GRANT

Function

GRANT grants permissions to roles and users.

GRANT is used in the following scenarios:

• Granting system permissions to roles or users

  System permissions are also called user attributes, including SYSADMIN, CREATEDB, CREATEROLE, AUDITADMIN, MONADMIN, OPRADMIN, POLADMIN, INHERIT, REPLICATION, VCADMIN, and LOGIN.

  They can be specified only by the CREATE ROLE or ALTER ROLE statement. The SYSADMIN permissions can be granted and revoked using GRANT ALL PRIVILEGE and REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGE, respectively. System permissions cannot be inherited by a user from a role, and cannot be granted using PUBLIC.

• Granting database object permissions to roles or users

  Grant permissions on a database object (table, view, column, database, function, schema, or tablespace) to a role or user.

  GRANT gives specific permissions on a database object to one or more roles. These permissions are added to those already granted, if any.

  The keyword PUBLIC indicates that the permissions are to be granted to all roles, including those that might be created later. PUBLIC can be thought of as an implicitly defined group that always includes all roles. Any particular role will have the sum of permissions granted directly to it, permissions granted to any role it is presently a member of, and permissions granted to PUBLIC.

  If WITH GRANT OPTION is specified, the recipient of the permission can in turn grant it to others. Without a grant option, the recipient cannot do that. This option cannot be granted to PUBLIC, which is a unique GaussDB attribute.

  GaussDB grants the permissions on objects of certain types to PUBLIC users. By default, permissions on tables, columns, sequences, foreign data sources, foreign servers, schemas, and tablespaces are not granted to PUBLIC users, but the following permissions are granted to PUBLIC users: CONNECT and CREATE TEMP TABLE permissions on databases, EXECUTE permission on functions, and USAGE permission on languages and data types (including domains). An object owner can revoke the default permissions granted to PUBLIC users and grant permissions to other users as needed. For security purposes, you are advised to create an object and set its permissions in the same transaction so that other users do not have time windows to use the object. In addition, you can restrict the permissions of the PUBLIC user group by referring to t"Permission Management" in Security Hardening Guide. These default permissions can be modified using the ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES command.

  By default, an object owner has all permissions on the object. For security purposes, the owner can discard some permissions. However, the ALTER, DROP, COMMENT, INDEX, VACUUM, and re-grantable permissions of the object are inherent permissions implicitly owned by the owner.

• Granting the permissions of one role or user to others

  Grant the permissions of one role or user to others. In this case, every role or user can be regarded as a set of one or more database permissions.

  If WITH ADMIN OPTION is specified, the recipients can in turn grant the permissions to other roles or users or revoke the permissions they have granted to other roles or users. If recipients' permissions are changed or revoked later, the grantees' permissions will also change.

  Database administrators can grant or revoke permissions to or from any roles or users. Roles with the CREATEROLE permission can grant or revoke permissions to or from non-admin roles.

• Granting ANY permissions to roles or users

  Grant ANY permissions to a specified role or user. For details about the value range of the ANY permissions, see the syntax. If WITH ADMIN OPTION is specified, the grantee can grant the ANY permissions to or revoke them from other roles or users. The ANY permissions can be inherited by a role but cannot be granted to PUBLIC users. An initial user and the system administrator when separation of duties is disabled can grant the ANY permissions to or revoke them from any role or user.

  Currently, the following ANY permissions are supported: CREATE ANY TABLE, ALTER ANY TABLE, DROP ANY TABLE, SELECT ANY TABLE, INSERT ANY TABLE, UPDATE ANY TABLE, DELETE ANY TABLE, CREATE ANY SEQUENCE, CREATE ANY INDEX, CREATE ANY FUNCTION, EXECUTE ANY FUNCTION, CREATE ANY PACKAGE, EXECUTE ANY PACKAGE, and CREATE ANY TYPE. For details about the ANY permission scope, see Table 1.

