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- Linux Kernel Integer Overflow Vulnerability (CVE-2022-0185)
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Clusters
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- Buying a Cluster
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Managing a Cluster
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Upgrading a Cluster
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Troubleshooting for Pre-upgrade Check Exceptions
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Cluster Overview
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Nodes
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Node O&M
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Workloads
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LoadBalancer Ingresses
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Advanced Setting Examples of LoadBalancer Ingresses
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Nodes
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Workloads
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Configuring a Container
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Security
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Cluster Management
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Cluster Upgrade
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Appendix
- Status Code
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- SDK Reference
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FAQs
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Node
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Node Running
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Workload
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Workload Exception Troubleshooting
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- How Can I Locate Faults Using an Exit Code?
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Others
- What Should I Do If a Cron Job Cannot Be Restarted After Being Stopped for a Period of Time?
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Workload Exception Troubleshooting
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Networking
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Network Exception Troubleshooting
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- What Should I Do If Nginx Ingress Access in the Cluster Is Abnormal After the NGINX Ingress Controller Add-on Is Upgraded?
- What Could Cause Access Exceptions After Configuring an HTTPS Certificate for a LoadBalancer Ingress?
- Network Planning
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Network Configuration
- How Can Container IP Addresses Survive a Container Restart?
- How Can I Check Whether an ENI Is Used by a Cluster?
- How Can I Delete a Security Group Rule Associated with a Deleted Subnet?
- How Can I Synchronize Certificates When Multiple Ingresses in Different Namespaces Share a Listener?
- How Can I Determine Which Ingress the Listener Settings Have Been Applied To?
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Network Exception Troubleshooting
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Storage
- How Do I Expand the Storage Capacity of a Container?
- What Are the Differences Among CCE Storage Classes in Terms of Persistent Storage and Multi-Node Mounting?
- Can I Create a CCE Node Without Adding a Data Disk to the Node?
- What Should I Do If the Host Cannot Be Found When Files Need to Be Uploaded to OBS During the Access to the CCE Service from a Public Network?
- How Can I Achieve Compatibility Between ExtendPathMode and Kubernetes client-go?
- Can CCE PVCs Detect Underlying Storage Faults?
- What Should I Do If a Yearly/Monthly EVS Disk Cannot Be Automatically Created?
- Namespace
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Chart and Add-on
- What Should I Do If Installation of an Add-on Fails and "The release name is already exist" Is Displayed?
- How Do I Configure the Add-on Resource Quotas Based on Cluster Scale?
- How Can I Clean Up Residual Resources After the NGINX Ingress Controller Add-on in the Unknown State Is Deleted?
- Why TLS v1.0 and v1.1 Cannot Be Used After the NGINX Ingress Controller Add-on Is Upgraded?
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API & kubectl FAQs
- How Can I Access a Cluster API Server?
- Can the Resources Created Using APIs or kubectl Be Displayed on the CCE Console?
- How Do I Download kubeconfig for Connecting to a Cluster Using kubectl?
- How Do I Rectify the Error Reported When Running the kubectl top node Command?
- Why Is "Error from server (Forbidden)" Displayed When I Use kubectl?
- DNS FAQs
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- Permissions
- Videos
PersistentVolume, PersistentVolumeClaim, and StorageClass
hostPath volumes are used for persistent storage. However, hostPath volumes are node-specific. Writing data into hostPath volumes after a node restart may cause data inconsistency.
If you want to read the previously written data after a pod is rebuilt and scheduled again, you can count on network storage. Typically, a cloud vendor provides at least three classes of network storage: block storage, file storage, and object storage, such as EVS, SFS, and OBS provided by HUAWEI CLOUD. Kubernetes decouples how storage is provided from how it is consumed by introducing two API objects: PersistentVolume (PV) and PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC). You only need to request the storage resources you want, without being exposed to the details of how they are implemented.
- A PV describes a persistent data storage volume. It defines a directory for persistent storage on a host machine, for example, a mount directory of a network file system (NFS).
- A PVC describes the attributes of the PV that a pod wants to use, such as the volume capacity and read/write permissions.
To allow a pod to use PVs, a Kubernetes cluster administrator needs to set the network storage class and provides the corresponding PV descriptors to Kubernetes. You only need to create a PVC and bind the PVC with the volumes in the pod so that you can store data. The following figure shows the relationship between PVs and PVCs.
CSI
Kubernetes Container Storage Interface (CSI) can be used to develop plug-ins to support specific storage volumes. For example, in the namespace named kube-system, as shown in Namespace for Grouping Resources, everest-csi-controller-* and everest-csi-driver-* are the storage controllers and drivers developed by HUAWEI CLOUD CCE. With these drivers, you can use cloud storage services on HUAWEI CLOUD, such as EVS, SFS, and OBS.
$ kubectl get po --namespace=kube-system NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE everest-csi-controller-6d796fb9c5-v22df 2/2 Running 0 9m11s everest-csi-driver-snzrr 1/1 Running 0 12m everest-csi-driver-ttj28 1/1 Running 0 12m everest-csi-driver-wtrk6 1/1 Running 0 12m
PV
Each PV contains the specification and status of the volume. For example, a file system is created in HUAWEI CLOUD SFS. The file system ID is 68e4a4fd-d759-444b-8265-20dc66c8c502, and the mount point is sfs-nas01.cn-north-4b.myhuaweicloud.com:/share-96314776. If you want to use this file system in CCE, you need to create a PV to describe the volume. The following is an example PV.
apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolume metadata: name: pv-example spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteMany # Read/write mode capacity: storage: 10Gi # PV capacity csi: driver: nas.csi.everest.io # Driver to be used. fsType: nfs # File system type volumeAttributes: everest.io/share-export-location: sfs-nas01.cn-north-4b.myhuaweicloud.com:/share-96314776 # Mount point volumeHandle: 68e4a4fd-d759-444b-8265-20dc66c8c502 # File system ID
Fields under csi in the example above are exclusively used in HUAWEI CLOUD CCE.
