Help Center/ GaussDB(DWS)/ Performance White Paper (9.1.0.x)/ TPC-H Performance Test/ TPC-H Test Process/ Creating a Table and Importing TPC-H Data
Updated on 2025-07-22 GMT+08:00
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Creating a Table and Importing TPC-H Data

Creating a TPC-H Target Table

Create a target table after connecting to the GaussDB(DWS) database.

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CREATE TABLE REGION
(
   R_REGIONKEY  INT NOT NULL
 , R_NAME VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL
 , R_COMMENT VARCHAR(152)
) WITH (orientation=column, colversion=2.0, enable_hstore=true, enable_hstore_opt=true,bucketnums=16384)
DISTRIBUTE BY replication;
 
CREATE TABLE NATION
(
   N_NATIONKEY  INT NOT NULL
  , N_NAME VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL
  , N_REGIONKEY  INT NOT NULL
  , N_COMMENT VARCHAR(152)
) WITH (orientation=column, colversion=2.0, enable_hstore=true, enable_hstore_opt=true,bucketnums=16384)
DISTRIBUTE BY replication;
 
CREATE TABLE SUPPLIER
(
   S_SUPPKEY  BIGINT NOT NULL
  , S_NAME  VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL
  , S_ADDRESS  VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL
  , S_NATIONKEY   INT NOT NULL
  , S_PHONE VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL
  , S_ACCTBAL  DECIMAL(15,2) NOT NULL
  , S_COMMENT  VARCHAR(101) NOT NULL
) WITH (orientation=column, colversion=2.0,enable_hstore=true,enable_hstore_opt=true,bucketnums=16384,secondary_part_column='s_suppkey',secondary_part_num=72)
DISTRIBUTE BY hash(S_SUPPKEY)
PARTITION BY RANGE(S_NATIONKEY)
(
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_1 VALUES LESS THAN(1),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_2 VALUES LESS THAN(2),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_3 VALUES LESS THAN(3),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_4 VALUES LESS THAN(4),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_5 VALUES LESS THAN(5),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_6 VALUES LESS THAN(6),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_7 VALUES LESS THAN(7),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_8 VALUES LESS THAN(8),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_9 VALUES LESS THAN(9),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_10 VALUES LESS THAN(10),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_11 VALUES LESS THAN(11),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_12 VALUES LESS THAN(12),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_13 VALUES LESS THAN(13),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_14 VALUES LESS THAN(14),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_15 VALUES LESS THAN(15),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_16 VALUES LESS THAN(16),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_17 VALUES LESS THAN(17),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_18 VALUES LESS THAN(18),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_19 VALUES LESS THAN(19),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_20 VALUES LESS THAN(20),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_21 VALUES LESS THAN(21),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_22 VALUES LESS THAN(22),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_23 VALUES LESS THAN(23),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_24 VALUES LESS THAN(24),
PARTITION S_NATIONKEY_25 VALUES LESS THAN(25)
);
 
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER
(
   C_CUSTKEY  BIGINT NOT NULL
  , C_NAME  VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL
  , C_ADDRESS  VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL
  , C_NATIONKEY   INT NOT NULL
  , C_PHONE VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL
  , C_ACCTBAL  DECIMAL(15,2)   NOT NULL
  , C_MKTSEGMENT  VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL
  , C_COMMENT  VARCHAR(117) NOT NULL
) WITH (orientation=column, colversion=2.0,enable_hstore=true,enable_hstore_opt=true,bucketnums=16384,secondary_part_column='c_custkey',secondary_part_num=72)
DISTRIBUTE BY hash(C_CUSTKEY)
PARTITION BY RANGE(C_NATIONKEY)
(
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_1 VALUES LESS THAN(1),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_2 VALUES LESS THAN(2),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_3 VALUES LESS THAN(3),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_4 VALUES LESS THAN(4),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_5 VALUES LESS THAN(5),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_6 VALUES LESS THAN(6),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_7 VALUES LESS THAN(7),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_8 VALUES LESS THAN(8),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_9 VALUES LESS THAN(9),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_10 VALUES LESS THAN(10),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_11 VALUES LESS THAN(11),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_12 VALUES LESS THAN(12),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_13 VALUES LESS THAN(13),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_14 VALUES LESS THAN(14),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_15 VALUES LESS THAN(15),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_16 VALUES LESS THAN(16),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_17 VALUES LESS THAN(17),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_18 VALUES LESS THAN(18),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_19 VALUES LESS THAN(19),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_20 VALUES LESS THAN(20),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_21 VALUES LESS THAN(21),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_22 VALUES LESS THAN(22),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_23 VALUES LESS THAN(23),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_24 VALUES LESS THAN(24),
PARTITION C_NATIONKEY_25 VALUES LESS THAN(25)
);
 