Precautions

• It is not allowed to grant the ANY permissions to PUBLIC users or revoke the ANY permissions from PUBLIC users.
• The ANY permissions are database permissions and are valid only for database objects that are granted with the permissions. For example, SELECT ANY TABLE only allows a user to view all user table data in the current database, but the user does not have the permission to view user tables in other databases.
• Even if a user is granted with the ANY permissions, the user cannot perform INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE, and SELECT operations on the objects of private users.
• The ANY permissions and the original permissions do not affect each other.
• If a user is granted with the CREATE ANY TABLE permission, the owner of a table created in a schema with the same name as the user is the creator of the schema. When the user performs other operations on the table, the user needs to be granted with the corresponding operation permission.
• Exercise caution when granting the CREATE ANY FUNMCTION permission to users to prevent other users from using SECURITY DEFINER functions for privilege escalation.

Syntax

• Grant the table or view access permission to a user or role.

  GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | ALTER | DROP | COMMENT | INDEX | VACUUM } [, ...] 
        | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
      ON { [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
         | ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] }
      TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] 
      [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];
  

• Grant the column access permission to a user or role.

  GRANT { {{ SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | REFERENCES | COMMENT } ( column_name [, ...] )} [, ...] 
        | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] ( column_name [, ...] ) }
      ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
      TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
      [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

• Grant the sequence access permission to a specified role or user. The LARGE field is optional. The assignment statement does not distinguish whether the sequence is LARGE.

  GRANT { { SELECT | UPDATE | USAGE | ALTER | DROP | COMMENT } [, ...] 
        | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
      ON { [ [ LARGE ] SEQUENCE ] sequence_name [, ...]
         | ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] }
      TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] 
      [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

• Grant the database access permission to a user or role.

  GRANT { { CREATE | CONNECT | TEMPORARY | TEMP | ALTER | DROP | COMMENT } [, ...]
        | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
      ON DATABASE database_name [, ...]
      TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
      [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

• Grant the domain access permission to a user or role.

  GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
      ON DOMAIN domain_name [, ...]
      TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
      [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

  

  In the current version, the domain access permission cannot be granted.

• Grant the client master key (CMK) access permission to a specified user or role.

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  GRANT { { USAGE | DROP } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON CLIENT_MASTER_KEY client_master_key [, ...] TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

• Grant the column encryption key (CEK) access permission to a specified user or role.

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  GRANT { { USAGE | DROP } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON COLUMN_ENCRYPTION_KEY column_encryption_key [, ...] TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

• Grant the foreign data source access permission to a user or role.

  GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
      ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER fdw_name [, ...]
      TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
      [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

• Grant the foreign server access permission to a user or role.

  GRANT { { USAGE | ALTER | DROP | COMMENT } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
      ON FOREIGN SERVER server_name [, ...]
      TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
      [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

• Grant the function access permission to a user or role.

  GRANT { { EXECUTE | ALTER | DROP | COMMENT } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
      ON { FUNCTION {function_name ( [ {[ argmode ] [ arg_name ] arg_type} [, ...] ] )} [, ...]
         | ALL FUNCTIONS IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] }
      TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
      [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

• Grant the procedural procedure access permission to a user or role.

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  GRANT { { EXECUTE | ALTER | DROP | COMMENT } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON { PROCEDURE {proc_name ( [ {[ argmode ] [ arg_name ] arg_type} [, ...] ] )} [, ...] TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

• Grant the procedural language access permission to a user or role.

  GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
      ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
      TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
      [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

• Grant the large object access permission to a specified user or role.

  GRANT { { SELECT | UPDATE } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
      ON LARGE OBJECT loid [, ...]
      TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
      [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

  

  In the current version, the large object access permission cannot be granted.

• Grant the schema access permission to a user or role.

  GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE | ALTER | DROP | COMMENT } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
      ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
      TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
      [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

  

  When you grant table or view permissions to other users, you also need to grant the USAGE permission on the schema that the tables and views belong to. Without the USAGE permission, the users with table or view permissions can only see the object names, but cannot access them. This syntax cannot be used to grant the permission to create tables in schemas with the same name, but you can use the syntax for granting permission of a role to another user or role to achieve the same effect.

