CREATE DATABASE

Description

Creates a database. By default, the new database will be created only by cloning the standard system database template0.

Precautions

• A user who has the CREATEDB permission or a system administrator can create a database.
• It cannot be executed inside a transaction block.
• During the database creation, an error message indicating that permission denied is displayed, possibly because the permission on the data directory in the file system is insufficient. If an error message, indicating no space left on device is displayed, the possible cause is that the disk space is used up.

Syntax

CREATE DATABASE database_name
    [ [ WITH ] { [ OWNER [=] user_name ] |
               [ TEMPLATE [=] template ] |
               [ ENCODING [=] 'encoding' ] |
               [ LC_COLLATE [=] 'lc_collate' ] |
               [ LC_CTYPE [=] 'lc_ctype' ] |
               [ DBCOMPATIBILITY [=] 'compatibilty_type' ] |
               [ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace_name ] |
               [ CONNECTION LIMIT [=] connlimit ] |
               [ DBTIMEZONE [=] 'time_zone']}[...] ];

Parameters

• database_name

  Specifies the database name.

  Value range: a string. It must comply with the naming convention.

• OWNER [ = ] user_name

  Specifies the owner of the new database. If omitted, the default owner is the current user.

  Value range: an existing username

• TEMPLATE [ = ] template

  Specifies a template name. That is, the template from which the database is created. GaussDB creates a database by copying data from a template database. GaussDB has two default template databases template0 and template1 and a default user database postgres.

  Value range: template0

• ENCODING [ = ] 'encoding'

  Specifies the character encoding used by the database. The value can be a string (for example, SQL_ASCII) or an integer.

  If this parameter is not specified, the encoding of the template database is used by default. By default, the codes of the template databases template0 and template1 are related to the OS environment. The character encoding of template1 cannot be changed. To change the encoding, use template0 to create a database.

  Common values are GBK, UTF8, Latin1, and GB18030. The supported character sets are as follows:

  Table 1 GaussDB character set

  Name	Description	Language	Server-side Encoding	ICU Support	Number of Bytes/Characters	Alias
  BIG5	Big Five	Traditional Chinese	No	No	1–2	WIN950, Windows950
  EUC_CN	Extended UNIX Code-CN	Simplified Chinese	Yes	Yes	1–3	-
  EUC_JP	Extended UNIX Code-JP	Japanese	Yes	Yes	1–3	-
  EUC_JIS_2004	Extended UNIX Code-JP, JIS X 0213	Japanese	Yes	No	1–3	-
  EUC_KR	Extended UNIX Code-KR	Korean	Yes	Yes	1–3	-
  EUC_TW	Extended UNIX Code-Taiwan, China	Traditional Chinese	Yes	Yes	1–3	-
  GB18030	National standards	Chinese	Yes	No	1–4	-
  GB18030_2022	National standards	Chinese	Yes	No	1–4	-
  GBK	Extended national standards	Simplified Chinese	Yes	No	1–2	WIN936, Windows936
  ISO_8859_5	ISO 8859-5, ECMA 113	Latin/Cyrillic	Yes	Yes	1	-
  ISO_8859_6	ISO 8859-6, ECMA 114	Latin/Arabic	Yes	Yes	1	-
  ISO_8859_7	ISO 8859-7, ECMA 118	Latin/Greek	Yes	Yes	1	-
  ISO_8859_8	ISO 8859-8, ECMA 121	Latin/Hebrew	Yes	Yes	1	-
  JOHAB	JOHAB	Korean	No	No	1–3	-
  KOI8R	KOI8-R	Cyrillic (Russian)	Yes	Yes	1	KOI8
  KOI8U	KOI8-U	Cyrillic (Ukrainian)	Yes	Yes	1	-
  LATIN1	ISO 8859-1, ECMA 94	Western European languages	Yes	Yes	1	ISO88591
  LATIN2	ISO 8859-2, ECMA 94	Central European languages	Yes	Yes	1	ISO88592
  LATIN3	ISO 8859-3, ECMA 94	South European languages	Yes	Yes	1	ISO88593
  LATIN4	ISO 8859-4, ECMA 94	North European languages	Yes	Yes	1	ISO88594
  LATIN5	ISO 8859-9, ECMA 128	Turkish	Yes	Yes	1	ISO88599
  LATIN6	ISO 8859-10, ECMA 144	Germanic languages	Yes	Yes	1	ISO885910
  LATIN7	ISO 8859-13	Baltic languages	Yes	Yes	1	ISO885913
  LATIN8	ISO 8859-14	Celtic languages	Yes	Yes	1	ISO885914
  LATIN9	ISO 8859-15	LATIN1 with Euro and accents	Yes	Yes	1	ISO885915
  LATIN10	ISO 8859-16, ASRO SR 14111	Romanian	Yes	No	1	ISO885916
  MULE_INTERNAL	Mule internal code	Multilingual Emacs	Yes	No	1–4	-
  SJIS	Shift JIS	Japanese	No	No	1–2	Mskanji, ShiftJIS, WIN932, Windows932
  SHIFT_JIS_2004	Shift JIS, JIS X 0213	Japanese	No	No	1–2	-
  SQL_ASCII	Unspecified (see the text)	Any	Yes	No	1	-
  UHC	Unified Hangul Code	Korean	No	No	1–2	WIN949, Windows949
  UTF8	Unicode, 8-bit	All	Yes	Yes	1–4	Unicode
  WIN866	Windows CP866	Cyrillic	Yes	Yes	1	ALT
  WIN874	Windows CP874	Thai	Yes	No	1	-
  WIN1250	Windows CP1250	Central European languages	Yes	Yes	1	-
  WIN1251	Windows CP1251	Cyrillic	Yes	Yes	1	WIN
  WIN1252	Windows CP1252	Western European languages	Yes	Yes	1	-
  WIN1253	Windows CP1253	Greek	Yes	Yes	1	-
  WIN1254	Windows CP1254	Turkish	Yes	Yes	1	-
  WIN1255	Windows CP1255	Hebrew	Yes	Yes	1	-
  WIN1256	Windows CP1256	Arabic	Yes	Yes	1	-
  WIN1257	Windows CP1257	Baltic languages	Yes	Yes	1	-
  WIN1258	Windows CP1258	Vietnamese	Yes	Yes	1	ABC, TCVN, TCVN5712, VSCII

