Help Center/ GaussDB/ Developer Guide(Centralized_2.x)/ SQL Reference/ SQL Syntax/ CREATE TABLE SUBPARTITION
Updated on 2023-10-23 GMT+08:00
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CREATE TABLE SUBPARTITION

Function

CREATE TABLE SUBPARTITION creates a level-2 partitioned table. A partitioned table is a logical table that is divided into several physical partitions for storage based on a specific plan. A partitioned table is a logical table and does not store data. Data is stored in physical partitions. For a level-2 partitioned table, the top-level node table and level-1 partitioned table are logical tables and do not store data. Only the level-2 partitioned (leaf node) stores data.

The partitioning solution of a level-2 partitioned table is a combination of the partitioning solutions of two level-1 partitions. For details about the partitioning solution of a level-1 partitioned table, see CREATE TABLE PARTITION.

Common combination solutions for level-2 partitioned tables include range-range partitioning, range-list partitioning, range-hash partitioning, list-range partitioning, list-list partitioning, list-hash partitioning, hash-range partitioning, hash-list partitioning, and hash-hash partitioning. Currently, level-2 partitioned tables can only be row-store tables.

Precautions

  • A level-2 partitioned table has two partition keys, and each partition key supports only one column. The two partition keys cannot be the same column.
  • If the constraint key of the unique constraint and primary key constraint contains all partition keys, a local index is created for the constraints. Otherwise, a global index is created. If a local unique index is created, all partition keys must be included.
  • When a level-2 partitioned table is created, if the specified level-2 partition is not displayed under the level-1 partition, a level-2 partition with the same range is automatically created.
  • The number of level-2 partitions (leaf nodes) in a level-2 partitioned table cannot exceed 1048575. There is no limit on the number of level-1 partitions, but there must be at least one level-2 partition under a level-1 partition.
  • The maximum total number of partitions (including level-1 and level-2 partitions) in a level-2 partitioned table is 1048575. Generally, it is impossible for services to create so many partitions and the memory will be insufficient if so. Create partitions based on the value of local_syscache_threshold. The memory allocated to the level-2 partitioned tables can be calculated as follows: total number of partitions x 3/1024, in MB. Theoretically, the memory occupied by the partitions cannot be greater than the value of local_syscache_threshold. In addition, some space must be reserved for other functions.
  • Level-2 partitioned tables support only row store and do not support column-store and hash bucket.
  • Clusters are not supported.
  • When specifying a partition for query, for example, select * from tablename partition/subpartition (partitionname), ensure that the keywords partition and subpartition are correct. If they are incorrect, no error is reported during the query. In this case, the query is performed based on the table alias.
  • Encrypted databases, ledger databases, and row-level security are not supported.
  • In the PARTITION FOR (values) syntax for level-2 partitioned tables, values can only be constants.
  • In the PARTITION/SUBPARTITION FOR (values) syntax for level-2 partitioned tables, if data type conversion is required for values, you are advised to use forcible type conversion to prevent the implicit type conversion result from being inconsistent with the expected result.
  • Currently, the statement specifying a partition cannot perform global index scan.

