Manually Deploying LNMP (Ubuntu 20.04)

Overview

The best practices for Huawei Cloud ECS guide you through the deployment of LNMP on a Linux ECS. This section uses the Ubuntu 20.04 64bit as an example.

Prerequisites

1. The ECS has an EIP bound.
2. The rule listed in the following table has been added to the security group which the target ECS belongs to. For details, see Adding a Security Group Rule.

   Table 1 Security group rule

   Direction	Protocol/Application	Port/Range	Source IP Address
   Inbound	HTTP(80)	80	0.0.0.0/0

Resource Planning

Table 2 lists the resource configuration and software versions used in this practice. The commands and parameters may vary according to the hardware specifications or software versions you would use.

Procedure

1. Install Nginx.
   1. Log in to the ECS.
   2. Run the following commands to install Nginx:

      sudo apt-get update

      sudo apt-get install nginx

      If Do you want to continue? [Y/n] is displayed, enter y or Y to continue the installation.

   3. (Optional) Configure the firewall.

      Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW) is an iptables interface that simplifies the firewall configuration. By default, Ubuntu has UFW installed. Run the following command to check the firewall status:

      sudo ufw status

      If you do not want to enable the firewall, skip this step. If you want to enable the firewall, run the following command:

      sudo ufw enable

      Verify that the firewall is enabled.

      Before testing Nginx, you need to reconfigure the firewall to allow access to Nginx. Run the following command to automatically register Nginx with UFW:

      sudo ufw app list

      Information similar to the following is displayed:

      Available applications:
        Nginx Full
        Nginx HTTP
        Nginx HTTPS
        ...

      • Nginx Full: Port 80 is enabled to distribute normal and unencrypted web traffic, and port 443 to distribute TLS/SSL-encrypted traffic.
      • Nginx HTTP: Port 80 is enabled to distribute normal and unencrypted web traffic.
      • Nginx HTTPS: Port 443 is enabled to distribute TLS/SSL-encrypted traffic.

      Run the following command to ensure that the firewall allows HTTP and HTTPS connections:

      sudo ufw allow 'Nginx Full'

   4. Verify that Nginx can work properly.

      Use the domain name or IP address to access Nginx. The Welcome to nginx page is displayed if Nginx is started normally.

      Enter http://IP address of the Nginx server in the address bar to access Nginx. If the following page is displayed, Nginx has been installed.

      Figure 1 Accessing Nginx
      

2. Install MySQL.
   1. Run the following command to install MySQL:

      sudo apt -y install mysql-server

   2. Check the MySQL status.

      sudo systemctl status mysql

      ● mysql.service - MySQL Community Server
           Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/mysql.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
           Active: active (running) since Wed 2023-07-26 15:57:29 CST; 22min ago
         Main PID: 10770 (mysqld)
           Status: "Server is operational"
             Tasks: 37 (limit: 4217)
           Memory: 364.9M
           CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
                 └─10770 /usr/sbin/mysqld
      
      Jul 26 15:57:29 ecs-ubuntu systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Community Server...
      Jul 26 15:57:29 ecs-ubuntu systemd[1]: Started MySQL Community Server.

   3. Run the following command to access MySQL:

      sudo mysql

   4. Run the following command to set the password for user root:

      ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password by 'xxxxx';

      In the preceding command, xxxxx indicates the password you set for user root.

   5. Run the following command to exit MySQL:

      exit;

   6. Run the following command and follow the prompts to harden MySQL:

      mysql_secure_installation

      Securing the MySQL server deployment.
      
      Enter password for user root:         #Enter the password of user root set in step 4.
      
      VALIDATE PASSWORD COMPONENT can be used to test passwords
      and improve security. It checks the strength of password
      and allows the users to set only those passwords which are
      secure enough. Would you like to setup VALIDATE PASSWORD component?
      
      Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No: Y    #Press Y to set the password validation policy.
      
