Updated on 2025-05-29 GMT+08:00

Arithmetic Functions

abs(x)

Description: Absolute value

Return type: same as the input.

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT abs(-17.4);
 abs
------
 17.4
(1 row)

acos(x)

Description: Arc cosine

Return type: double precision

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT acos(-1);
       acos       
------------------
 3.14159265358979
(1 row)

asin(x)

Description: Arc sine

Return type: double precision

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT asin(0.5);
       asin       
------------------
 .523598775598299
(1 row)

atan(x)

Description: Arc tangent

Return type: double precision

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT atan(1);
       atan       
------------------
 .785398163397448
(1 row)

atan2(y, x)

Description: Arc tangent of y/x

Return type: double precision

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT atan2(2, 1);
      atan2
------------------
 1.10714871779409
(1 row)

bitand(integer, integer)

Description: Performs the AND (&) operation on two integers.

Return type: bigint

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT bitand(127, 63);
 bitand 
--------
     63
(1 row)

cbrt(dp)

Description: Cubic root

Return type: double precision

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT cbrt(27.0);
 cbrt
------
    3
(1 row)

ceil(x)

Description: Minimum integer greater than or equal to the parameter

Return type: integer

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT ceil(-42.8);
 ceil 
------
  -42
(1 row)

ceiling(dp or numeric)

Description: Minimum integer (alias of ceil) greater than or equal to the parameter

Return type: dp or numeric. If implicit type conversion is not considered, the return type is the same as the input type.

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT ceiling(-95.3);
 ceiling
---------
     -95
(1 row)

cos(x)

Description: Cosine

Return type: double precision

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT cos(-3.1415927);
        cos        
-------------------
 -.999999999999999
(1 row)

cosh(x)

Description: Hyperbolic cosine

Return type: dp or numeric. If implicit type conversion is not considered, the return type is the same as the input type.

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT cosh(4);
        cosh        
-------------------
 27.3082328360165
(1 row)

This function takes effect in A-compatible databases where a_format_version is 10c and a_format_dev_version is s2.

cot(x)

Description: Cotangent

Return type: double precision

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT cot(1);
       cot
------------------
 .642092615934331
(1 row)

degrees(dp)

Description: Converts a radian into an angle.

Return type: double precision

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT degrees(0.5);
     degrees
------------------
 28.6478897565412
(1 row)

div(y numeric, x numeric)

Description: Integer part of y/x

Return type: numeric

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT div(9,4);
 div
-----
   2
(1 row)

exp(x)

Description: Natural exponent

Return type: dp or numeric. If implicit type conversion is not considered, the return type is the same as the input type.

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT exp(1.0);
        exp         
--------------------
 2.7182818284590452
(1 row)

floor(x)

Description: Not larger than the maximum integer of the parameter

Return type: same as the input.

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT floor(-42.8);
 floor 
-------
   -43
(1 row)

int1(in)

Description: Converts the input parameter text into the int1 type and returns the result.

Return type: int1

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT int1('123');
 int1
------
 123
(1 row)
gaussdb=# SELECT int1('1.1');
 int1
------
   1
(1 row)

int2(in)

Description: Converts the input parameter into the int2 type and returns the result.

The input parameter can be of the float4, float8, int16, numeric, or text type.

Return type: int2

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT int2('1234');
 int2
------
 1234
(1 row)
gaussdb=# SELECT int2(25.3);
 int2
------
   25
(1 row)

int4(in)

Description: Converts the input parameter into the int4 type and returns the result.

The input parameter can be of the bit, Boolean, char, double precision, int16, numeric, real, smallint, or text type.

Return type: int4

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT int4('789');
 int4
------
 789
(1 row)
gaussdb=# SELECT int4(99.9);
 int4
------
   100
(1 row)

int8(in)

Description: Converts the input parameter into the int8 type and returns the result. The input parameter can be of the bit, double precision, int16, integer, numeric, oid, real, smallint, or text type.

Return type: int8

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT int8('789');
 int8
------
 789
(1 row)
gaussdb=# SELECT int8(99.9);
 int8
------
   99
(1 row)

float4(in)

Description: Converts the input parameter into the float4 type and returns the result. The input parameter can be of the bigint, double precision, int16, integer, numeric, smallint, or text type.

Return type: float4

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT float4('789');
 float4
--------
    789
(1 row)

gaussdb=# SELECT float4(99.9);
 float4
--------
   99.9
(1 row)

float8(in)

Description: Converts the input parameter into the float8 type and returns the result. The input parameter can be of the bigint, int16, integer, numeric, real, smallint, or text type.

