocation?
- Does FunctionGraph Support Synchronous Transmission at the Maximum Intranet Bandwidth?
- What If the VPC Quota Is Used Up?
- How Can I Print Info, Error, or Warn Logs?
- Can I Set the Domain Name of an API to My Own Domain Name?
- Can I Change the Runtime?
- Can I Change a Function's Name?
- Why Is Message "failed to mount exist system path" Displayed?
- How Do I Obtain Uploaded Files?
- Why Can't I Receive Responses for Synchronous Invocation?
- What Should I Do If the os.system("command &") Execution Logs Are Not Collected?
- Which Directories Can Be Accessed When a Custom Runtime Is Used?
- Which Minor Versions of Python 3.6 and 3.9 Are Supported?
- Which Actions Can Be Used Instead of a VPC Administrator Agency for VPC Access?
- What Are the Possible Causes for Function Timeout?
- How Do I Obtain the Code of a Function?
- Do You Have Sample Code for Initializers?
- How Do I Enable Structured Log Query?
- Can I Enable a Listening Port in a Function to Receive External TCP Requests via EIP?
- Function Creation FAQs
-
Trigger Management FAQs
- What If Error Code 500 Is Reported When Functions that Use APIG Triggers Return Strings?
- What Do LATEST and TRIM_HORIZON Mean in DIS Trigger Configuration?
- Why Can't I Enable or Disable OBS Triggers by Calling APIs?
- How Do I Use an APIG Trigger to Invoke a Function?
- How Does a Function Obtain the Request Path or Parameters When Using an APIG Trigger?
- Can I Create an OBS Trigger with an Existing Bucket?
-
Dependency Management FAQs
- What Is a Dependency?
- When Do I Need a Dependency?
- What Are the Precautions for Using a Dependency?
- What Dependencies Does FunctionGraph Support?
- Does FunctionGraph Support Class Libraries?
- How Do I Use Third-Party Dependencies on FunctionGraph?
- How Do I Create Function Dependencies?
- How Do I Create a Dependency on the FunctionGraph Console?
- How Do I Add a Dependency to a Function?
-
Function Execution FAQs
- How Long Does It Take to Execute a FunctionGraph Function?
- Which Steps Are Included in Function Execution?
- How Does FunctionGraph Process Concurrent Requests?
- What If Function Instances Have Not Been Executed for a Long Time?
- How Can I Speed Up Initial Access to a Function?
- How Do I Know the Actual Memory Used for Function Execution?
- Why Is My First Request Slow?
- What Do I Do If an Error Occurs When Calling an API?
- How Do I Read the Request Header of a Function?
- Why Does a Function Use More Memory Than Estimated and Even Trigger the Out of Memory Alarm?
- How Do I Check the Memory Usage When Seeing "runtime memory limit exceeded"?
- How Do I Troubleshoot "CrashLoopBackOff"?
- After I Updated an Image with the Same Name, Reserved Instances Still Use the Old Image. What Can I Do?
- Function Configuration FAQs
- External Resource Access FAQs
- Other FAQs
-
General FAQs
- Change History
-
API Reference (Kuala Lumpur Region)
- Before You Start
- API Overview
- Calling APIs
- Examples
-
APIs
- Function Invocation
- Function Quotas
- Dependencies
- Test Events
- Function Tracing
-
Function Lifecycle Management
- Querying Functions
- Creating a Function
- Deleting a Function or Function Version
- Querying the Code of a Function
- Modifying the Code of a Function
- Querying the Metadata of a Function
- Modifying the Metadata of a Function
- Updating Max. Instances of a Function
- Enabling or Disabling the Snapshot Function
- Querying Snapshot Status
- Querying Resource Tags
- Querying Resources
- Deleting Resource Tags
- Creating Resource Tags
- Creating a VPC Endpoint
- Deleting a VPC Endpoint
- Versions and Aliases
- Function Metrics
- Function Logs
- Reserved Instances
- Function Import and Export
- Function Triggers
-
Asynchronous Execution Notification
- Querying Asynchronous Execution Notification Settings of a Function Version
- Deleting Asynchronous Execution Notification Settings
- Configuring Asynchronous Execution Notification
- Querying Asynchronous Execution Notification Settings of a Function's All Versions
- Querying Asynchronous Invocation Requests
- Stopping an Asynchronous Invocation Request
- Appendix
- Developer Guide (Kuala Lumpur Region)
-
User Guide (ME-Abu Dhabi Region)
- Videos
- General Reference
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Cold Start Optimization Practices
The serverless architecture features pay-per-use, auto scaling, and complexity shielding, making it a new paradigm of next-generation cloud computing. However, in real-time scenarios, cold start poses a significant challenge. When building web services with serverless, if the cold start and initialization time exceed 5 seconds, it can greatly impact user experience. Therefore, accelerating cold start and improving the user experience is a pressing issue when constructing serverless architectures.
The lifecycle of a serverless instance consists of three phases:
- Initialization: FunctionGraph attempts to reuse a previous execution environment, or if none is available, it creates resources, downloads function code, initializes extensions and runtime, and runs initialization code (non-main program code).
- Execution: In this phase, the instance starts to execute the function after receiving an event, and waits for the next event after the function completes.
- Shutdown: This phase starts if the function does not receive any calls within a period of time. In this phase, FunctionGraph closes the runtime, then sends a shutdown event to each extension, and deletes the environment.
When FunctionGraph is triggered, if no activated function instance is available, the function code is downloaded and an execution environment is created. The period from the time when a function is triggered to the time when a new FunctionGraph environment is created is called cold start. In the serverless architecture, the cold start cannot be avoided.
Currently, FunctionGraph has optimized the cold start on the system side. For details about the cold start on the user side, see the following solutions.
Memory
Given a fixed level of request concurrency, higher function memory leads to better cold start performance with more CPU resources allocated.
Cold Start with Snapshot
Cold start is quite prominent in Java applications. Huawei Cloud FunctionGraph has proposed a process snapshot–based cold start acceleration solution, which helps you break through the performance bottleneck while involving zero or few code changes. In this solution, the execution environment is restored from a snapshot captured after initialization, avoiding complex framework startup and service initialization. The startup latency of Java applications is significantly reduced, and the performance is improved by over 90%.
You can use a Java function to enable snapshot-based cold start. For details, see Configuring Snapshot-based Cold Start. FunctionGraph executes the initialization code of the function, captures a snapshot of the initialization context, and then caches the snapshot after encryption. When the function is invoked and a cold start is triggered for scale-out, the execution environment is restored from the snapshot instead of an initialization process.
Code Simplification and Image Downsizing
FunctionGraph downloads function code during cold start, but larger code packages or custom images can prolong download and cold start time. Optimize your application by removing unnecessary code (using commands like npm prune in Node.js and autoflake in Python) and third-party library dependencies (test case source code, useless binary files, and data files) to speed up the download and decompression process.
Public Dependencies
When developing applications, especially in Python, third-party libraries are often included. Large dependencies can slow down cold start as they need to be downloaded. FunctionGraph offers both public and private dependency modes. Public dependencies are recommended because they are pre-downloaded to execution nodes to save time.
Warming
When an event triggers a function, if a function instance in an active state can be called, cold start can be avoided, and a response time can be reduced. You can use either of the following warming methods:
- Use timer triggers. For details, see Using a Timer Trigger.
- Use reserved instances. For details, see Reserved Instance Management.
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