Syntax

CREATE TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] subpartition_table_name
( 
{ column_name data_type [ COLLATE collation ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
| table_constraint
| LIKE source_table [ like_option [...] ] }[, ... ]
)
[ WITH ( {storage_parameter = value} [, ... ] ) ]
[ COMPRESS | NOCOMPRESS ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace_name ]
PARTITION BY {RANGE | LIST | HASH} (partition_key) SUBPARTITION BY {RANGE | LIST | HASH} (subpartition_key)
(
  PARTITION partition_name1 [ VALUES LESS THAN (val1) | VALUES (val1[, …]) ] [ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
  [(
       { SUBPARTITION subpartition_name1 [ VALUES LESS THAN (val1_1) | VALUES (val1_1[, …])]  [ TABLESPACE tablespace ] } [, ...]
  )][, ...]
)[ { ENABLE | DISABLE } ROW MOVEMENT ];
  • Column constraint: 
    [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ NOT NULL |
  NULL | 
  CHECK ( expression ) | 
  DEFAULT default_e xpr | 
  GENERATED ALWAYS AS ( generation_expr ) STORED |
  UNIQUE index_parameters | 
  PRIMARY KEY index_parameters |
  REFERENCES reftable [ ( refcolumn ) ] [ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
        [ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] }
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE | INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]
  • Table constraint: 
    [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ CHECK ( expression ) | 
  UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) index_parameters | 
  PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) index_parameters |
  FOREIGN KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) REFERENCES reftable [ ( refcolumn [, ... ] ) ]
      [ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ] [ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] }
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE | INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]
  • LIKE options: 
    { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } { DEFAULTS | GENERATED | CONSTRAINTS | INDEXES | STORAGE | COMMENTS | RELOPTIONS| ALL }
  • Index parameters: 
    [ WITH ( {storage_parameter = value} [, ... ] ) ]
[ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace_name ]

Parameter Description

  • IF NOT EXISTS

    Does not throw an error if a relationship with the same name existed. A notice is issued in this case.

  • subpartition_table_name

    Specifies the name of a level-2 partitioned table.

    Value range: a string. It must comply with the identifier naming convention.

  • column_name

    Specifies the name of a column to be created in the new table.

    Value range: a string. It must comply with the identifier naming convention.

  • data_type

    Specifies the data type of the column.

  • COLLATE collation

    Assigns a collation to the column (which must be of a collatable data type). If no collation is specified, the default collation is used. You can run the select * from pg_collation; command to query collation rules from the pg_collation system catalog. The default collation rule is the row starting with default in the query result.

  • CONSTRAINT constraint_name

    Specifies the name of a column or table constraint. The optional constraint clauses specify constraints that new or updated rows must satisfy for an INSERT or UPDATE operation to succeed.

    There are two ways to define constraints:

    • A column constraint is defined as part of a column definition, and it is bound to a particular column.
    • A table constraint is not bound to a particular column but can apply to more than one column.
  • LIKE source_table [ like_option ... ]

    Level-2 partitioned tables do not support this function.

  • WITH ( storage_parameter [= value] [, ... ] )

    Specifies an optional storage parameter for a table or an index. Optional parameters are as follows:

    • FILLFACTOR

      The fill factor of a table is a percentage from 10 to 100. 100 (complete filling) is the default value. When a smaller fill factor is specified, INSERT operations fill table pages only to the indicated percentage. The remaining space on each page is reserved for updating rows on that page. This gives UPDATE a chance to place the updated copy of a row on the same page, which is more efficient than placing it on a different page. For a table whose entries are never updated, setting the fill factor to 100 (complete filling) is the best choice, but in heavily updated tables a smaller fill factor would be appropriate. The parameter has no meaning for column-store tables.

      Value range: 10–100

    • ORIENTATION

      Determines the data storage mode of the table.

      Value range:

      • COLUMN: The data will be stored in columns.
      • ROW (default value): The data will be stored in rows.

        ORIENTATION cannot be modified.

    • STORAGE_TYPE

      Specifies the storage engine type. This parameter cannot be modified once it is set.

      Value range:

      • USTORE indicates that tables support the inplace-update storage engine. Note that the track_counts and track_activities parameters must be enabled when the Ustore table is used. Otherwise, space expansion may occur.
      • ASTORE indicates that tables support the append-only storage engine.

      Default value:

      If no table is specified, data is stored in append-only mode by default.

    • COMPRESSION
      • Value range: LOW, MIDDLE, HIGH, YES, and NO for column-store tables, with compression level increasing in ascending order. The default value is LOW.
      • Row-store tables do not support compression.
    • MAX_BATCHROW

      Specifies the maximum number of records in a storage unit during data loading. The parameter is only valid for column-store tables.

      Value range: 10000 to 60000. The default value is 60000.