Return type: float8

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT float8('789');
 float8
--------
    789
(1 row)

gaussdb=# SELECT float8(99.9);
 float8
--------
   99.9
(1 row)

int16(in)

Description: Converts the input parameter into the int16 type and returns the result. The input parameter can be of the bigint, Boolean, double precision, integer, numeric, oid, real, smallint, or tinyint type.

Return type: int16

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT int16('789');
 int16
--------
    789
(1 row)

gaussdb=# SELECT int16(99.9);
 int16
--------
   100
(1 row)

numeric(in)

Description: Converts the input parameter into the numeric type and returns the result. The input parameter can be of the bigint, Boolean, double precision, int16, integer, money, real, or smallint type.

Return type: numeric

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT "numeric"('789');
 numeric
---------
     789
(1 row)

gaussdb=# SELECT"numeric"(99.9);
 numeric
---------
    99.9
(1 row)

oid(in)

Description: Converts the input parameter into the oid type and returns the result. The input parameter can be of the bigint or int16 type.

Return type: oid

radians(dp)

Description: Converts an angle into a radian.

Return type: double precision

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT radians(45.0);
     radians
------------------
 .785398163397448
(1 row)

random()

Description: Random number between 0.0 and 1.0.

Return type: double precision

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT random();
      random
------------------
 .824823560658842
(1 row)

rand([seed])

Description: The input can be without any parameters or only include a seed parameter of the bigint type. Typically, this function returns a random number from 0 to 1. If seed is specified, this function will return a random value for seed.

Parameter: bigint type, specifying a random number seed.

Return type: double

Example:

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b_compatible_db=# SELECT rand();
       rand       
------------------
 .327476012520492
(1 row)

b_compatible_db=# SELECT rand(12321);
       rand       
------------------
 .326073104515672
(1 row)

This function takes effect when sql_compatibility is 'B'. The return value omits the trailing zeros.

multiply(x double precision or text, y double precision or text)

Description: product of x and y.

Return type: double precision

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT multiply(9.0, '3.0');
     multiply         
-------------------
               27
(1 row)
gaussdb=# SELECT multiply('9.0', 3.0);
     multiply         
-------------------
               27
(1 row)

ln(x)

Description: Natural logarithm.

Return type: dp or numeric. If implicit type conversion is not considered, the return type is the same as the input type.

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT ln(2.0);
        ln         
-------------------
 .6931471805599453
(1 row)

log(x)

Description: Logarithm with 10 as the base.

Return type: same as the input.

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT log(100.0);
        log         
--------------------
 2.0000000000000000
(1 row)

log(b numeric, x numeric)

Description: Logarithm with b as the base.

Return type: numeric

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT log(2.0, 64.0);
        log         
--------------------
 6.0000000000000000
(1 row)

log2(x)

Description: Logarithm with 2 as the base.

Return type: double precision.

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT log2(2);
 log2
------
    1
(1 row)

This function takes effect when sql_compatibility is 'B'.

log10(x)

Description: Logarithm with 10 as the base.

Return type: double precision.

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT log10(10);
 log10         
-------
     1
(1 row)

This function takes effect when sql_compatibility is 'B'.

mod(x,y)

Description: Remainder of x/y (model). If x equals to 0, 0 is returned.

Return type: If the input parameter is of the (text, int) type, the return value is of the NUMERIC type. If the input parameter is of other types, the return type is the same as the parameter type.

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT mod(9,4);
 mod 
-----
   1
(1 row)
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gaussdb=# SELECT mod(9,0);
 mod 
-----
   9
(1 row)

In A-compatible databases where a_format_version is 10c and a_format_dev_version is s6, the mod function supports overloading with mod(text, int). When the mod function is called with (text, int) as the input type, mod(text, int) will take precedence.

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gaussdb=# SET a_format_version='10c';
SET
gaussdb=# SET a_format_dev_version='s6';
SET
gaussdb=# SELECT mod('170141183460469231731687303715884105728', 7);
 mod 
-----
   2
(1 row)

pi()

Description: π constant value.

Return type: double precision

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT pi();
        pi
------------------
 3.14159265358979
(1 row)

power(a double precision, b double precision)

Description: b power of a.

Return type: double precision

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT power(9.0, 3.0);
        power         
----------------------
 729.0000000000000000
(1 row)

remainder(x,y)

Description: Remainder of x/y. If y is 0, an error is reported.

