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- Linux Kernel Integer Overflow Vulnerability (CVE-2022-0185)
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- Notice on the Kubernetes Security Vulnerability (CVE-2020-8554)
- Notice of Apache containerd Security Vulnerability (CVE-2020-15257)
- Notice on the Docker Engine Input Verification Vulnerability (CVE-2020-13401)
- Notice of Kubernetes kube-apiserver Input Verification Vulnerability (CVE-2020-8559)
- Notice on the Kubernetes kubelet Resource Management Vulnerability (CVE-2020-8557)
- Notice on the Kubernetes kubelet and kube-proxy Authorization Vulnerability (CVE-2020-8558)
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Cluster Versions
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User Guide
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Clusters
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Cluster Overview
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Kubernetes Version Release Notes
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- Buying a Cluster
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Managing a Cluster
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Upgrading a Cluster
- Process and Method of Upgrading a Cluster
- Before You Start
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Troubleshooting for Pre-upgrade Check Exceptions
- Pre-upgrade Check
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Cluster Overview
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Nodes
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Management Nodes
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Node O&M
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- Differences in kubelet and Runtime Component Configurations Between CCE and the Native Community
- Migrating Nodes from Docker to containerd
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Workloads
- Overview
- Creating a Workload
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Configuring a Workload
- Configuring Time Zone Synchronization
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Network
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Container Network
- Overview
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Cloud Native Network 2.0 Settings
- Cloud Native 2.0 Network Model
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Service
- Overview
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LoadBalancer
- Creating a LoadBalancer Service
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Ingresses
- Overview
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LoadBalancer Ingresses
- Creating a LoadBalancer Ingress on the Console
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-
Advanced Setting Examples of LoadBalancer Ingresses
- Configuring an HTTPS Certificate for a LoadBalancer Ingress
- Configuring SNI for a LoadBalancer Ingress
- Configuring Multiple Forwarding Policies for a LoadBalancer Ingress
- Configuring HTTP/2 for a LoadBalancer Ingress
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- Nginx Ingresses
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Old Console
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Nodes
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Workloads
- Overview
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Configuring a Container
- Using a Third-Party Image
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Best Practices
- Checklist for Deploying Containerized Applications in the Cloud
- Containerization
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Security
- Configuration Suggestions on CCE Cluster Security
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API Reference
- Before You Start
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APIs
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Cluster Management
- Creating a Cluster
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Cluster Upgrade
- Upgrading a Cluster
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- Obtaining a List of Cluster Upgrade Task Details
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- Enabling the Cluster Upgrade Process Booting Task
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Chart Management
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- Kubernetes APIs
- Permissions and Supported Actions
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Appendix
- Status Code
- Error Codes
- Obtaining a Project ID
- Obtaining an Account ID
- Specifying Add-ons to Be Installed During Cluster Creation
- How to Obtain Parameters in the API URI
- Creating a VPC and Subnet
- Creating a Key Pair
- Node Flavor Description
- Adding a Salt in the password Field When Creating a Node
- Maximum Number of Pods That Can Be Created on a Node
- Node OS
- Data Disk Space Allocation
- Attaching Disks to a Node
- SDK Reference
-
FAQs
- Common FAQ
- Billing
- Cluster
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Node
- Node Creation
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Node Running
- What Should I Do If a Cluster Is Available But Some Nodes Are Unavailable?
- How Do I Log In to a Node Using a Password and Reset the Password?
- How Do I Collect Logs of Nodes in a CCE Cluster?
- What Should I Do If the vdb Disk of a Node Is Damaged and the Node Cannot Be Recovered After Reset?
- What Should I Do If I/O Suspension Occasionally Occurs When SCSI EVS Disks Are Used?
- How Do I Fix an Abnormal Container or Node Due to No Thin Pool Disk Space?
- How Do I Rectify Failures When the NVIDIA Driver Is Used to Start Containers on GPU Nodes?
- Specification Change
- OSs
- Node Pool
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Workload
-
Workload Exception Troubleshooting
- How Can I Find the Fault for an Abnormal Workload?
- What Should I Do If Pod Scheduling Fails?
- What Should I Do If a Pod Fails to Pull the Image?
- What Should I Do If Container Startup Fails?
- What Should I Do If a Pod Fails to Be Evicted?
- What Should I Do If a Storage Volume Cannot Be Mounted or the Mounting Times Out?
- What Should I Do If a Workload Remains in the Creating State?
- What Should I Do If a Pod Remains in the Terminating State?
- What Should I Do If a Workload Is Stopped Caused by Pod Deletion?