    • PARTIAL_CLUSTER_ROWS

      Specifies the number of records to be partially clustered for storage during data loading. The parameter is only valid for column-store tables.

      Value range: greater than or equal to MAX_BATCHROW. You are advised to set this parameter to an integer multiple of MAX_BATCHROW.

    • DELTAROW_THRESHOLD

      A reserved parameter. The parameter is only valid for column-store tables.

      Value range: 0 to 9999

    • segment

      The data is stored in segment-page mode. This parameter supports only row-store tables. Column-store tables, temporary tables, and unlogged tables are not supported. The Ustore storage engine is not supported.

      Value range: on and off

      Default value: off

  • COMPRESS / NOCOMPRESS

    Specifies keyword COMPRESS during the creation of a table, so that the compression feature is triggered in case of BULK INSERT operations. If this feature is enabled, a scan is performed for all tuple data within the page to generate a dictionary and then the tuple data is compressed and stored. If NOCOMPRESS is specified, the table is not compressed. Row-store tables do not support compression.

    Default value: NOCOMPRESS, that is, tuple data is not compressed before storage.

  • TABLESPACE tablespace_name

    Specifies that the new table will be created in the tablespace_name tablespace. If the tablespace is not specified, the default tablespace is used.

  • PARTITION BY {RANGE | LIST | HASH} (partition_key)
    • For partition_key, the partitioning policy supports only one column of partition keys.
    • The data types supported by the partition key are the same as those supported by the level-1 partitioned table.
  • SUBPARTITION BY {RANGE | LIST | HASH} (subpartition_key)
    • For subpartition_key, the partitioning policy supports only one column of partition keys.
    • The data types supported by the partition key are the same as those supported by the level-1 partitioned table.
  • { ENABLE | DISABLE } ROW MOVEMENT

    Specifies whether to enable row movement.

    If the tuple value is updated on the partition key during the UPDATE operation, the partition where the tuple is located is altered. Setting this parameter enables error messages to be reported or movement of the tuple between partitions.

    Value range:

    • ENABLE (default value): Row movement is enabled.
    • DISABLE: Row movement is disabled.

    If the row movement is enabled, an error may be reported when update and delete operations are performed concurrently. The causes are as follows:

    If the GaussDB Astore engine is used, the old data is marked as deleted data under the update and delete operations. If the row movement is enabled, the cross-partition update occurs when the partition key is updated, the GaussDB Astore engine marks the old data in the old partition as deleted data and adds a piece of data to the new partition. As a result, the new data cannot be found by querying the old data.

    If data in the same row is concurrently operated, the cross-partition and non-cross-partition data results have different behaviors in the following three concurrency scenarios: update and update concurrency, delete and delete concurrency, update and delete concurrency.

    1. For non-cross-partition data, no error is reported for the second operation after the first operation is performed.

      If the first operation is update, the latest data can be found and operated after the second operation is performed.

      If the first operation is delete, the second operation is terminated if the current data is deleted and the latest data cannot be found.

    2. For the cross-partition data result, an error is reported for the second operation after the first operation is performed.

      If the first operation is update, the second operation cannot find the latest data because the new data is in the new partition. Therefore, the second operation fails and an error is reported.

      If the first operation is delete, performing the second operation can find that the current data is deleted and the latest data cannot be found, but cannot determine whether the operation of deleting the old data is update or delete. If the operation is update, an error is reported. If the operation is delete, the second operation is terminated. To ensure the data correctness, an error is reported.

    If the update and update concurrency, and update and delete concurrency are performed, the error can be solved only when the operations are performed serially. If the delete and delete concurrency are performed, the error can be solved by disabling the row movement.

  • NOT NULL

    The column is not allowed to contain null values. ENABLE can be omitted.

  • NULL

    Indicates that the column is allowed to contain NULL values. This is the default setting.

    This clause is only provided for compatibility with non-standard SQL databases. It is not recommended.