Return type: same as the input (float4, float8, or numeric)

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT remainder(11,4);
 remainder 
----------
        -1
(1 row)
gaussdb=# SELECT remainder(9,0);
ERROR: division by zero
CONTEXT:  referenced column: remainder

This function takes effect in A-compatible databases where a_format_version is 10c and a_format_dev_version is s2.

round(x)

Description: Integer closest to the input parameter.

Return type: same as the input (double precision or numeric).

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT round(42.4);
 round 
-------
    42
(1 row)

gaussdb=# SELECT round(42.6);
 round 
-------
    43
(1 row)
The output of the float/double type may be -0. (This also occurs in functions such as trunc and ceil. In A-compatible databases where a_format_version is 10c and a_format_dev_version is s1, the output will be 0.) Below is an example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT round(-0.2::float8);
 round 
-------
    -0
(1 row)

round(v numeric, s int)

Description: The number of s digits are kept after the decimal point, and the number is rounded off.

Return type: numeric

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT round(42.4382, 2);
 round
-------
 42.44
(1 row)
  • If the value of the control parameter s is a decimal, the value of s is truncated to an integer when the value of a_format_version is 10c and the value of a_format_dev_version is s1 in an A-compatible database. Otherwise, the value of s is rounded off to an integer.
  • If the value of a_format_version is 10c and the value of a_format_dev_version is s1, the round function supports round(timestamp, text) overloading. When (text, text) or (text, '') is used as the input parameter to call the round function, round (timestamp, text) is preferred.

setseed(dp)

Description: Sets seed for the following random() calling (from –1.0 to 1.0, inclusive).

Return type: void

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT setseed(0.54823);
 setseed
---------

(1 row)

sign(x)

Description: Returns symbols of this parameter.

Return type: –1 indicates negative numbers. 0 indicates 0, and 1 indicates positive numbers.

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT sign(-8.4);
 sign 
------
   -1
(1 row)

sin(x)

Description: Sine

Return type: double precision

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT sin(1.57079);
       sin        
------------------
 .999999999979986
(1 row)

sinh(x)

Description: Hyperbolic sine

Return type: dp or numeric. If implicit type conversion is not considered, the return type is the same as the input type.

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT sinh(4);
       sinh        
------------------
 27.2899171971277
(1 row)

This function takes effect in A-compatible databases where a_format_version is 10c and a_format_dev_version is s2.

sqrt(x)

Description: Square root

Return type: dp or numeric. If implicit type conversion is not considered, the return type is the same as the input type.

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT sqrt(2.0);
       sqrt        
-------------------
 1.414213562373095
(1 row)

This function uses the Karatsuba sqrt square root algorithm when the GUC parameter gs_format_behavior_compat_options is set to sqrt_karatsuba. Otherwise, this function uses the Newton iteration algorithm. The performance of the Karatsuba sqrt square root algorithm is better. In a few scenarios, the precision of the Karatsuba sqrt square root algorithm is different from that of the Newton iteration algorithm.

tan(x)

Description: Tangent

Return type: double precision

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT tan(20);
       tan        
------------------
 2.23716094422474
(1 row)

tanh(x)

Description: Hyperbolic tangent

Return type: same as the input (double precision or numeric).

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT tanh(0.1);
                 tanh        
------------------------------------------
0.0996679946249558171183050836783521835389
(1 row)

This function takes effect in A-compatible databases where a_format_version is 10c and a_format_dev_version is s2.

trunc(x)

Description: Truncation (the integer part is retained).

Return type: same as the input.

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT trunc(42.8);
 trunc 
-------
    42
(1 row)

trunc(v numeric, s int)

Description: Truncates the last s digits after a decimal point.

Return type: numeric

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT trunc(42.4382, 2);
 trunc
-------
 42.43
(1 row)

This function takes effect in A-compatible databases where a_format_version is 10c and a_format_dev_version is s1. If the input parameter s is a decimal, it will be truncated rather than rounded off.

smgrne(a smgr, b smgr)

Description: Checks whether two smgr integers are not equal.

Return type: Boolean

smgreq(a smgr, b smgr)

Description: Checks whether two smgr integers are equal.

Return type: Boolean

int1abs(tinyint)

Description: Returns the absolute value of data of the uint8 type.

Parameter: tinyint

Return type: tinyint

int1and(tinyint, tinyint)

Description: Returns the bitwise AND result of two data records of the uint8 type.

Parameter: tinyint, tinyint

Return type: tinyint

int1cmp(tinyint, tinyint)

Description: Compares two uint8 parameters. If the first parameter is greater, the function will return 1. If the second parameter is greater, the function will return -1. If they are equal, the function will return 0.