CREATE TABLE PART
(
   P_PARTKEY  BIGINT NOT NULL
  , P_NAME  VARCHAR(55) NOT NULL
  , P_MFGR  VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL
  , P_BRAND VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL
  , P_TYPE  VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL
  , P_SIZE  BIGINT NOT NULL
  , P_CONTAINER   VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL
  , P_RETAILPRICE DECIMAL(15,2) NOT NULL
  , P_COMMENT  VARCHAR(23) NOT NULL
 
) WITH (orientation=column, colversion=2.0,enable_hstore=true,enable_hstore_opt=true,bucketnums=16384,secondary_part_column='p_partkey',secondary_part_num=72)
DISTRIBUTE BY hash(P_PARTKEY)
PARTITION BY RANGE(P_SIZE)
(
PARTITION P_SIZE_1 VALUES LESS THAN(11),
PARTITION P_SIZE_2 VALUES LESS THAN(21),
PARTITION P_SIZE_3 VALUES LESS THAN(31),
PARTITION P_SIZE_4 VALUES LESS THAN(41),
PARTITION P_SIZE_5 VALUES LESS THAN(51)
);
 
CREATE TABLE PARTSUPP
(
   PS_PARTKEY  BIGINT NOT NULL
  , PS_SUPPKEY  BIGINT NOT NULL
  , PS_AVAILQTY BIGINT NOT NULL
  , PS_SUPPLYCOST  DECIMAL(15,2)  NOT NULL
  , PS_COMMENT  VARCHAR(199) NOT NULL
) WITH (orientation=column, colversion=2.0,enable_hstore=true,enable_hstore_opt=true,bucketnums=16384,secondary_part_column='ps_partkey',secondary_part_num=72)
DISTRIBUTE BY hash(PS_PARTKEY)
PARTITION BY RANGE(PS_AVAILQTY)
(
PARTITION PS_AVAILQTY_1 VALUES LESS THAN(1000),
PARTITION PS_AVAILQTY_2 VALUES LESS THAN(2000),
PARTITION PS_AVAILQTY_3 VALUES LESS THAN(3000),
PARTITION PS_AVAILQTY_4 VALUES LESS THAN(4000),
PARTITION PS_AVAILQTY_5 VALUES LESS THAN(5000),
PARTITION PS_AVAILQTY_6 VALUES LESS THAN(6000),
PARTITION PS_AVAILQTY_7 VALUES LESS THAN(7000),
PARTITION PS_AVAILQTY_8 VALUES LESS THAN(8000),
PARTITION PS_AVAILQTY_9 VALUES LESS THAN(9000),
PARTITION PS_AVAILQTY_10 VALUES LESS THAN(10000)
) ;
 
CREATE TABLE ORDERS
(
   O_ORDERKEY BIGINT NOT NULL
  , O_CUSTKEY  BIGINT NOT NULL
  , O_ORDERSTATUS VARCHAR(1) NOT NULL
  , O_TOTALPRICE  DECIMAL(15,2) NOT NULL
  , O_ORDERDATE   DATE NOT NULL
  , O_ORDERPRIORITY  VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL
  , O_CLERK VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL
  , O_SHIPPRIORITY   BIGINT NOT NULL
  , O_COMMENT  VARCHAR(79) NOT NULL
) WITH (orientation=column, colversion=2.0,enable_hstore=true,enable_hstore_opt=true,bucketnums=16384,secondary_part_column='o_orderkey',secondary_part_num=72)
DISTRIBUTE BY hash(O_ORDERKEY)
PARTITION BY RANGE(O_ORDERDATE)
(
PARTITION O_ORDERDATE_1 VALUES LESS THAN('1993-01-01 00:00:00'),
PARTITION O_ORDERDATE_2 VALUES LESS THAN('1994-01-01 00:00:00'),
PARTITION O_ORDERDATE_3 VALUES LESS THAN('1995-01-01 00:00:00'),
PARTITION O_ORDERDATE_4 VALUES LESS THAN('1996-01-01 00:00:00'),
PARTITION O_ORDERDATE_5 VALUES LESS THAN('1997-01-01 00:00:00'),
PARTITION O_ORDERDATE_6 VALUES LESS THAN('1998-01-01 00:00:00'),
PARTITION O_ORDERDATE_7 VALUES LESS THAN('1999-01-01 00:00:00')
) ;
 
CREATE TABLE LINEITEM
(
   L_ORDERKEY BIGINT NOT NULL
  , L_PARTKEY  BIGINT NOT NULL
  , L_SUPPKEY  BIGINT NOT NULL
  , L_LINENUMBER  BIGINT NOT NULL
  , L_QUANTITY DECIMAL(15,2) NOT NULL
  , L_EXTENDEDPRICE  DECIMAL(15,2) NOT NULL
  , L_DISCOUNT DECIMAL(15,2) NOT NULL
  , L_TAX   DECIMAL(15,2) NOT NULL
  , L_RETURNFLAG  VARCHAR(1) NOT NULL
  , L_LINESTATUS  VARCHAR(1) NOT NULL
  , L_SHIPDATE DATE NOT NULL
  , L_COMMITDATE  DATE NOT NULL
  , L_RECEIPTDATE DATE NOT NULL
  , L_SHIPINSTRUCT VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL
  , L_SHIPMODE  VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL
  , L_COMMENT   VARCHAR(44) NOT NULL
) WITH (orientation=column, colversion=2.0,enable_hstore=true,enable_hstore_opt=true,bucketnums=16384,secondary_part_column='l_orderkey',secondary_part_num=72)
DISTRIBUTE BY hash(L_ORDERKEY)
PARTITION BY RANGE(L_SHIPDATE)
(
PARTITION L_SHIPDATE_1 VALUES LESS THAN('1993-01-01 00:00:00'),
PARTITION L_SHIPDATE_2 VALUES LESS THAN('1994-01-01 00:00:00'),
PARTITION L_SHIPDATE_3 VALUES LESS THAN('1995-01-01 00:00:00'),
PARTITION L_SHIPDATE_4 VALUES LESS THAN('1996-01-01 00:00:00'),
PARTITION L_SHIPDATE_5 VALUES LESS THAN('1997-01-01 00:00:00'),
PARTITION L_SHIPDATE_6 VALUES LESS THAN('1998-01-01 00:00:00'),
PARTITION L_SHIPDATE_7 VALUES LESS THAN('1999-01-01 00:00:00')
) ;

Installing and Starting GDS

  1. Download the GDS client (which is included in the same package as the gsql client) by referring to Downloading Related Tools.
  2. Upload the GDS tool package to the /opt directory of the ECS. The following uses the Euler Kunpeng tool package as an example.
  3. Decompress the tool package in the directory where the tool package is stored. 

    cd /opt/
unzip dws_client_8.1.x_euler_kunpeng_x64.zip

  4. Create a user (gds_user) and the user group (gdsgrp) to which the user belongs. This user is used to start GDS and must have the permission to read the source data file directory. 

    groupadd gdsgrp
useradd -g gdsgrp gds_user

  5. Change the owners of the tool package and data source file directory to user gds_user and user group gdsgrp. 

    chown -R gds_user:gdsgrp /opt/
chown -R gds_user:gdsgrp /data1
chown -R gds_user:gdsgrp /data2

  6. Switch to user gds_user. 

    su - gds_user

  7. Execute the script on which the environment depends (applicable only to version 8.1.x). 

    cd /opt/gds/bin
source gds_env

  8. Start GDS. 

    /opt/gds/bin/gds -d /data1/script/tpch-kit/tpch1000X -p 192.168.0.90:5000 -H 192.168.0.0/24 -l /opt/gds/gds01_log.txt -D        #Used in the TPC-H test.
/opt/gds/bin/gds -d /data2/script/tpch-kit/tpch1000X -p 192.168.0.90:5001 -H 192.168.0.0/24 -l /opt/gds/gds02_log.txt -D       #Used in the TPC-H test.
/opt/gds/bin/gds -d /data1/script/tpcds-kit/tpcds1000X/ -p 192.168.0.90:5002 -H 192.168.0.0/24 -l /opt/gds/gds03_log.txt -D        #Used in the TPC-DS test.
/opt/gds/bin/gds -d /data2/script/tpcds-kit/tpcds1000X/ -p 192.168.0.90:5003 -H 192.168.0.0/24 -l /opt/gds/gds04_log.txt -D       #Used in the TPC-DS test.
/opt/gds/bin/gds -d /data1/script/ssb-kit/ssb100X/ -p 192.168.0.90:5004 -H 192.168.0.0/24 -l /opt/gds/gds05_log.txt -D    #Used in the SSB test.

