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Cluster Versions
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Clusters
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Managing a Cluster
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Upgrading a Cluster
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Troubleshooting for Pre-upgrade Check Exceptions
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Cluster Overview
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Nodes
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Node O&M
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Workloads
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Configuring a Workload
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Ingresses
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LoadBalancer Ingresses
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Advanced Setting Examples of LoadBalancer Ingresses
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Old Console
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Nodes
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Workloads
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Configuring a Container
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Best Practices
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Security
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API Reference
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APIs
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Cluster Management
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Cluster Upgrade
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Appendix
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FAQs
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Node
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Node Running
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Workload
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Workload Exception Troubleshooting
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Others
- What Should I Do If a Cron Job Cannot Be Restarted After Being Stopped for a Period of Time?
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Workload Exception Troubleshooting
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Networking
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Network Exception Troubleshooting
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- Network Planning
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Network Configuration
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Network Exception Troubleshooting
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Storage
- How Do I Expand the Storage Capacity of a Container?
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- Namespace
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Chart and Add-on
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- How Can I Clean Up Residual Resources After the NGINX Ingress Controller Add-on in the Unknown State Is Deleted?
- Why TLS v1.0 and v1.1 Cannot Be Used After the NGINX Ingress Controller Add-on Is Upgraded?
-
API & kubectl FAQs
- How Can I Access a Cluster API Server?
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- How Do I Download kubeconfig for Connecting to a Cluster Using kubectl?
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- Why Is "Error from server (Forbidden)" Displayed When I Use kubectl?
- DNS FAQs
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Show all
Volume
On-disk files in a container are ephemeral. When a container crashes and is then restarted, the files in the container will be lost. When multiple containers run in a pod, files often need to be shared between these containers. Kubernetes provides an abstraction to solve these two problems, that is, storage volumes. Volumes, as part of a pod, cannot be created independently and can only be defined in pods.
All containers in a pod can access its volumes, but the volumes must be attached and can be attached to any directory in the container.
The following figure shows how a storage volume is used between containers in a pod.
A volume will no longer exist if the pod to which it is attached does not exist. However, files in the volume may outlive the volume, depending on the volume type.
Volume Types
Kubernetes supports multiple types of volumes. The most commonly used ones are as follows:
- emptyDir: an empty volume used for temporary storage
- hostPath: a volume that mounts a directory of the host into your pod
- ConfigMap and secret: special volumes that inject or pass information to your pod. For details about how to mount ConfigMaps and secrets, see ConfigMap and Secret.
- persistentVolumeClaim: Kubernetes persistent storage class. For details, see PersistentVolume, PersistentVolumeClaim, and StorageClass.
emptyDir
emptyDir is an empty volume in which your applications can read and write the same files. The lifetime of an emptyDir volume is the same as that of the pod it belongs to. After the pod is deleted, data in the volume is also deleted.
Some uses of an emptyDir volume are as follows:
- scratch space, such as for a disk-based merge sort
- checkpointing a long computation for recovery from crashes
Example emptyDir configuration:
apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: nginx spec: containers: - image: nginx:alpine name: test-container volumeMounts: - mountPath: /cache name: cache-volume volumes: - name: cache-volume emptyDir: {}
emptyDir volumes are stored on the disks of the node where the pod is located. You can also set the storage medium to the node memory, for example, by setting medium to Memory.
volumes: - name: html emptyDir: medium: Memory
HostPath
hostPath is a persistent storage volume. Data in an emptyDir volume will be deleted when the pod is deleted, but not the case for a hostPath volume. Data in a hostPath volume will still be stored in the node path to which the volume was mounted. If the pod is re-created and scheduled to the same node, after a new hostPath volume is mounted, previous data written by the pod can still be read.
Data stored in hostPath volumes is related to the node. Therefore, hostPath is not suitable for applications such as databases. For example, if the pod in which a database instance runs is scheduled to another node, the read data will be totally different.
Therefore, you are not advised to use hostPath to store cross-pod data, because after the pod is rebuilt, it will be randomly scheduled to a node, which may cause inconsistency when data is written.
apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: test-hostpath spec: containers: - image: nginx:alpine name: hostpath-container volumeMounts: - mountPath: /test-pd name: test-volume volumes: - name: test-volume hostPath: path: /data
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