算子级调优

算子级调优介绍

一个查询语句要经过多个算子步骤才会输出最终的结果。由于个别算子耗时过长导致整体查询性能下降的情况比较常见。这些算子是整个查询的瓶颈算子。通用的优化手段是EXPLAIN ANALYZE/PERFORMANCE命令查看执行过程的瓶颈算子，然后进行针对性优化。

如下面的执行过程信息中，Hashagg算子的执行时间占总时间的：(51016-13535)/ 56476 ≈66%，此处Hashagg算子就是这个查询的瓶颈算子，在进行性能优化时应当优先考虑此算子的优化。

算子级调优示例

示例1：基表扫描时，对于点查或者范围扫描等过滤大量数据的查询，如果使用SeqScan全表扫描会比较耗时，可以在条件列上建立索引选择IndexScan进行索引扫描提升扫描效率。

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gaussdb=#  explain (analyze on, costs off) select * from t1 where c1=10004;
 id |     operation      |  A-time  | A-rows | Peak Memory | A-width 
----+--------------------+----------+--------+-------------+---------
  1 | ->  Seq Scan on t1 | 2053.069 |      7 | 64KB        | 
(1 row)
 
 Predicate Information (identified by plan id) 
-----------------------------------------------
   1 --Seq Scan on t1
         Filter: (c1 = 10004)
         Rows Removed by Filter: 110000
(3 rows)

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gaussdb=#  create index idx on t1(c1);
CREATE INDEX
gaussdb=#  explain (analyze on, costs off) select * from t1 where c1=10004;
 id |           operation            | A-time | A-rows | Peak Memory | A-width 
----+--------------------------------+--------+--------+-------------+---------
  1 | ->  Index Scan using idx on t1 | 0.227  |      7 | 77KB        | 
(1 row)
 
 Predicate Information (identified by plan id) 
-----------------------------------------------
   1 --Index Scan using idx on t1
         Index Cond: (c1 = 10004)
(2 rows)

上述例子中，全表扫描返回7条数据，过滤掉大量数据，在c1列上建立索引后，使用IndexScan扫描效率显著提高，从2秒降低到0.2毫秒。

示例2：如果从执行计划中看，两表join选择了NestLoop，而实际行数比较大时，NestLoop Join可能执行比较慢。如下的例子中NestLoop耗时27秒，如果设置参数enable_mergejoin=off关掉Merge Join，同时设置参数enable_nestloop=off关掉NestLoop，让优化器选择HashJoin，则Join耗时降低至2秒。

gaussdb=#  explain analyze select count(*) from t1,t2 where t1.c1=t2.c2;
 id |          operation          |  A-time   |  A-rows  | E-rows | Peak Memory | A-width | E-width |         E-costs          
----+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+--------------------------
  1 | ->  Aggregate               | 27544.545 |        1 |      1 | 15KB        |         |       8 | 1046289.218..1046289.228
  2 |    ->  Nested Loop (3,4)    | 27544.028 |     1992 |   3133 | 8KB         |         |       0 | 0.000..1046281.385
  3 |       ->  Seq Scan on t1    | 2043.884  |   110007 | 118967 | 61KB        |         |       4 | 0.000..157587.670
  4 |       ->  Materialize       | 6877.119  | 54783486 |    498 | 65KB        |         |       4 | 0.000..11.470
  5 |          ->  Seq Scan on t2 | 0.430     |      498 |    498 | 57KB        |         |       4 | 0.000..8.980
(5 rows)

设置参数后：

gaussdb=#  set enable_mergejoin=off;
SET
gaussdb=#  set enable_nestloop=off;
SET
gaussdb=#  explain analyze select count(*) from t1,t2 where t1.c1=t2.c2;
 id |          operation          |  A-time  | A-rows | E-rows | Peak Memory | A-width | E-width |        E-costs         
----+-----------------------------+----------+--------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+------------------------
  1 | ->  Aggregate               | 2103.025 |      1 |      1 | 15KB        |         |       8 | 158088.164..158088.174
  2 |    ->  Hash Join (3,4)      | 2102.536 |   1992 |   3133 | 10KB        |         |       0 | 15.205..158080.331
  3 |       ->  Seq Scan on t1    | 2063.595 | 110007 | 118967 | 61KB        |         |       4 | 0.000..157587.670
  4 |       ->  Hash              | 0.753    |    498 |    498 | 296KB       |         |       4 | 8.980..8.980
  5 |          ->  Seq Scan on t2 | 0.480    |    498 |    498 | 57KB        |         |       4 | 0.000..8.980
(5 rows)

示例3：通常情况下Agg选择HashAgg性能较好，如果大结果集选择了Sort+GroupAgg，则需要设置enable_sort=off，HashAgg耗时优于Sort+GroupAgg。

gaussdb=#  explain analyze select count(*) from t1 group by c1;
 id |        operation         |  A-time  | A-rows | E-rows | Peak Memory | A-width | E-width |        E-costs         
----+--------------------------+----------+--------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+------------------------
  1 | ->  GroupAggregate       | 2417.004 |  60000 |  18909 | 17KB        |         |      12 | 167616.708..168698.051
  2 |    ->  Sort              | 2304.329 | 200016 | 118967 | 26466KB     |         |       4 | 167616.708..167914.126
  3 |       ->  Seq Scan on t1 | 2125.464 | 200016 | 118967 | 58KB        |         |       4 | 0.000..157587.670
(3 rows) 

设置参数后：

gaussdb=#  set enable_sort=off;
SET
gaussdb=#  explain analyze select count(*) from t1 group by c1;
 id |       operation       |  A-time  | A-rows | E-rows | Peak Memory | A-width | E-width |        E-costs         
----+-----------------------+----------+--------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+------------------------
  1 | ->  HashAggregate     | 2324.062 |  60000 |  39912 | 10066KB     |         |       4 | 159297.545..159696.665
  2 |    ->  Seq Scan on t1 | 2131.319 | 200016 | 193303 | 58KB        |         |       4 | 0.000..158331.030
(2 rows)