  • CHECK (condition) [ NO INHERIT ]

    Specifies an expression producing a Boolean result where the INSERT or UPDATE operation of new or updated rows can succeed only when the expression result is TRUE or UNKNOWN; otherwise, an error is thrown and the database is not altered.

    A check constraint specified as a column constraint should reference only the column's values, while an expression in a table constraint can reference multiple columns.

    A constraint marked with NO INHERIT will not propagate to child tables.

    ENABLE can be omitted.

  • DEFAULT default_expr

    Assigns a default data value to a column. The value can be any variable-free expressions. (Subqueries and cross-references to other columns in the current table are not allowed.) The data type of the default expression must match that of the column.

    The default expression will be used in any INSERT operation that does not specify a value for the column. If there is no default value for a column, then the default value is NULL.

  • GENERATED ALWAYS AS ( generation_expr ) STORED

    This clause creates a column as a generated column. The value of the generated column is calculated by generation_expr when data is written (inserted or updated). STORED indicates that the value of the generated column is stored as a common column.

    • The generation expression cannot refer to data other than the current row in any way. The generation expression cannot reference other generation columns or system columns. The generation expression cannot return a result set. No subquery, aggregate function, or window function can be used. The function called by the generation expression can only be an immutable function.
    • Default values cannot be specified for generated columns.
    • The generated column cannot be used as a part of the partition key.
    • Do not specify the generated column and the CASCADE, SET NULL, and SET DEFAULT actions of the ON UPDATE constraint at the same time. Do not specify the generated column and the SET NULL, and SET DEFAULT actions of the ON DELETE constraint at the same time.
    • The method of modifying and deleting generated columns is the same as that of common columns. Delete the common column that the generated column depends on. The generated column is automatically deleted. The type of the column on which the generated column depends cannot be changed.
    • The generated column cannot be directly written. In the INSERT or UPDATE statement, values cannot be specified for generated columns, but the keyword DEFAULT can be specified.
    • The permission control for generated columns is the same as that for common columns.
    • Columns cannot be generated for column-store tables and MOTs. In foreign tables, only postgres_fdw supports generated columns.
  • UNIQUE index_parameters

    UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) index_parameters

    Specifies that a group of one or more columns of a table can contain only unique values.

    For the purpose of a unique constraint, null is not considered equal.

  • PRIMARY KEY index_parameters

    PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) index_parameters

    Specifies that a column or columns of a table can contain only unique (non-duplicate) and non-null values.

    Only one primary key can be specified for a table.

  • DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE

    They determine whether the constraint is deferrable. A constraint that is not deferrable will be checked immediately after every command. Checking of constraints that are deferrable can be postponed until the end of the transaction using the SET CONSTRAINTS command. NOT DEFERRABLE is the default value. Currently, only UNIQUE constraints, primary key constraints, and foreign key constraints accept this clause. All the other constraints are not deferrable.

  • INITIALLY IMMEDIATE | INITIALLY DEFERRED

    If a constraint is deferrable, this clause specifies the default time to check the constraint.

    • If the constraint is INITIALLY IMMEDIATE (default value), it is checked after each statement.
    • If the constraint is INITIALLY DEFERRED, it is checked only at the end of the transaction.

    The constraint check time can be altered using the SET CONSTRAINTS statement.

  • USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace_name

    Allows selection of the tablespace in which the index associated with a UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY constraint will be created. If not specified, the index is created in default_tablespace. If default_tablespace is empty, the default tablespace of the database is used.

Examples

  • Example 1: Create level-2 partitioned tables of various combination types. 
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    CREATE TABLE list_list
(
    month_code VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    dept_code  VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    user_no    VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    sales_amt  int
)
PARTITION BY LIST (month_code) SUBPARTITION BY LIST (dept_code)
(
  PARTITION p_201901 VALUES ( '201902' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_a VALUES ( '1' ),
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_b VALUES ( '2' )
  ),
  PARTITION p_201902 VALUES ( '201903' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_a VALUES ( '1' ),
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_b VALUES ( '2' )
  )
);
insert into list_list values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201902', '2', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201903', '1', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
select * from list_list;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
(6 rows)