• Grant the tablespace access permission to a user or role.

  GRANT { { CREATE | ALTER | DROP | COMMENT } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
      ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
      TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
      [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

• Grant the type access permission to a user or role.

  GRANT { { USAGE | ALTER | DROP | COMMENT } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
      ON TYPE type_name [, ...]
      TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
      [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

  

  In the current version, the type access permission cannot be granted.

• Grant the data source permission to a role.

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  GRANT { USAGE | ALL [PRIVILEGES]} ON DATA SOURCE src_name [, ...] TO { [GROUP] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [WITH GRANT OPTION];

• Grant the directory permission to a role.

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  GRANT { { READ | WRITE | ALTER | DROP } [, ...] | ALL [PRIVILEGES] } ON DIRECTORY directory_name [, ...] TO { [GROUP] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [WITH GRANT OPTION];

• Grant the package permission to a role.

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  GRANT { { EXECUTE | ALTER | DROP | COMMENT } [, ...] | ALL [PRIVILEGES] } ON { PACKAGE package_name [, ...] | ALL PACKAGES IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] } TO { [GROUP] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [WITH GRANT OPTION];

• Grant a role's permissions to another user or role.

  GRANT role_name [, ...]
     TO role_name [, ...]
     [ WITH ADMIN OPTION ];

• Grant the sysadmin permission to a role.

  GRANT ALL { PRIVILEGES | PRIVILEGE }
     TO role_name;

Parameter Description

The possible permissions are:

• SELECT

  Allows SELECT from any column, or the specific columns listed, of the specified table, view, or sequence. The SELECT permission on the corresponding field is also required for UPDATE or DELETE.

• INSERT

  Allows INSERT of a new row into a table.

• UPDATE

  Allows UPDATE of any column of a table. Generally, UPDATE also requires the SELECT permission to query which rows need to be updated. SELECT ... FOR UPDATE and SELECT ... FOR SHARE also require this permission on at least one column, in addition to the SELECT permission.

• DELETE

  Allows DELETE of a row from a table. Generally, DELETE also requires the SELECT permission to query which rows need to be deleted.

• TRUNCATE

  Allows TRUNCATE on a table.

• REFERENCES

  Allows creation of a foreign key constraint referencing a table. This permission is required on both referencing and referenced tables.

• CREATE
  • For databases, allows new schemas to be created within the database.
  • For schemas, allows new objects to be created within the schema. To rename an existing object, you must own the object and have the CREATE permission on the schema of the object.
  • For tablespaces, allows tables to be created within the tablespace, and allows databases and schemas to be created that have the tablespace as their default tablespace.
• CONNECT

  Allows the grantee to connect to the database.

• EXECUTE

  Allows calling a function, including use of any operators that are implemented on top of the function.

• USAGE
  • For procedural languages, allows use of the language for the creation of functions in that language.
  • For schemas, allows access to objects contained in the schema. Without this permission, it is still possible to see the object names.
  • For sequences, allows use of the nextval function.
  • For data sources, specifies access permissions or is used as ALL PRIVILEGES.
• ALTER

  Allows users to modify the attributes of a specified object, excluding the owner and schema of the object.

• DROP

  Allows users to delete specified objects.

• COMMENT

  Allows users to define or modify comments of a specified object.

• INDEX

  Allows users to create indexes on specified tables, manage indexes on the tables, and perform REINDEX and CLUSTER operations on the tables.

• VACUUM

  Allows users to perform ANALYZE and VACUUM operations on specified tables.

• ALL PRIVILEGES

  Grants all available permissions to a user or role at a time. Only a system administrator has the GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES permission.

GRANT parameters are as follows:

• role_name

  Specifies the username.

• table_name

  Specifies the table name.

• column_name

  Specifies the column name.

• schema_name

  Specifies the schema name.

• database_name

  Specifies the database name.