  

  • Note that not all client APIs support the preceding character sets.
  • The SQL_ASCII setting performs quite differently from other settings. If the character set of the server is SQL_ASCII, the server interprets the byte values 0 to 127 according to the ASCII standard. The byte values 128 to 255 are regarded as the characters that cannot be parsed. If this parameter is set to SQL_ASCII, no code conversion occurs. Therefore, this setting is not basically used to declare the specified encoding used, because this declaration ignores the encoding. In most cases, if you use any non-ASCII data, it is unwise to use the SQL_ASCII setting because the database will not be able to help you convert or verify non-ASCII characters.
  

  • The character set encoding of the new database must be compatible with the local settings (LC_COLLATE and LC_CTYPE).
  • When the specified character encoding set is GBK, some uncommon Chinese characters cannot be directly used as object names. This is because the byte encoding overlaps with the ASCII characters @A-Z[\]^_`a-z{|} when the second byte of the GBK ranges from 0x40 to 0x7E. @[\]^_'{|} is an operator in the database. If it is directly used as an object name, a syntax error will be reported. For example, the GBK hexadecimal code is 0x8240, and the second byte is 0x40, which is the same as the ASCII character @. Therefore, the character cannot be used as an object name. If you need to use this function, you can add double quotation marks ("") to avoid this problem when creating and accessing objects.
  • If the client code is A and the server code is B, the conversion between encoding formats A and B must exist in the database. For details about encoding format conversion supported by the database, see the system catalog PG_CONVERSION. (If the encoding format cannot be converted, it is recommended that the encoding format on the client be the same as that on the server. You can change the encoding format on the client by setting the client_encoding parameter.)
  • If you want to set the database character set encoding to GB18030_2022 and the client encoding to GB18030, ensure that the client OS supports GB18030_2022. If the GB18030 character set versions are incompatible with each other, data inconsistency may occur. In addition, if historical data needs to be switched to the GB18030_2022 database, follow the database switching process to migrate data.
• LC_COLLATE [ = ] 'lc_collate'

  Specifies the character set used by the new database. For example, set this parameter by using lc_collate = 'zh_CN.gbk'.

  The use of this parameter affects the sort order of strings (for example, the order of using ORDER BY for execution and the order of using indexes on text columns). By default, the sorting order of the template database is used.

  Value range: character sets supported by the OS.

• LC_CTYPE [ = ] 'lc_ctype'

  Specifies the character class used by the new database. For example, set this parameter by using lc_ctype = 'zh_CN.gbk'. The use of this parameter affects the classification of characters, such as uppercase letters, lowercase letters, and digits. By default, the character classification of the template database is used.

  Value range: character classes supported by the OS.

  

  • The value ranges of lc_collate and lc_ctype depend on the character sets supported by the local environment. For example, in the Linux OS, you can run the locale -a command to obtain the list of character sets supported by the OS. When using the lc_collate and lc_ctype parameters, you can select the required character sets and character classes.
  • If the specified character encoding set is GB18030_2022, the value ranges of LC_COLLATE and LC_CTYPE are the same as those of GB18030.
• DBCOMPATIBILITY [ = ] 'compatibility_type'

  Specifies the compatible database type. The default database is an O-compatible database.