drop table list_list;
CREATE TABLE list_hash
(
    month_code VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    dept_code  VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    user_no    VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    sales_amt  int
)
PARTITION BY LIST (month_code) SUBPARTITION BY HASH (dept_code)
(
  PARTITION p_201901 VALUES ( '201902' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_a,
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_b
  ),
  PARTITION p_201902 VALUES ( '201903' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_a,
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_b
  )
);
insert into list_hash values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
insert into list_hash values('201902', '2', '1', 1);
insert into list_hash values('201902', '3', '1', 1);
insert into list_hash values('201903', '4', '1', 1);
insert into list_hash values('201903', '5', '1', 1);
insert into list_hash values('201903', '6', '1', 1);
select * from list_hash;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201903     | 4         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 5         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 6         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 3         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
(6 rows)

drop table list_hash;
CREATE TABLE list_range
(
    month_code VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    dept_code  VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    user_no    VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    sales_amt  int
)
PARTITION BY LIST (month_code) SUBPARTITION BY RANGE (dept_code)
(
  PARTITION p_201901 VALUES ( '201902' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_a values less than ('4'),
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_b values less than ('6')
  ),
  PARTITION p_201902 VALUES ( '201903' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_a values less than ('3'),
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_b values less than ('6')
  )
);
insert into list_range values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
insert into list_range values('201902', '2', '1', 1);
insert into list_range values('201902', '3', '1', 1);
insert into list_range values('201903', '4', '1', 1);
insert into list_range values('201903', '5', '1', 1);
insert into list_range values('201903', '6', '1', 1);
ERROR:  inserted partition key does not map to any table partition
select * from list_range;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201903     | 4         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 5         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 3         | 1       |         1
(5 rows)

drop table list_range;
CREATE TABLE range_list
(
    month_code VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    dept_code  VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    user_no    VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    sales_amt  int
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (month_code) SUBPARTITION BY LIST (dept_code)
(
  PARTITION p_201901 VALUES LESS THAN( '201903' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_a values ('1'),
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_b values ('2')
  ),
  PARTITION p_201902 VALUES LESS THAN( '201904' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_a values ('1'),
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_b values ('2')
  )
);
insert into range_list values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
insert into range_list values('201902', '2', '1', 1);
insert into range_list values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
insert into range_list values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
insert into range_list values('201903', '1', '1', 1);
insert into range_list values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
select * from range_list;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 1         | 1       |         1
(6 rows)

drop table range_list;
CREATE TABLE range_hash
(
    month_code VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    dept_code  VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    user_no    VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    sales_amt  int
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (month_code) SUBPARTITION BY HASH (dept_code)
(
  PARTITION p_201901 VALUES LESS THAN( '201903' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_a,
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_b
  ),
  PARTITION p_201902 VALUES LESS THAN( '201904' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_a,
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_b
  )
);
insert into range_hash values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
insert into range_hash values('201902', '2', '1', 1);
insert into range_hash values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
insert into range_hash values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
insert into range_hash values('201903', '1', '1', 1);
insert into range_hash values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
select * from range_hash;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 1         | 1       |         1
(6 rows)

drop table range_hash;
CREATE TABLE range_range
(
    month_code VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    dept_code  VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    user_no    VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    sales_amt  int
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (month_code) SUBPARTITION BY RANGE (dept_code)
(
  PARTITION p_201901 VALUES LESS THAN( '201903' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_a VALUES LESS THAN( '2' ),
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_b VALUES LESS THAN( '3' )
  ),
  PARTITION p_201902 VALUES LESS THAN( '201904' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_a VALUES LESS THAN( '2' ),
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_b VALUES LESS THAN( '3' )
  )
);
insert into range_range values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
insert into range_range values('201902', '2', '1', 1);
insert into range_range values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
insert into range_range values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
insert into range_range values('201903', '1', '1', 1);
insert into range_range values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
select * from range_range;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
(6 rows)

drop table range_range;
CREATE TABLE hash_list
(
    month_code VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    dept_code  VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    user_no    VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    sales_amt  int
)
PARTITION BY hash (month_code) SUBPARTITION BY LIST (dept_code)
(
  PARTITION p_201901
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_a VALUES ( '1' ),
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_b VALUES ( '2' )
  ),
  PARTITION p_201902
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_a VALUES ( '1' ),
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_b VALUES ( '2' )
  )
);
insert into hash_list values('201901', '1', '1', 1);
insert into hash_list values('201901', '2', '1', 1);
insert into hash_list values('201901', '1', '1', 1);
insert into hash_list values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
insert into hash_list values('201903', '1', '1', 1);
insert into hash_list values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
select * from hash_list;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201901     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201901     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201901     | 1         | 1       |         1
(6 rows)

drop table hash_list;
CREATE TABLE hash_hash
(
    month_code VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    dept_code  VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    user_no    VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    sales_amt  int
)
PARTITION BY hash (month_code) SUBPARTITION BY hash (dept_code)
(
  PARTITION p_201901
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_a,
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_b
  ),
  PARTITION p_201902
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_a,
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_b
  )
);
insert into hash_hash values('201901', '1', '1', 1);
insert into hash_hash values('201901', '2', '1', 1);
insert into hash_hash values('201901', '1', '1', 1);
insert into hash_hash values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
insert into hash_hash values('201903', '1', '1', 1);
insert into hash_hash values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
select * from hash_hash;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201901     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201901     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201901     | 1         | 1       |         1
(6 rows)

drop table hash_hash;
CREATE TABLE hash_range
(
    month_code VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    dept_code  VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    user_no    VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    sales_amt  int
)
PARTITION BY hash (month_code) SUBPARTITION BY range (dept_code)
(
  PARTITION p_201901
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_a VALUES LESS THAN ( '2' ),
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_b VALUES LESS THAN ( '3' )
  ),
  PARTITION p_201902
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_a VALUES LESS THAN ( '2' ),
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_b VALUES LESS THAN ( '3' )
  )
);
insert into hash_range values('201901', '1', '1', 1);
insert into hash_range values('201901', '2', '1', 1);
insert into hash_range values('201901', '1', '1', 1);
insert into hash_range values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
insert into hash_range values('201903', '1', '1', 1);
insert into hash_range values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
select * from hash_range;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201903     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201901     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201901     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201901     | 2         | 1       |         1
(6 rows)
  • Example 2: Specify partitions in a level-2 partitioned table using DML. 
    CREATE TABLE range_list
(
    month_code VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    dept_code  VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    user_no    VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    sales_amt  int
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (month_code) SUBPARTITION BY LIST (dept_code)
(
  PARTITION p_201901 VALUES LESS THAN( '201903' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_a values ('1'),
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_b values ('2')
  ),
  PARTITION p_201902 VALUES LESS THAN( '201910' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_a values ('1'),
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_b values ('2')
  )
);
-- Insert data to a specified level-1 partition.
insert into range_list partition (p_201901) values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
-- The actual partition is inconsistent with the specified partition. An error is reported.
insert into range_list partition (p_201902) values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
ERROR:  inserted partition key does not map to the table partition
DETAIL:  N/A.
-- Insert data to a specified level-2 partition.
insert into range_list subpartition (p_201901_a) values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
-- The actual partition is inconsistent with the specified partition. An error is reported.
insert into range_list subpartition (p_201901_b) values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
ERROR:  inserted subpartition key does not map to the table subpartition
DETAIL:  N/A.
insert into range_list partition for ('201902') values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
insert into range_list subpartition for ('201902','1') values('201902', '1', '1', 1);

-- Query data in a specified partition.
select * from range_list partition (p_201901);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
(4 rows)

select * from range_list subpartition (p_201901_a);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
(4 rows)

select * from range_list partition for ('201902');
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
(4 rows)

select * from range_list subpartition for ('201902','1');
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
(4 rows)