• function_name

  Specifies the function name.

• procedure_name

  Specifies the stored procedure name.

• sequence_name

  Specifies the sequence name.

• domain_name

  Specifies the domain type name.

• fdw_name

  Specifies the foreign data wrapper name.

• lang_name

  Specifies the language name.

• type_name

  Specifies the type name.

• src_name

  Specifies the data source name.

• argmode

  Specifies the parameter mode.

  Value range: a string. It must comply with the identifier naming convention.

• arg_name

  Specifies the parameter name.

  Value range: a string. It must comply with the identifier naming convention.

• arg_type

  Specifies the parameter type.

  Value range: a string. It must comply with the identifier naming convention.

• loid

  Specifies the identifier of the large object that includes this page.

  Value range: a string. It must comply with the identifier naming convention.

• tablespace_name

  Specifies the tablespace name.

• client_master_key

  Name of the client master key.

  Value range: a string. It must comply with the identifier naming convention.

• column_encryption_key

  Name of the column encryption key.

  Value range: a string. It must comply with the identifier naming convention.

• directory_name

  Specifies the directory name.

  Value range: a string. It must comply with the identifier naming convention.

• WITH GRANT OPTION

  If WITH GRANT OPTION is specified, the recipient of the permission can in turn grant it to others. Without a grant option, the recipient cannot do that. Grant options cannot be granted to PUBLIC.

When a non-owner of an object attempts to GRANT permissions on the object:

• The statement will fail outright if the user has no permissions whatsoever on the object.
• As long as some permission is available, the statement will proceed, but it will grant only those permissions for which the user has grant options.
• The GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES forms will issue a warning message if no grant options are held, while the other forms will issue a warning if grant options for any of the permissions specifically named in the statement are not held.

Database administrators can access all objects, regardless of object permission settings. This is comparable to the permissions of root in a Unix system. As with root, it is unwise to operate as a system administrator except when necessary.

Examples

Example: Granting system permissions to a user or role

Create the joe user and grant the sysadmin permissions to it.

openGauss=# CREATE USER joe PASSWORD 'xxxxxxxxx';
openGauss=# GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES TO joe;

Then joe has the sysadmin permission.

Example: Granting object permissions to a user or role

1. Revoke the sysadmin permission from the joe user. Grant the usage permission of the tpcds schema and all permissions on the tpcds.reason table to joe.

   openGauss=# REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES FROM joe;
   openGauss=# GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA tpcds TO joe;
   openGauss=# GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON tpcds.reason TO joe;

   Then joe has all permissions on the tpcds.reason table, including create, retrieve, update, and delete.

2. Grant the retrieve permission of r_reason_sk, r_reason_id, and r_reason_desc columns and the update permission of the r_reason_desc column in the tpcds.reason table to joe.

   openGauss=# GRANT select (r_reason_sk,r_reason_id,r_reason_desc),update (r_reason_desc) ON tpcds.reason TO joe;

   Then joe has the retrieve permission of r_reason_sk and r_reason_id columns in the tpcds.reason table. To enable joe to grant these permissions to other users, execute the following statement:

   openGauss=# GRANT select (r_reason_sk, r_reason_id) ON tpcds.reason TO joe WITH GRANT OPTION;

   Grant the database connection permission and the permission to create schemas in GaussDB to user joe, and allow user joe to grant this permission to other users.

   openGauss=# GRANT create,connect on database openGauss TO joe WITH GRANT OPTION;

   Create the tpcds_manager role, grant the access and object creation permissions of the tpcds schema to tpcds_manager, but do not allow tpcds_manager to grant these permissions to others.

   openGauss=# CREATE ROLE tpcds_manager PASSWORD 'xxxxxxxxx';
   openGauss=# GRANT USAGE,CREATE ON SCHEMA tpcds TO tpcds_manager;

   Grant all permissions on the tpcds_tbspc tablespace to joe, but do not allow joe to grant these permissions to others.