    • Replace the italic parts in the command with the actual values. If data shards are stored in multiple data disk directories, start same number of GDSs as the directories.
    • If TPC-H and TPC-DS data is tested at the same time, start the preceding four GDSs. If only TPC-DS or TPC-H data is tested, start the corresponding GDS.
    • -d dir: directory for storing data files that contain data to be imported.
    • -p ip:port: listening IP address and port for GDS. Replace the IP address with the private network IP address of ECS to ensure that GaussDB(DWS) can communicate with GDS through this IP address. The port numbers are 5000 and 5001 for TPC-H and 5002 and 5003 for TPC-DS.
    • -H address_string: hosts that are allowed to connect to and use GDS. The value must be in CIDR format. Set this parameter to the internal network segment of the GaussDB(DWS) cluster, for example, 192.168.0.0/24. The ECS where GDS is located and GaussDB(DWS) are in the same VPC and can communicate with each other through the internal network.
    • -l log_file: path and name of the GDS log file.
    • -D: GDS in daemon mode. This is used only in Linux.

Creating a GDS Foreign Table for a TPC-H Dataset

Create a GDS foreign table after connecting to the GaussDB(DWS) database.

Replace the IP address and port number in gsfs://192.168.0.90:500x/xxx | gsfs://192.168.0.90:500x/xxx of each foreign table with the listening IP address and port number of the corresponding GDS during GDS installation and startup. To separate two GDSs, use vertical bars (|). If you start multiple GDSs, include the listening IP addresses and ports of all GDSs in the foreign table.