-- Update data in a specified partition.
update range_list partition (p_201901) set user_no = '2';
select * from range_list;
select *from range_list; month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 1         | 2       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 2       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 2       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 2       |         1
(4 rows)
update range_list subpartition (p_201901_a) set user_no = '3';
select * from range_list;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 1         | 3       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 3       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 3       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 3       |         1
(4 rows)
update range_list partition for ('201902') set user_no = '4';
select * from range_list;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 1         | 4       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 4       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 4       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 4       |         1
(4 rows)
update range_list subpartition for ('201902','2') set user_no = '5';
openGauss=# select *from range_list;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 1         | 4       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 4       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 4       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 4       |         1
(4 rows)
select * from range_list;

-- Delete data from a specified partition.
delete from range_list partition (p_201901);
DELETE 4
delete from range_list partition for ('201903');
DELETE 0
delete from range_list subpartition (p_201901_a);
DELETE 0
delete from range_list subpartition for ('201903','2');
DELETE 0

-- Insert data into a specified partition.
insert into range_list partition (p_201901)  values('201902', '1', '1', 1)  ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE sales_amt = 5;
insert into range_list subpartition (p_201901_a)  values('201902', '1', '1', 1)  ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE sales_amt = 10;
insert into range_list partition for ('201902')  values('201902', '1', '1', 1)  ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE sales_amt = 30;
insert into range_list subpartition for ('201902','1')  values('201902', '1', '1', 1)  ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE sales_amt = 40;
select * from range_list;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
(4 rows)

-- Merge data into a specified partition.
CREATE TABLE newrange_list
(
    month_code VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    dept_code  VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    user_no    VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    sales_amt  int
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (month_code) SUBPARTITION BY LIST (dept_code)
(
  PARTITION p_201901 VALUES LESS THAN( '201903' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_a values ('1'),
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_b values ('2')
  ),
  PARTITION p_201902 VALUES LESS THAN( '201910' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_a values ('1'),
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_b values ('2')
  )
);
insert into newrange_list values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
insert into newrange_list values('201903', '1', '1', 2);

MERGE INTO range_list partition (p_201901) p
USING newrange_list partition (p_201901) np
ON p.month_code= np.month_code
WHEN MATCHED THEN
  UPDATE SET dept_code = np.dept_code, user_no = np.user_no, sales_amt = np.sales_amt
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN  
  INSERT VALUES (np.month_code, np.dept_code, np.user_no, np.sales_amt);

select * from range_list;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
(4 rows)

MERGE INTO range_list partition for ('201901') p
USING newrange_list partition for ('201901') np
ON p.month_code= np.month_code
WHEN MATCHED THEN
  UPDATE SET dept_code = np.dept_code, user_no = np.user_no, sales_amt = np.sales_amt
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN  
  INSERT VALUES (np.month_code, np.dept_code, np.user_no, np.sales_amt);

select * from range_list;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
(4 rows)

MERGE INTO range_list subpartition (p_201901_a) p
USING newrange_list subpartition (p_201901_a) np
ON p.month_code= np.month_code
WHEN MATCHED THEN
  UPDATE SET dept_code = np.dept_code, user_no = np.user_no, sales_amt = np.sales_amt
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN  
  INSERT VALUES (np.month_code, np.dept_code, np.user_no, np.sales_amt);

select * from range_list;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
(4 rows)

MERGE INTO range_list subpartition for ('201901', '1') p
USING newrange_list subpartition for ('201901', '1') np
ON p.month_code= np.month_code
WHEN MATCHED THEN
  UPDATE SET dept_code = np.dept_code, user_no = np.user_no, sales_amt = np.sales_amt
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN  
  INSERT VALUES (np.month_code, np.dept_code, np.user_no, np.sales_amt);