- What Should I Do If an Error Occurs When I Deploy a Service on the GPU Node?
- How Can I Locate Faults Using an Exit Code?
- Container Configuration
- Scheduling Policies
-
Others
- What Should I Do If a Cron Job Cannot Be Restarted After Being Stopped for a Period of Time?
- What Is a Headless Service When I Create a StatefulSet?
- What Should I Do If Error Message "Auth is empty" Is Displayed When a Private Image Is Pulled?
- What Is the Image Pull Policy for Containers in a CCE Cluster?
- What Can I Do If a Layer Is Missing During Image Pull?
-
Workload Exception Troubleshooting
-
Networking
-
Network Exception Troubleshooting
- How Do I Locate a Workload Networking Fault?
- Why Does the Browser Return Error Code 404 When I Access a Deployed Application?
- What Should I Do If a Container Fails to Access the Internet?
- What Should I Do If a Node Fails to Connect to the Internet (Public Network)?
- What Should I Do If Nginx Ingress Access in the Cluster Is Abnormal After the NGINX Ingress Controller Add-on Is Upgraded?
- What Could Cause Access Exceptions After Configuring an HTTPS Certificate for a LoadBalancer Ingress?
- Network Planning
- Security Hardening
-
Network Configuration
- How Can Container IP Addresses Survive a Container Restart?
- How Can I Check Whether an ENI Is Used by a Cluster?
- How Can I Delete a Security Group Rule Associated with a Deleted Subnet?
- How Can I Synchronize Certificates When Multiple Ingresses in Different Namespaces Share a Listener?
- How Can I Determine Which Ingress the Listener Settings Have Been Applied To?
-
Network Exception Troubleshooting
-
Storage
- How Do I Expand the Storage Capacity of a Container?
- What Are the Differences Among CCE Storage Classes in Terms of Persistent Storage and Multi-Node Mounting?
- Can I Create a CCE Node Without Adding a Data Disk to the Node?
- What Should I Do If the Host Cannot Be Found When Files Need to Be Uploaded to OBS During the Access to the CCE Service from a Public Network?
- How Can I Achieve Compatibility Between ExtendPathMode and Kubernetes client-go?
- Can CCE PVCs Detect Underlying Storage Faults?
- What Should I Do If a Yearly/Monthly EVS Disk Cannot Be Automatically Created?
- Namespace
-
Chart and Add-on
- What Should I Do If Installation of an Add-on Fails and "The release name is already exist" Is Displayed?
- How Do I Configure the Add-on Resource Quotas Based on Cluster Scale?
- How Can I Clean Up Residual Resources After the NGINX Ingress Controller Add-on in the Unknown State Is Deleted?
- Why TLS v1.0 and v1.1 Cannot Be Used After the NGINX Ingress Controller Add-on Is Upgraded?
-
API & kubectl FAQs
- How Can I Access a Cluster API Server?
- Can the Resources Created Using APIs or kubectl Be Displayed on the CCE Console?
- How Do I Download kubeconfig for Connecting to a Cluster Using kubectl?
- How Do I Rectify the Error Reported When Running the kubectl top node Command?
- Why Is "Error from server (Forbidden)" Displayed When I Use kubectl?
- DNS FAQs
- Image Repository FAQs
- Permissions
- Videos
Configuring Container Specifications
Scenario
CCE allows you to set resource requirements and limits, such as CPU and RAM, for added containers during workload creation. Kubernetes also allows using YAML to set requirements of other resource types.
Request and Limit
- Request: The system schedules a pod to the node that meets the requirements for workload deployment based on the request value.
- Limit: The system limits the resources used by the workload based on the limit value.
If a node has sufficient resources, the pod on this node can use more resources than requested, but no more than limited.
For example, if you set the memory request of a container to 1 GiB and the limit value to 2 GiB, a pod is scheduled to a node with 8 GiB CPUs with no other pod running. In this case, the pod can use more than 1 GiB memory when the load is heavy, but the memory usage cannot exceed 2 GiB. If a process in a container attempts to use more than 2 GiB resources, the system kernel attempts to terminate the process. As a result, an out of memory (OOM) error occurs.
When creating a workload, you are advised to set the upper and lower limits of CPU and memory resources. If the upper and lower resource limits are not set for a workload, a resource leak of this workload will make resources unavailable for other workloads deployed on the same node. In addition, workloads that do not have upper and lower resource limits cannot be accurately monitored.
Configuration
In real-world scenarios, the recommended ratio of Request to Limit is about 1:1.5. For some sensitive services, the recommended ratio is 1:1. If the Request is too small and the Limit is too large, node resources are oversubscribed. During service peaks, the memory or CPU of a node may be used up. As a result, the node is unavailable.