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DROP FOREIGN TABLE IF EXISTS region_load;
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE region_load
(
R_REGIONKEY  INT,
R_NAME       CHAR(25),
R_COMMENT    VARCHAR(152)
) SERVER gsmpp_server
OPTIONS(location 'gsfs://192.168.0.90:5000/region.tbl* | gsfs://192.168.0.90:5001/region.tbl*',
format 'text',
deLIMITer '|',
encoding 'utf8',
mode 'Normal'
);
DROP FOREIGN TABLE IF EXISTS nation_load;
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE nation_load
(
N_NATIONKEY  INT,
N_NAME       CHAR(25),
N_REGIONKEY  INT,
N_COMMENT    VARCHAR(152)
) SERVER gsmpp_server
OPTIONS(location 'gsfs://192.168.0.90:5000/nation.tbl* | gsfs://192.168.0.90:5001/nation.tbl*',
format 'text',
deLIMITer '|',
encoding 'utf8',
mode 'Normal'
);
DROP FOREIGN TABLE IF EXISTS supplier_load;
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE supplier_load
(
S_SUPPKEY     INT,
S_NAME        CHAR(25),
S_ADDRESS     VARCHAR(40),
S_NATIONKEY   INT,
S_PHONE       CHAR(15),
S_ACCTBAL     DECIMAL(15,2),
S_COMMENT     VARCHAR(101)
)
SERVER gsmpp_server
OPTIONS(location 'gsfs://192.168.0.90:5000/supplier.tbl* | gsfs://192.168.0.90:5001/supplier.tbl*',
format 'text',
deLIMITer '|',
encoding 'utf8',
mode 'Normal'
);
DROP FOREIGN TABLE IF EXISTS customer_load;
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE customer_load
(
C_CUSTKEY     INT,
C_NAME        VARCHAR(25),
C_ADDRESS     VARCHAR(40),
C_NATIONKEY   INT,
C_PHONE       CHAR(15),
C_ACCTBAL     DECIMAL(15,2),
C_MKTSEGMENT  CHAR(10),
C_COMMENT     VARCHAR(117)
)
SERVER gsmpp_server
OPTIONS(location 'gsfs://192.168.0.90:5000/customer.tbl* | gsfs://192.168.0.90:5001/customer.tbl*',
format 'text',
deLIMITer '|',
encoding 'utf8',
mode 'Normal'
);
DROP FOREIGN TABLE IF EXISTS part_load;
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE part_load
(
P_PARTKEY     INT,
P_NAME        VARCHAR(55),
P_MFGR        CHAR(25),
P_BRAND       CHAR(10),
P_TYPE        VARCHAR(25),
P_SIZE        INT,
P_CONTAINER   CHAR(10),
P_RETAILPRICE DECIMAL(15,2),
P_COMMENT     VARCHAR(23)
)
SERVER gsmpp_server
OPTIONS(location 'gsfs://192.168.0.90:5000/part.tbl* | gsfs://192.168.0.90:5001/part.tbl*',
format 'text',
deLIMITer '|',
encoding 'utf8',
mode 'Normal'
);
DROP FOREIGN TABLE IF EXISTS partsupp_load;
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE partsupp_load
(
PS_PARTKEY     INT,
PS_SUPPKEY     INT,
PS_AVAILQTY    INT,
PS_SUPPLYCOST  DECIMAL(15,2),
PS_COMMENT     VARCHAR(199)
)
SERVER gsmpp_server
OPTIONS(location 'gsfs://192.168.0.90:5000/partsupp.tbl* | gsfs://192.168.0.90:5001/partsupp.tbl*',
format 'text',
deLIMITer '|',
encoding 'utf8',
mode 'Normal'
);
DROP FOREIGN TABLE IF EXISTS orders_load;
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE orders_load
(
O_ORDERKEY       BIGINT,
O_CUSTKEY        INT,
O_ORDERSTATUS    CHAR(1),
O_TOTALPRICE     DECIMAL(15,2),
O_ORDERDATE      DATE,
O_ORDERPRIORITY  CHAR(15),
O_CLERK          CHAR(15),
O_SHIPPRIORITY   INT,
O_COMMENT        VARCHAR(79)
)
SERVER gsmpp_server
OPTIONS(location 'gsfs://192.168.0.90:5000/orders.tbl* | gsfs://192.168.0.90:5001/orders.tbl*',
format 'text',
deLIMITer '|',
encoding 'utf8',
mode 'Normal'
);
DROP FOREIGN TABLE IF EXISTS lineitem_load;
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE lineitem_load
(
L_ORDERKEY    BIGINT,
L_PARTKEY     INT,
L_SUPPKEY     INT,
L_LINENUMBER  INT,
L_QUANTITY    DECIMAL(15,2),
L_EXTENDEDPRICE  DECIMAL(15,2),
L_DISCOUNT    DECIMAL(15,2),
L_TAX         DECIMAL(15,2),
L_RETURNFLAG  CHAR(1),
L_LINESTATUS  CHAR(1),
L_SHIPDATE    DATE,
L_COMMITDATE  DATE,
L_RECEIPTDATE DATE,
L_SHIPINSTRUCT CHAR(25),
L_SHIPMODE     CHAR(10),
L_COMMENT      VARCHAR(44)
)
SERVER gsmpp_server
OPTIONS(location 'gsfs://192.168.0.90:5000/lineitem.tbl* | gsfs://192.168.0.90:5001/lineitem.tbl*',
format 'text',
deLIMITer '|',
encoding 'utf8',
mode 'Normal'
);

Importing TPC-H Data

Import data.

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INSERT INTO region SELECT * FROM region_load;
INSERT INTO nation SELECT * FROM nation_load;
INSERT INTO supplier SELECT * FROM supplier_load;
INSERT INTO customer SELECT * FROM customer_load;
INSERT INTO part SELECT * FROM part_load;
INSERT INTO partsupp SELECT * FROM partsupp_load;
INSERT INTO orders SELECT * FROM orders_load;
INSERT INTO lineitem SELECT * FROM lineitem_load;

Configuring GUC parameters

Before performing the test, you can set the following parameters to improve the performance by 5% to 10%.

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cpu_tuple_cost=0.0058401054702699184
cpu_operator_cost=0.002450424712151289
cpu_index_tuple_cost=0.004948411136865616
seq_page_cost=0.3447857201099396
random_page_cost=2.3901453018188477
allocate_mem_cost=0.5275554060935974
effective_cache_size=502
smp_thread_cost=278.525634765625
stream_multiple=0.5654585361480713
Parent topic: TPC-H Test Process