  Value range: A, B, C, and PG, indicating O-, MY-, TD- and POSTGRES-compatible databases, respectively.

  

  • For A compatibility, the database treats empty strings as NULL and replaces DATE with TIMESTAMP(0) WITHOUT TIME ZONE.
  • When a character string is converted to an integer, if the input is invalid, the input will be converted to 0 due to B compatibility, and an error will be reported due to other compatibility issues.
  • For PG compatibility, CHAR and VARCHAR are counted by character. For other compatibility types, they are counted by byte. For example, for the UTF-8 character set, CHAR(3) can store three Chinese characters in PG compatibility scenarios, but can store only one Chinese character in other compatibility scenarios.
• TABLESPACE [ = ] tablespace_name

  Specifies the tablespace of the database.

  Value range: an existing tablespace name

• CONNECTION LIMIT [ = ] connlimit

  Specifies the maximum number of concurrent connections that can be made to the new database.

  

  • The system administrator is not restricted by this parameter.
  • connlimit is calculated separately for each primary database node. Number of connections of the database = Value of connlimit x Number of normal primary database nodes.

  Value range: an integer in the range [–1, 2³¹ – 1]. The default value is -1, indicating that there is no limit.

The restrictions on character encoding are as follows:

• If the locale is set to C (or POSIX), all encoding types are allowed. For other locale settings, the character encoding must be the same as that of the locale.
• If the character encoding mode is SQL_ASCII and the modifier is an administrator, the character encoding mode can be different from the locale setting.
• The encoding and region settings must match the template database, except that template0 is used as a template. This is because other databases may contain data that does not match the specified encoding, or may contain indexes whose sorting order is affected by LC_COLLATE and LC_CTYPE. Copying this data will invalidate the indexes in the new database. template0 does not contain any data or indexes that may be affected.
• DBTIMEZONE [ = ] 'time_zone'

  Specifies the time zone of the new database. For example, you can set this parameter by setting DBTIMEZONE to '+00:00'. This parameter affects the time zone of the new database. The PRC is used by default.

  Value range: name and abbreviation of the time zone supported by the OS, or the timestamp ranges from -15:59 to +15:00.

Examples

-- Create users jim and tom.
gaussdb=# CREATE USER jim PASSWORD '********';
gaussdb=# CREATE USER tom PASSWORD '********';

-- Create database music using GBK (the local encoding type is also GBK).
gaussdb=# CREATE DATABASE music ENCODING 'GBK' template = template0;

-- Create database music2 and specify user jim as its owner.
gaussdb=# CREATE DATABASE music2 OWNER jim;

-- Create database music3 using template template0 and specify user jim as its owner.
gaussdb=# CREATE DATABASE music3 OWNER jim TEMPLATE template0;

-- Set the maximum number of connections to database music to 10.
gaussdb=# ALTER DATABASE music CONNECTION LIMIT= 10;

-- Rename database music to music4.
gaussdb=# ALTER DATABASE music RENAME TO music4;

-- Change the owner of database music2 to user tom.
gaussdb=# ALTER DATABASE music2 OWNER TO tom;

-- Set the tablespace of database music3 to PG_DEFAULT.
gaussdb=# ALTER DATABASE music3 SET TABLESPACE PG_DEFAULT;

-- Disable the default index scan on database music3.
gaussdb=# ALTER DATABASE music3 SET enable_indexscan TO off;

-- Reset the enable_indexscan parameter.
gaussdb=# ALTER DATABASE music3 RESET enable_indexscan;

-- Delete the database.
gaussdb=# DROP DATABASE music2;
gaussdb=# DROP DATABASE music3;
gaussdb=# DROP DATABASE music4;

-- Delete the jim and tom users.
gaussdb=# DROP USER jim;
gaussdb=# DROP USER tom;

-- Create a database compatible with the TD format.
gaussdb=# CREATE DATABASE td_compatible_db DBCOMPATIBILITY 'C';

-- Create a database compatible with the A format.
gaussdb=# CREATE DATABASE ora_compatible_db DBCOMPATIBILITY 'A';

-- Delete the databases that are compatible with the TD and A formats.
gaussdb=# DROP DATABASE td_compatible_db;
gaussdb=# DROP DATABASE ora_compatible_db;

Helpful Links

ALTER DATABASE and DROP DATABASE

Suggestions

• create database

  Database cannot be created in a transaction.

• ENCODING LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE

  If the new database Encoding does not match the template database (SQL_ASCII) ('GBK', 'UTF8', 'LATIN1', 'GB18030', or 'GB18030_2022'), template [=] template0 must be specified.