- CPU quota: The unit of CPU resources is core, which can be expressed by quantity or an integer suffixed with the unit (m). For example, 0.1 core in the quantity expression is equivalent to 100m in the expression. However, Kubernetes does not allow CPU resources whose precision is less than 1m.
Table 1 CPU quotas Parameter
Description
CPU request
Minimum number of CPU cores required by a container. Resources are scheduled for the container based on this value. The container can be scheduled to this node only when the total available CPU on the node is greater than or equal to the number of containerized CPU applications.
CPU limit
Maximum number of CPU cores available for a container.
Recommended configuration
Actual available CPU of a node ≥ Sum of CPU limits of all containers on the current node ≥ Sum of CPU requests of all containers on the current node. You can view the actual available CPUs of a node on the CCE console (Resource Management > Nodes > Allocatable).
- Memory quota: The default unit of memory resources is byte. You can also use an integer with the unit suffix, for example, 100 Mi. Note that the unit is case-sensitive.
Table 2 Description of memory quotas Parameter
Description
Memory request
Minimum amount of memory required by a container. Resources are scheduled for the container based on this value. The container can be scheduled to this node only when the total available memory on the node is greater than or equal to the number of containerized memory applications.
Memory Limit
Maximum amount of memory available for a container. When the memory usage exceeds the configured memory limit, the instance may be restarted, which affects the normal use of the workload.
Recommended configuration
Actual available memory of a node ≥ Sum of memory limits of all containers on the current node ≥ Sum of memory requests of all containers on the current node. You can view the actual available memory of a node on the CCE console (Resource Management > Nodes > Allocatable).
The allocatable resources are calculated based on the resource request value (Request), which indicates the upper limit of resources that can be requested by pods on this node, but does not indicate the actual available resources of the node (for details, see Example of CPU and Memory Quota Usage). The calculation formula is as follows:
- Allocatable CPU = Total CPU – Requested CPU of all pods – Reserved CPU for other resources
- Allocatable memory = Total memory – Requested memory of all pods – Reserved memory for other resources
Example of CPU and Memory Quota Usage
Assume that a cluster contains a node with 4 CPU cores and 8 GiB memory. Two pods (pod 1 and pod 2) have been deployed on the cluster. Pod 1 oversubscribes resources (that is Limit > Request). The specifications of the two pods are as follows.
Pod |
CPU Request |
CPU Limit |
Memory Request |
Memory Limit |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pod 1 |
1 core |
2 cores |
1 GiB |
4 GiB |
Pod 2 |
2 cores |
2 cores |
2 GiB |
2 GiB |
The CPU and memory usage of the node is as follows:
- Allocatable CPUs = 4 cores – (1 core requested by pod 1 + 2 cores requested by pod 2) = 1 core
- Allocatable memory = 8 GiB – (1 GiB requested by pod 1 + 2 GiB requested by pod 2) = 5 GiB
In this case, the remaining 1 core 5 GiB can be used by the next new pod.
If pod 1 is under heavy load during peak hours, it will use more CPUs and memory within the limit. Therefore, the actual allocatable resources are fewer than 1 core 5 GiB.
Quotas of Other Resources
Typically, nodes support local ephemeral storage, which is provided by locally mounted writable devices or RAM. EV does not ensure long-term data availability. Pods can use local EVs to buffer data and store logs, or mount emptyDir volumes to containers. For details, see Local ephemeral storage.
Kubernetes allows you to specify the requested value and limit value of ephemeral storage in container configurations to manage the local ephemeral storage. The following attributes can be configured for each container in a pod:
- spec.containers[].resources.limits.ephemeral-storage
- spec.containers[].resources.requests.ephemeral-storage
In the following example, a pod contains two containers. The requested value of each container for local ephemeral storage is 2 GiB, and the limit value is 4 GiB. Therefore, the requested value of the pod for local ephemeral storage is 4 GiB, the limit value is 8 GiB, and the emptyDir volume uses 500 MiB of the local ephemeral storage.
apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: frontend spec: containers: - name: container-1 image: <example_app_image> resources: requests: ephemeral-storage: "2Gi" limits: ephemeral-storage: "4Gi" volumeMounts: - name: ephemeral mountPath: "/tmp" - name: container-2 image: <example_log_aggregator_image> resources: requests: ephemeral-storage: "2Gi" limits: ephemeral-storage: "4Gi" volumeMounts: - name: ephemeral mountPath: "/tmp" volumes: - name: ephemeral emptyDir: sizeLimit: 500Mi
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