      There are three levels of password validation policy:
      
      LOW    Length >= 8
      MEDIUM Length >= 8, numeric, mixed case, and special characters
      STRONG Length >= 8, numeric, mixed case, special characters and dictionary                  file
      
      Please enter 0 = LOW, 1 = MEDIUM and 2 = STRONG: 2       #Enter 2 to select the password validation policy.
      Using existing password for root.
      
      Estimated strength of the password: 25
      Change the password for root ? ((Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : Y   #Press Y to change the password of user root.
      
      New password:  #Enter a new password of user root.
      
      Re-enter new password:   #Enter the new password again.
      
      Estimated strength of the password: 100
      Do you wish to continue with the password provided?(Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : Y  #Press Y to confirm the new password.
      By default, a MySQL installation has an anonymous user,
      allowing anyone to log into MySQL without having to have
      a user account created for them. This is intended only for
      testing, and to make the installation go a bit smoother.
      You should remove them before moving into a production
      environment.
      
      Remove anonymous users? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : Y   #Press Y to remove anonymous users.
      Success.
      
      
      Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from
      'localhost'. This ensures that someone cannot guess at
      the root password from the network.
      
      Disallow root login remotely? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : Y   #Press Y to disallow remote logins of user root.
      Success.
      
      By default, MySQL comes with a database named 'test' that
      anyone can access. This is also intended only for testing,
      and should be removed before moving into a production
      environment.
      
      
      Remove test database and access to it? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : Y   #Press Y to delete the test database and remove access to it.
       - Dropping test database...
      Success.
      
       - Removing privileges on test database...
      Success.
      
      Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes
      made so far will take effect immediately.
      
      Reload privilege tables now? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : Y   #Press Y to reload privilege tables.
      Success.
      
      All done!

3. Install PHP.
   1. Run the following commands to install PHP:

      sudo apt update

      sudo apt install php-fpm

   2. Run the following command to check the version of the installed PHP:

      php -v

      Information similar to the following is displayed:

      PHP 7.4.3-4ubuntu2.19 (cli) (built: Jun 27 2023 15:49:59) ( NTS )
      Copyright (c) The PHP Group
      Zend Engine v3.4.0, Copyright (c) Zend Technologies
          with Zend OPcache v7.4.3-4ubuntu2.19, Copyright (c), by Zend Technologies

   3. Run the following command to check the runtime status of PHP:

      systemctl status php7.4-fpm

      Information similar to the following is displayed:

      ● php7.4-fpm.service - The PHP 7.4 FastCGI Process Manager
           Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/php7.4-fpm.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
           Active: active (running) since Mon 2023-07-31 17:33:35 CST; 3min 50s ago
             Docs: man:php-fpm7.4(8)

      

      If lines 1-16/16 (end) is displayed in the command output, press q to exit.

   4. Modify the Nginx configuration file to support PHP.
      1. Run the following command to open the default Nginx configuration file:

         sudo vim /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default

      2. Press i to enter insert mode.
      3. Modify the opened Nginx configuration file.

         In server{}, find the line starting with index and add index.php to this line.

         

         Find location ~ \.php$ {} in server{} and delete the comments from the lines in the following red box:

         

      4. Press Esc to exit insert mode. Then, enter :wq to save the settings and exit.
   5. Run the following command to reload the Nginx configuration file:

      sudo systemctl restart nginx

4. Test the LNMP deployment.
   1. In the root directory of the Nginx website, create the phpinfo.php file.

      sudo vim /var/www/html/phpinfo.php

   2. Press i to enter insert mode.
   3. Modify the phpinfo.php file and add the following to the file:

      <?php echo phpinfo(); ?>

   4. Press Esc to exit insert mode. Then, enter :wq to save the settings and exit.
   5. Enter http://IP address of the Nginx server/phpinfo.php in the address bar. If the following page is displayed, the LNMP environment has been deployed.