Next, create the PV.
$ kubectl create -f pv.yaml persistentvolume/pv-example created $ kubectl get pv NAME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES RECLAIM POLICY STATUS CLAIM STORAGECLASS REASON AGE pv-example 10Gi RWX Retain Available 4s
RECLAIM POLICY indicates the PV reclaim policy. The value Retain indicates that the PV is retained after the PVC is released. If the value of STATUS is Available, the PV is available.
PVC
A PVC can be bound to a PV. The following is an example:
apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim metadata: name: pvc-example spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteMany resources: requests: storage: 10Gi # Storage capacity volumeName: pv-example # PV name
Create the PVC.
$ kubectl create -f pvc.yaml persistentvolumeclaim/pvc-example created $ kubectl get pvc NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS AGE pvc-example Bound pv-example 10Gi RWX 9s
The command output shows that the PVC is in Bound state and the value of VOLUME is pv-example, indicating that the PVC is bound to a PV.
Now check the PV status.
$ kubectl get pv NAME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES RECLAIM POLICY STATUS CLAIM STORAGECLASS REASON AGE pv-example 10Gi RWX Retain Bound default/pvc-example 50s
The status of the PVC is also Bound. The value of CLAIM is default/pvc-example, indicating that the PV is bound to the PVC named pvc-example in the default namespace.
Note that PVs are cluster-level resources and do not belong to any namespace, while PVCs are namespace-level resources. PVs can be bound to PVCs of any namespace. Therefore, the namespace name "default" is displayed under CLAIM.
StorageClass
Although PVs and PVCs allow you to consume abstract storage resources, you may need to configure multiple fields to create PVs and PVCs (such as the csi field structure in the PV), and PVs/PVCs are generally managed by the cluster administrator, which can be inconvenient when you need PVs with varying attributes for different problems.
To solve this problem, Kubernetes supports dynamic PV provisioning to create PVs automatically. The cluster administrator can deploy a PV provisioner and define the corresponding StorageClass. In this way, developers can select the storage class to be created when creating a PVC. The PVC transfers the StorageClass to the PV provisioner, and the provisioner automatically creates a PV. In CCE, storage classes such as csi-disk, csi-nas, and csi-obs are supported. After storageClassName is added to a PVC, PVs can be automatically provisioned and underlying storage resources can be automatically created.
The following describes how to create a file system in CCE clusters of v1.15 and later, which is different from that for CCE clusters of v1.13 and earlier. For details, see .
Run the following command to query the storage classes that CCE supports. You can use the CSI plug-ins provided by CCE to customize a storage class, which functions similarly as the default storage classes in CCE.
# kubectl get sc NAME PROVISIONER AGE csi-disk everest-csi-provisioner 17d # Storage class for EVS disks csi-disk-topology everest-csi-provisioner 17d # Storage class for EVS disks with delayed association csi-nas everest-csi-provisioner 17d # Storage class for SFS file systems csi-obs everest-csi-provisioner 17d # Storage class for OBS buckets csi-sfsturbo everest-csi-provisioner 17d # Storage class for SFS Turbo file systems
Use storageClassName to create a PVC.
apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim metadata: name: pvc-sfs-auto-example spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteMany resources: requests: storage: 10Gi storageClassName: csi-nas # StorageClass
PVCs cannot be directly created by using the storageClassName csi-sfsturbo.
Create a PVC and view the PVC and PV details.
$ kubectl create -f pvc2.yaml persistentvolumeclaim/pvc-sfs-auto-example created $ kubectl get pvc NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS AGE pvc-sfs-auto-example Bound pvc-1f1c1812-f85f-41a6-a3b4-785d21063ff3 10Gi RWX csi-nas 29s $ kubectl get pv NAME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES RECLAIM POLICY STATUS CLAIM STORAGECLASS REASON AGE pvc-1f1c1812-f85f-41a6-a3b4-785d21063ff3 10Gi RWO Delete Bound default/pvc-sfs-auto-example csi-nas 20s
The command output shows that after a StorageClass is used, a PVC and a PV are created and they are bound to each other.
After a StorageClass is set, PVs can be automatically created and maintained. Users only need to specify StorageClassName when creating a PVC, which greatly reduces the workload.
Note that the types of StorageClassName vary among vendors. In this section, HUAWEI CLOUD SFS is used as an example. For details about other storage classes, see .
Using a PVC in a Pod
After a PVC is available, you can directly bind the PVC to a volume in the pod template and then mount the volume to the pod, as shown in the following example. You can also directly create a PVC in a StatefulSet. For details, see StatefulSet.
apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: nginx-deployment spec: selector: matchLabels: app: nginx replicas: 2 template: metadata: labels: app: nginx spec: containers: - image: nginx:alpine name: container-0 volumeMounts: - mountPath: /tmp # Mount path name: pvc-sfs-example restartPolicy: Always volumes: - name: pvc-sfs-example persistentVolumeClaim: claimName: pvc-example # PVC name
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