Parameter: tinyint, tinyint

Return type: integer

int1div(tinyint, tinyint)

Description: Returns the result of dividing two data records of the uint8 type. The result is of the float8 type.

Parameter: tinyint, tinyint

Return type: tinyint

int1eq(tinyint, tinyint)

Description: Compares two pieces of data of the uint8 type to check whether they are the same.

Parameter: tinyint, tinyint

Return type: Boolean

int1ge(tinyint, tinyint)

Description: Determines whether the value of the first parameter is greater than or equal to the value of the second parameter in two data records of the uint8 type.

Parameter: tinyint, tinyint

Return type: Boolean

int1gt(tinyint, tinyint)

Description: Performs a greater-than operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.

Parameter: tinyint, tinyint

Return type: Boolean

int1larger(tinyint, tinyint)

Description: Calculates the maximum value of an unsigned 1-byte integer.

Parameter: tinyint, tinyint

Return type: tinyint

int1le(tinyint, tinyint)

Description: Performs a less-than-or-equal-to operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.

Parameter: tinyint, tinyint

Return type: Boolean

int1lt(tinyint, tinyint)

Description: Performs a less-than operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.

Parameter: tinyint, tinyint

Return type: Boolean

int1smaller(tinyint, tinyint)

Description: Calculates the minimum value of an unsigned 1-byte integer.

Parameter: tinyint, tinyint

Return type: tinyint

int1inc(tinyint)

Description: Unsigned 1-byte integer plus 1.

Parameter: tinyint

Return type: tinyint

int1mi(tinyint, tinyint)

Description: Performs a minus operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.

Parameter: tinyint, tinyint

Return type: tinyint

int1mod(tinyint, tinyint)

Description: Performs a reminder operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.

Parameter: tinyint, tinyint

Return type: tinyint

int1mul(tinyint, tinyint)

Description: Performs a multiplication operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.

Parameter: tinyint, tinyint

Return type: tinyint

int1ne(tinyint, tinyint)

Description: Performs a not-equal-to operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.

Parameter: tinyint, tinyint

Return type: Boolean

int1pl(tinyint, tinyint)

Description: Performs an addition operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.

Parameter: tinyint, tinyint

Return type: tinyint

int1um(tinyint)

Description: Returns an unsigned 2-byte integer after subtracting the opposite number from the unsigned 1-byte integer.

Parameter: tinyint

Return type: smallint

int1xor(tinyint, tinyint)

Description: Performs an exclusive OR operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.

Parameter: tinyint, tinyint

Return type: tinyint

cash_div_int1(money, tinyint)

Description: Performs a division operation on the money type.

Parameter: money, tinyint

Return type: money

cash_mul_int1(money, tinyint)

Description: Performs a multiplication operation on the money type.

Parameter: money, tinyint

Return type: money

int1not(tinyint)

Description: Reverts binary bits of an unsigned 1-byte integer.

Parameter: tinyint

Return type: tinyint

int1or(tinyint, tinyint)

Description: Performs an OR operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.

Parameter: tinyint, tinyint

Return type: tinyint

int1shl(tinyint, integer)

Description: Shifts an unsigned 1-byte integer leftwards by a specified number of bits.

Parameter: tinyint, integer

Return type: tinyint

int1shr(tinyint, integer)

Description: Shifts an unsigned 1-byte integer rightwards by a specified number of bits.

Parameter: tinyint, integer

Return type: tinyint

width_bucket(op numeric, b1 numeric, b2 numeric, count int)

Description: Returns a bucket to which the operand will be assigned in an equi-depth histogram with count buckets, ranging from b1 to b2.

Return type: int

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT width_bucket(5.35, 0.024, 10.06, 5);
 width_bucket
--------------
            3
(1 row)

width_bucket(op dp, b1 dp, b2 dp, count int)

Description: Returns a bucket to which the operand will be assigned in an equi-depth histogram with count buckets, ranging from b1 to b2.

Return type: int

Example:

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gaussdb=# SELECT width_bucket(5.35, 0.024, 10.06, 5);
 width_bucket
--------------
            3
(1 row)

analyze_tgtype_for_type(n smallint)

Description: Parses pg_trigger.tgtype, parses n by bit, and returns one of before each row, after each row, before statement, after statement, and instead of.

Return type: varchar2(16)

analyze_tgtype_for_event(n smallint)

Description: Parses pg_trigger.tgtype, parses n by bit, and returns one or more of insert, update, delete, and truncate.

