Case: Modifying the GUC Parameter rewrite_rule

Promoting the Subquery in the Target Column Using intargetlist

The query performance can be greatly improved by converting the subquery in the target column to JOIN. The following is an example:

openGauss=#  set rewrite_rule='none';
SET
openGauss=# create table t1(c1 int,c2 int);
CREATE TABLE
openGauss=# create table t2(c1 int,c2 int);
CREATE TABLE
openGauss=#  explain (verbose on, costs off) select c1,(select avg(c2) from t2 where t2.c2=t1.c2) from t1 where t1.c1<100 order by t1.c2;
                  QUERY PLAN
-----------------------------------------------
 Sort
   Output: t1.c1, ((SubPlan 1)), t1.c2
   Sort Key: t1.c2
   ->  Seq Scan on public.t1
         Output: t1.c1, (SubPlan 1), t1.c2
         Filter: (t1.c1 < 100)
         SubPlan 1
           ->  Aggregate
                 Output: avg(t2.c2)
                 ->  Seq Scan on public.t2
                       Output: t2.c1, t2.c2
                       Filter: (t2.c2 = t1.c2)
(12 rows)

Because the subquery (select avg(c2) from t2 where t2.c2=t1.c2) in the target column cannot be pulled up, execution of the subquery is triggered each time a row of data of t1 is scanned, and the query efficiency is low. If the intargetlist parameter is enabled, the subquery is converted to JOIN to improve the query performance.

openGauss=#  set rewrite_rule='intargetlist';
SET
openGauss=# explain (verbose on, costs off) select c1,(select avg(c2) from t2 where t2.c2=t1.c2) from t1 where t1.c1<100 order by t1.c2;
                  QUERY PLAN
-----------------------------------------------
 Sort
   Output: t1.c1, (avg(t2.c2)), t1.c2
   Sort Key: t1.c2
   ->  Hash Left Join
         Output: t1.c1, (avg(t2.c2)), t1.c2
         Hash Cond: (t1.c2 = t2.c2)
         ->  Seq Scan on public.t1
               Output: t1.c1, t1.c2
               Filter: (t1.c1 < 100)
         ->  Hash
               Output: (avg(t2.c2)), t2.c2
               ->  HashAggregate
                     Output: avg(t2.c2), t2.c2
                     Group By Key: t2.c2
                     ->  Seq Scan on public.t2
                           Output: t2.c2
(16 rows)

Promoting the Subquery Without Aggregate Using uniquecheck

Ensure that each condition has only one line of output. The subqueries with aggregate functions can be automatically pulled up. For subqueries without aggregate functions, the following is an example:

select t1.c1 from t1 where t1.c1 = (select t2.c1 from t2 where t1.c1=t2.c2) ;

Rewrite as follows:

select t1.c1 from t1 join (select t2.c1 from t2 where t2.c1 is not null group by t2.c1(unique check)) tt(c1) on tt.c1=t1.c1;

To ensure semantic equivalence, the subquery tt must ensure that each group by t2.c1 has only one line of output. Enable the uniquecheck query rewriting parameter to ensure that the query can be pulled up and equivalent. If more than one row of data is output at run time, an error is reported.

openGauss=# set rewrite_rule='uniquecheck';
SET
openGauss=#  explain verbose select t1.c1 from t1 where t1.c1 = (select t2.c1 from t2 where t1.c1=t2.c1);
                                     QUERY PLAN
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Hash Join  (cost=43.36..104.40 rows=2149 distinct=[200, 200] width=4)
   Output: t1.c1
   Hash Cond: (t1.c1 = subquery."?column?")
   ->  Seq Scan on public.t1  (cost=0.00..31.49 rows=2149 width=4)
         Output: t1.c1, t1.c2
   ->  Hash  (cost=40.86..40.86 rows=200 width=8)
         Output: subquery."?column?", subquery.c1
         ->  Subquery Scan on subquery  (cost=36.86..40.86 rows=200 width=8)
               Output: subquery."?column?", subquery.c1
               ->  HashAggregate  (cost=36.86..38.86 rows=200 width=4)
                     Output: t2.c1, t2.c1
                     Group By Key: t2.c1
                     Filter: (t2.c1 IS NOT NULL)
                     Unique Check Required
                     ->  Seq Scan on public.t2  (cost=0.00..31.49 rows=2149 width=4)
                           Output: t2.c1
(16 rows)

Note: Because group by t2.c1 unique check occurs before the filter condition tt.c1=t1.c1, an error may be reported after the query that does not report an error is rewritten. An example is as follows:

There are tables t1 and t2. The data in the tables is as follows:

openGauss=#  select * from t1 order by c2;
 c1 | c2
----+----
  1 |  1
  2 |  2
  3 |  3
(3 rows)
openGauss=#  select * from t2 order by c2;
 c1 | c2
----+----
  1 |  1
  2 |  2
  3 |  3
  4 |  4
  4 |  4
  5 |  5
(6 rows)

Disable and enable the uniquecheck parameter for comparison. After the parameter is enabled, an error is reported.

openGauss=#  select t1.c1 from t1 where t1.c1 = (select t2.c1 from t2 where t1.c1=t2.c2) ;
 c1
----
  1
  2
  3
(3 rows)
openGauss=#  set rewrite_rule='uniquecheck';
SET
openGauss=#  select t1.c1 from t1 where t1.c1 = (select t2.c1 from t2 where t1.c1=t2.c2) ;
ERROR:  more than one row returned by a subquery used as an expression