select * from range_list;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
(4 rows)
  • Example 3: Truncate a level-2 partitioned table. 
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    CREATE TABLE list_list
(
    month_code VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    dept_code  VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    user_no    VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    sales_amt  int
)
PARTITION BY LIST (month_code) SUBPARTITION BY LIST (dept_code)
(
  PARTITION p_201901 VALUES ( '201902' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_a VALUES ( '1' ),
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_b VALUES ( default )
  ),
  PARTITION p_201902 VALUES ( '201903' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_a VALUES ( '1' ),
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_b VALUES ( '2' )
  )
);
insert into list_list values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201902', '2', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201903', '1', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
select * from list_list;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
(6 rows)

select * from list_list partition (p_201901);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
(3 rows)

alter table list_list truncate partition p_201901;
select * from list_list partition (p_201901);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
(0 rows)

select * from list_list partition (p_201902);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 1         | 1       |         1
(3 rows)

alter table list_list truncate partition p_201902;
select * from list_list partition (p_201902);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
(0 rows)

select * from list_list;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
(0 rows)

insert into list_list values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201902', '2', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201903', '1', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
select * from list_list subpartition (p_201901_a);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
(2 rows)

alter table list_list truncate subpartition p_201901_a;
select * from list_list subpartition (p_201901_a);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
(0 rows)

select * from list_list subpartition (p_201901_b);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 2         | 1       |         1
(1 row)

alter table list_list truncate subpartition p_201901_b;
select * from list_list subpartition (p_201901_b);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
(0 rows)

select * from list_list subpartition (p_201902_a);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201903     | 1         | 1       |         1
(1 row)

alter table list_list truncate subpartition p_201902_a;
select * from list_list subpartition (p_201902_a);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
(0 rows)

select * from list_list subpartition (p_201902_b);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
(2 rows)

alter table list_list truncate subpartition p_201902_b;
select * from list_list subpartition (p_201902_b);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
(0 rows)

select * from list_list;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
(0 rows)

drop table list_list;
  • Example 4: Split a level-2 partitioned table. 
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    CREATE TABLE list_list
(
    month_code VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    dept_code  VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    user_no    VARCHAR2 ( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
    sales_amt  int
)
PARTITION BY LIST (month_code) SUBPARTITION BY LIST (dept_code)
(
  PARTITION p_201901 VALUES ( '201902' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_a VALUES ( '1' ),
    SUBPARTITION p_201901_b VALUES ( default )
  ),
  PARTITION p_201902 VALUES ( '201903' )
  (
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_a VALUES ( '1' ),
    SUBPARTITION p_201902_b VALUES ( default )
  )
);
insert into list_list values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201902', '2', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201902', '1', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201903', '1', '1', 1);
insert into list_list values('201903', '2', '1', 1);
select * from list_list;
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
(6 rows)

select * from list_list subpartition (p_201901_a);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
(2 rows)

select * from list_list subpartition (p_201901_b);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 2         | 1       |         1
(1 row)

alter table list_list split subpartition p_201901_b values (2) into
(
 subpartition p_201901_b,
 subpartition p_201901_c
);
select * from list_list subpartition (p_201901_a);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
(2 rows)

select * from list_list subpartition (p_201901_b);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 2         | 1       |         1
(1 row)

select * from list_list subpartition (p_201901_c);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
(0 rows)

select * from list_list partition (p_201901);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201902     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
 201902     | 1         | 1       |         1
(3 rows)

select * from list_list subpartition (p_201902_a);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201903     | 1         | 1       |         1
(1 row)

select * from list_list subpartition (p_201902_b);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
(2 rows)

alter table list_list split subpartition p_201902_b values (3) into
(
 subpartition p_201902_b,
 subpartition p_201902_c
);
select * from list_list subpartition (p_201902_a);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201903     | 1         | 1       |         1
(1 row)

select * from list_list subpartition (p_201902_b);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
(0 rows)

select * from list_list subpartition (p_201902_c);
 month_code | dept_code | user_no | sales_amt 
------------+-----------+---------+-----------
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
 201903     | 2         | 1       |         1
(2 rows)

drop table list_list;
Parent topic: SQL Syntax