Return type: varchar2(246)

nanvl(n2, n1)

Description: The input includes two parameters. These parameters must be either numeric or a non-numeric type that can be implicitly converted into the numeric type. If the first parameter, n2, is NaN, the function will return n1. Otherwise, it will return n2.

Return type: double precision > float4 > numeric, depending on the input parameters

Example:

gaussdb=# SELECT nanvl('NaN', 1.1);
 nanvl 
-------
   1.1
(1 row)

This function takes effect in A-compatible databases where a_format_version is 10c and a_format_dev_version is s2.

numeric_eq_text(numeric, text)

Description: Checks whether a numeric variable is equal to the numeric value converted from a text variable.

Return type: Boolean

Example:

gaussdb=# SELECT numeric_eq_text(1, '1');
 numeric_eq_text
-----------------
 t
(1 row)

numeric_ne_text(numeric, text)

Description: Checks whether a numeric variable is not equal to the numeric value converted from a text variable.

Return type: Boolean

numeric_gt_text(numeric, text)

Description: Checks whether a numeric variable is greater than the numeric value converted from a text variable.

Return type: Boolean

numeric_ge_text(numeric, text)

Description: Checks whether a numeric variable is greater than or equal to the numeric value converted from a text variable.

Return type: Boolean

numeric_lt_text(numeric, text)

Description: Checks whether a numeric variable is less than the numeric value converted from a text variable.

Return type: Boolean

numeric_le_text(numeric, text)

Description: Checks whether a numeric variable is less than or equal to the numeric value converted from a text variable.

Return type: Boolean

text_eq_numeric(text, numeric)

Description: Checks whether the numeric value converted from a text variable is equal to a numeric variable.

Return type: Boolean

Example:

gaussdb=# SELECT text_eq_numeric('1', 1);
 text_eq_numeric
-----------------
 t
(1 row)

text_ne_numeric(text, numeric)

Description: Checks whether the numeric value converted from a text variable is not equal to a numeric variable.

Return type: Boolean

text_gt_numeric(text, numeric)

Description: Checks whether the numeric value converted from a text variable is greater than a numeric variable.

Return type: Boolean

text_ge_numeric(text, numeric)

Description: Checks whether the numeric value converted from a text variable is greater than or equal to a numeric variable.

Return type: Boolean

text_lt_numeric(text, numeric)

Description: Checks whether the numeric value converted from a text variable is less than a numeric variable.

Return type: Boolean

text_le_numeric(text, numeric)

Description: Checks whether the numeric value converted from a text variable is less than or equal to a numeric variable.

Return type: Boolean

bigint_eq_text(bigint, text)

Description: Checks whether a bigint variable is equal to the bigint value converted from a text variable.

Return type: Boolean

gaussdb=# SELECT bigint_eq_text(1, '1');
 bigint_eq_text
----------------
 t
(1 row)

bigint_ne_text(bigint, text)

Description: Checks whether a bigint variable is not equal to the bigint value converted from a text variable.

Return type: Boolean

bigint_gt_text(bigint, text)

Description: Checks whether a bigint variable is greater than the bigint value converted from a text variable.

Return type: Boolean

bigint_ge_text(bigint, text)

Description: Checks whether a bigint variable is greater than or equal to the bigint value converted from a text variable.

Return type: Boolean

bigint_lt_text(bigint, text)

Description: Checks whether a bigint variable is less than the bigint value converted from a text variable.

Return type: Boolean

bigint_le_text(bigint, text)

Description: Checks whether a bigint variable is less than or equal to the bigint value converted from a text variable.

Return type: Boolean

text_eq_bigint(text, bigint)

Description: Checks whether the bigint value converted from a text variable is equal to a bigint variable.

Return type: Boolean

Example:

gaussdb=# SELECT text_eq_bigint('1', 1);
 text_eq_bigint
----------------
 t
(1 row)

text_ne_bigint(text, bigint)

Description: Checks whether the bigint value converted from a text variable is not equal to a bigint variable.

Return type: Boolean

text_gt_bigint(text, bigint)

Description: Checks whether the bigint value converted from a text variable is greater than a bigint variable.

Return type: Boolean

text_ge_bigint(text, bigint)

Description: Checks whether the bigint value converted from a text variable is greater than or equal to a bigint variable.

Return type: Boolean

text_lt_bigint(text, bigint)

Description: Checks whether the bigint value converted from a text variable is less than a bigint variable.

Return type: Boolean

text_le_bigint(text, bigint)

Description: Checks whether the bigint value converted from a text variable is less than or equal to a bigint variable.

Return type: Boolean