   openGauss=# CREATE TABLESPACE tpcds_tbspc RELATIVE LOCATION 'tablespace/tablespace_1';
   openGauss=# GRANT ALL ON TABLESPACE tpcds_tbspc TO joe;

Example: Granting the permissions of one user or role to others

1. Create the manager role, grant joe's permissions to manager, and allow manager to grant these permissions to others.

   openGauss=# CREATE ROLE manager PASSWORD 'xxxxxxxxx';
   openGauss=# GRANT joe TO manager WITH ADMIN OPTION;

2. Create the senior_manager user and grant manager's permissions to it.

   openGauss=# CREATE ROLE senior_manager PASSWORD 'xxxxxxxxx';
   openGauss=# GRANT manager TO senior_manager;

3. Revoke permissions and delete users.

   openGauss=# REVOKE manager FROM joe;
   openGauss=# REVOKE senior_manager FROM manager;
   openGauss=# DROP USER manager;

Example: Granting the CMK or CEK permission to other user or role

1. Connect to an encrypted database.

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   gsql -p 57101 openGauss -r -C openGauss=# CREATE CLIENT MASTER KEY MyCMK1 WITH ( KEY_STORE = gs_ktool, KEY_PATH = "gs_ktool/1" , ALGORITHM = AES_256_CBC); CREATE CLIENT MASTER KEY openGauss=# CREATE COLUMN ENCRYPTION KEY MyCEK1 WITH VALUES (CLIENT_MASTER_KEY = MyCMK1, ALGORITHM = AEAD_AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA256); CREATE COLUMN ENCRYPTION KEY

2. Create a role newuser and grant the key permission to newuser.

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   openGauss=# CREATE USER newuser PASSWORD 'xxxxxxxxx'; CREATE ROLE openGauss=# GRANT ALL ON SCHEMA public TO newuser; GRANT openGauss=# GRANT USAGE ON COLUMN_ENCRYPTION_KEY MyCEK1 to newuser; GRANT openGauss=# GRANT USAGE ON CLIENT_MASTER_KEY MyCMK1 to newuser; GRANT

3. Set the user to connect to a database and use a CEK to create an encrypted table.

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   openGauss=# SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION newuser PASSWORD 'xxxxxxxxx'; openGauss=> CREATE TABLE acltest1 (x int, x2 varchar(50) ENCRYPTED WITH (COLUMN_ENCRYPTION_KEY = MyCEK1, ENCRYPTION_TYPE = DETERMINISTIC)); CREATE TABLE openGauss=> SELECT has_cek_privilege('newuser', 'MyCEK1', 'USAGE'); has_cek_privilege ------------------- t (1 row)

4. Revoke permissions and delete users.

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   openGauss=# REVOKE USAGE ON COLUMN_ENCRYPTION_KEY MyCEK1 FROM newuser; openGauss=# REVOKE USAGE ON CLIENT_MASTER_KEY MyCMK1 FROM newuser; openGauss=# DROP TABLE newuser.acltest1; openGauss=# DROP COLUMN ENCRYPTION KEY MyCEK1; openGauss=# DROP CLIENT MASTER KEY MyCMK1; openGauss=# DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS newuser CASCADE; openGauss=# REVOKE ALL ON SCHEMA public FROM newuser; openGauss=# DROP ROLE IF EXISTS newuser;

Example: Revoking permissions and deleting roles and users

openGauss=# REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON tpcds.reason FROM joe;
openGauss=# REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON SCHEMA tpcds FROM joe;
openGauss=# REVOKE ALL ON TABLESPACE tpcds_tbspc FROM joe;
openGauss=# DROP TABLESPACE tpcds_tbspc;
openGauss=# REVOKE USAGE,CREATE ON SCHEMA tpcds FROM tpcds_manager;
openGauss=# DROP ROLE tpcds_manager;
openGauss=# DROP ROLE senior_manager;
openGauss=# DROP USER joe CASCADE;

Helpful Links

REVOKE and ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES.