CREATE TABLE

Function

CREATE TABLE creates a table in the current database. The table will be owned by the user who created it.

Precautions

• For details about the data types supported by column-store tables, see Data Types Supported by Column-Store Tables.
• It is recommended that the number of column-store and HDFS partitioned tables do not exceed 1000.
• The primary key constraint and unique constraint in the table must contain a distribution column.
• If an error occurs during table creation, after it is fixed, the system may fail to delete the empty disk files created before the last automatic clearance. This problem seldom occurs.
• Column-store tables support the PARTIAL CLUSTER KEY and table-level primary key and unique constraints, but do not support table-level foreign key constraints.
• Only the NULL, NOT NULL, and DEFAULT constant values can be used as column-store table column constraints.
• Whether column-store tables support a delta table is specified by the enable_delta parameter. The threshold for storing data into a delta table is specified by the deltarow_threshold parameter.
• Hot and cold tables support only partitioned column-store tables and depend on available OBS tablespaces.
• Only the table-level and partition-level tablespaces of a hot or cold table can be set to general tablespaces.

Syntax

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CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } | UNLOGGED ] TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] table_name 
    ({ column_name data_type [ compress_mode ] [ COLLATE collation ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
        | table_constraint
        | LIKE source_table [ like_option [...] ] }
        [, ... ])
    [ WITH ( {storage_parameter = value} [, ... ] ) ]
    [ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ]
    [ COMPRESS | NOCOMPRESS ]
    
    [ DISTRIBUTE BY { REPLICATION | { HASH ( column_name [,...] ) } } ]
    [ TO { GROUP groupname | NODE ( nodename [, ... ] ) } ];

• column_constraint is as follows:

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  [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { NOT NULL | NULL | CHECK ( expression ) | DEFAULT default_expr | UNIQUE index_parameters | PRIMARY KEY index_parameters } [ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE | INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

• compress_mode of a column is as follows:

  1	{ DELTA | PREFIX | DICTIONARY | NUMSTR | NOCOMPRESS }

• table_constraint is as follows:

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  [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { CHECK ( expression ) | UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) index_parameters | PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) index_parameters | PARTIAL CLUSTER KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) } [ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE | INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

• like_option is as follows:

  1	{ INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } { DEFAULTS | CONSTRAINTS | INDEXES | STORAGE | COMMENTS | PARTITION | RELOPTIONS | DISTRIBUTION | DROPCOLUMNS | ALL }

• index_parameters is as follows:

  1	[ WITH ( {storage_parameter = value} [, ... ] ) ]

Parameter Description

• UNLOGGED

  If this key word is specified, the created table is not a log table. Data written to unlogged tables is not written to the write-ahead log, which makes them considerably faster than ordinary tables. However, an unlogged table is automatically truncated after a crash or unclean shutdown, incurring data loss risks. The contents of an unlogged table are also not replicated to standby servers. Any indexes created on an unlogged table are not automatically logged as well.

  Usage scenario: Unlogged tables do not ensure safe data. Users can back up data before using unlogged tables; for example, users should back up the data before a system upgrade.

  Troubleshooting: If data is missing in the indexes of unlogged tables due to some unexpected operations such as an unclean shutdown, users should re-create the indexes with errors.

• GLOBAL | LOCAL

  When creating a temporary table, you can specify the GLOBAL or LOCAL keyword before TEMP or TEMPORARY. Currently, the two keywords are used to be compatible with the SQL standard. GaussDB(DWS) will create a local temporary table regardless of whether GLOBAL or LOCAL is specified.

• TEMPORARY | TEMP

  If TEMP or TEMPORARY is specified, the created table is a temporary table. Temporary tables are automatically dropped at the end of a session, or optionally at the end of the current transaction. Therefore, apart from CN and other CN errors connected by the current session, you can still create and use temporary table in the current session. Temporary tables are created only in the current session. If a DDL statement involves operations on temporary tables, a DDL error will be generated. Therefore, you are not advised to perform operations on temporary tables in DDL statements. TEMP is equivalent to TEMPORARY.

  

  • Temporary tables are visible to the current session through schema of the pg_temp start. Users should not delete schema started with pg_temp, pg_toast_temp.
  • If TEMPORARY or TEMP is not specified when you create a table and the schema of the specified table starts with pg_temp_, the table is created as a temporary table.
• IF NOT EXISTS

  If IF NOT EXISTS is specified, a table will be created if there is no table using the specified name. If there is already a table using the specified name, no error will be reported. A message will be displayed indicating that the table already exists, and the database will skip table creation.

• table_name

  Specifies the name of the table to be created.

  The table name can contain a maximum of 63 characters, including letters, digits, underscores (_), dollar signs ($), and number signs (#). It must start with a letter or underscore (_).

• column_name

  Specifies the name of a column to be created in the new table.

  The column name can contain a maximum of 63 characters, including letters, digits, underscores (_), dollar signs ($), and number signs (#). It must start with a letter or underscore (_).

• data_type

  Specifies the data type of the column.

• compress_mode

  Specifies the compress option of the table, only available for row-store table. The option specifies the algorithm preferentially used by table columns.

  Value range: DELTA, PREFIX, DICTIONARY, NUMSTR, NOCOMPRESS

• COLLATE collation

  Assigns a collation to the column (which must be of a collatable data type). If no collation is specified, the default collation is used.

• LIKE source_table [ like_option ... ]

  Specifies a table from which the new table automatically copies all column names, their data types, and their not-null constraints.

  The new table and the source table are decoupled after creation is complete. Changes to the source table will not be applied to the new table, and it is not possible to include data of the new table in scans of the source table.

  Columns and constraints copied by LIKE are not merged with the same name. If the same name is specified explicitly or in another LIKE clause, an error is reported.

  • The default expressions are copied from the source table to the new table only if INCLUDING DEFAULTS is specified. The default behavior is to exclude default expressions, resulting in the copied columns in the new table having default values NULL.
  • The CHECK constraints are copied from the source table to the new table only when INCLUDING CONSTRAINTS is specified. Other types of constraints are never copied to the new table. NOT NULL constraints are always copied to the new table. These rules also apply to column constraints and table constraints.
  • Any indexes on the source table will not be created on the new table, unless the INCLUDING INDEXES clause is specified.
  • STORAGE settings for the copied column definitions are copied only if INCLUDING STORAGE is specified. The default behavior is to exclude STORAGE settings.
  • If INCLUDING COMMENTS is specified, comments for the copied columns, constraints, and indexes are copied. The default behavior is to exclude comments.
  • If INCLUDING PARTITION is specified, the partition definitions of the source table are copied to the new table, and the new table no longer uses the PARTITION BY clause. The default behavior is to exclude partition definition of the source table.
  • If INCLUDING RELOPTIONS is specified, the storage parameter (WITH clause of the source table) of the source table is copied to the new table. The default behavior is to exclude partition definition of the storage parameter of the source table.
  • If INCLUDING DISTRIBUTION is specified, the distribution information of the source table is copied to the new table, including distribution type and column, and the new table no longer use the DISTRIBUTE BY clause. The default behavior is to exclude distribution information of the source table.
  • If INCLUDING DROPCOLUMNS is specified, the deleted column information in the source table is copied to the new table. By default, the deleted column information of the source table is not copied.
  • INCLUDING ALL contains the meaning of INCLUDING DEFAULTS, INCLUDING CONSTRAINTS, INCLUDING INDEXES, INCLUDING STORAGE, INCLUDING COMMENTS, INCLUDING PARTITION, INCLUDING RELOPTIONS, INCLUDING DISTRIBUTION, and INCLUDING DROPCOLUMNS.
  • If EXCLUDING is specified, the specified parameters are not included.
  • For an OBS hot or cold table, all partitions of the new table are local hot partitions after INCLUDING PARTITION is specified.
  

  • If the source table contains a sequence with the SERIAL, BIGSERIAL, or SMALLSERIAL data type, or a column in the source table is a sequence by default and the sequence is created for this table by using CREATE SEQUENCE... OWNED BY, these sequences will not be copied to the new table, and another sequence specific to the new table will be created. This is different from earlier versions. To share a sequence between the source table and new table, create a shared sequence (do not use OWNED BY) and set a column in the source table to this sequence.
  • You are not advised to set a column in the source table to the sequence specific to another table especially when the table is distributed in specific Node Groups, because doing so may result in CREATE TABLE ... LIKE execution failures. In addition, doing so may cause the sequence to become invalid in the source sequence because the sequence will also be deleted from the source table when it is deleted from the table that the sequence is specific to. To share a sequence among multiple tables, you are advised to create a shared sequence for them.
• WITH ( { storage_parameter = value } [, ... ] )

  Specifies an optional storage parameter for a table or an index.

  

  Using Numeric of any precision to define column, specifies precision p and scale s. When precision and scale are not specified, the input will be displayed.

  The description of parameters is as follows:

  • FILLFACTOR

    The fillfactor of a table is a percentage between 10 and 100. 100 (complete packing) is the default value. When a smaller fillfactor is specified, INSERT operations pack table pages only to the indicated percentage. The remaining space on each page is reserved for updating rows on that page. This gives UPDATE a chance to place the updated copy of a row on the same page, which is more efficient than placing it on a different page. For a table whose records are never updated, setting the fillfactor to 100 (complete packing) is the appropriate choice, but in heavily updated tables smaller fillfactors are appropriate. The parameter has no meaning for column-based tables.

    Value range: 10–100

  • ORIENTATION

    Specifies the storage mode (row-store, column-store) for table data. This parameter cannot be modified once it is set.

    Valid value:

    • ROW indicates that table data is stored in rows.

      ROW applies to OLTP service, which has many interactive transactions. An interaction involves many columns in the table. Using ROW can improve the efficiency.

    • COLUMN indicates that the data is stored in columns.

      COLUMN applies to the data warehouse service, which has a large amount of aggregation computing, and involves a few column operations.

    Default value:

    If an ordinary tablespace is specified, the default is ROW.

  • COMPRESSION

    Specifies the compression level of the table data. It determines the compression ratio and time. Generally, the higher the level of compression, the higher the ratio, the longer the time, and the lower the level of compression, the lower the ratio, the shorter the time. The actual compression ratio depends on the distribution characteristics of loading table data.

    Valid value:

    • The valid values for column-store tables are YES/NO and LOW/MIDDLE/HIGH, and the default is LOW.
    • The valid values for row-store tables are YES and NO, and the default is NO.
      

      • The row-store table compression function is not put into commercial use. To use this function, contact technical support.

    GaussDB(DWS) provides the following compression algorithms:

    Table 1 Compression algorithms for column-based storage

    COMPRESSION	NUMERIC	STRING	INT
    LOW	Delta compression + RLE compression	LZ4 compression	Delta compression (RLE is optional.)
    MIDDLE	Delta compression + RLE compression + LZ4 compression	dict compression or LZ4 compression	Delta compression or LZ4 compression (RLE is optional)
    HIGH	Delta compression + RLE compression + zlib compression	dict compression or zlib compression	Delta compression or zlib compression (RLE is optional)

  • COMPRESSLEVEL

    Specifies the compression level of the table data. It determines the compression ratio and time. This divides a compression level into sublevels, providing you with more choices for compression rate and duration. As the value becomes greater, the compression rate becomes higher and duration longer at the same compression level. The parameter is only valid for column-store table.

    Value range: 0 to 3. The default value is 0.

  • MAX_BATCHROW

    Specifies the maximum of a storage unit during data loading process. The parameter is only valid for column-store table.

    Value range: 10000 to 60000

    Default value: 60000

  • PARTIAL_CLUSTER_ROWS

    Specifies the number of records to be partial cluster stored during data loading process. The parameter is only valid for column-store table.

    Value range: 600000 to 2147483647

  • enable_delta

    Specifies whether to enable delta tables in column-store tables. The parameter is only valid for column-store tables.

    Default value: off

  • DELTAROW_THRESHOLD

    Specifies the upper limit of to-be-imported rows for triggering the data import to a delta table when data is to be imported to a column-store table. This parameter takes effect only if the enable_delta table parameter is set to on. The parameter is only valid for column-store table.

    The value ranges from 0 to 60000. The default value is 6000.

  • VERSION

    Specifies the version of ORC storage format.

    Value range: 0.12. ORC 0.12 format is supported currently. More formats will be supported as the development of ORC format.

    Default value: 0.12

  • COLVERSION

    Specifies the version of the column-store format. You can switch between different storage formats.

    Valid value:

    1.0: Each column in a column-store table is stored in a separate file. The file name is relfilenode.C1.0, relfilenode.C2.0, relfilenode.C3.0, or similar.

    2.0: All columns of a column-store table are combined and stored in a file. The file is named relfilenode.C1.0.

    Default value: 2.0

    The value of COLVERSION can only be set to 2.0 for OBS hot and cold tables.

    

    When creating a column-store table, set COLVERSION to 2.0. Compared with the 1.0 storage format, the performance is significantly improved:

    1. The time required for creating a column-store wide table is significantly reduced.
    2. In the Roach data backup scenario, the backup time is significantly reduced.
    3. The build and catch up time is greatly reduced.
    4. The occupied disk space decreases significantly.
  • COLD_TABLESPACE

    Specifies the OBS tablespace for the cold partitions in a hot or cold table. This parameter is available only to partitioned column-store tables and cannot be modified. It must be used together with storage_policy.

    Valid value: a valid OBS tablespace name

  • STORAGE_POLICY

    Specifies the hot and cold partition switching policy. This parameter is supported only by hot and cold tables. This parameter must be used together with cold_tablespace.

    Value range: Cold and hot switchover policy name:Cold and hot switchover threshold. Currently, only LMT and HPN policies are supported. LMT indicates that the switchover is performed based on the last update time of partitions. HPN indicates the switchover is performed based on a fixed number of reserved hot partitions.

    • LMT:[day]: Switch the hot partition data that is not updated in the last [day] days to the OBS tablespace as cold partition data. [day] is an integer ranging from 0 to 36500, in days.
    • HPN:[hot_partition_num]: [hot_partition_num] indicates the number of hot partitions (with data) to be retained. The rule is to find the maximum sequence ID of the partitions with data. The partitions without data whose sequence ID is greater than the maximum sequence ID are hot partitions, and [hot_partition_num] partitions are retained as hot partitions in descending order according to the sequence ID. A partition whose sequence ID is smaller than the minimum sequence ID of the retained hot partition is a cold partition. During hot and cold partition switchover, data needs to be migrated to the OBS tablespace. [hot_partition_num] is an integer ranging from 0 to 1600.
  • SKIP_FPI_HINT

    Indicates whether to skip the hint bits operation when the full-page writes (FPW) log needs to be written during sequential scanning.

    Default value: false

    

    If SKIP_FPI_HINT is set to true and the checkpoint operation is performed on a table, no Xlog will be generated when the table is sequentially scanned. This applies to intermediate tables that are queried less frequently, reducing the size of Xlogs and improving query performance.

• ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP }

  ON COMMIT determines what to do when you commit a temporary table creation operation. The three options are as follows. Currently, only PRESERVE ROWS and DELETE ROWS can be used.

  • PRESERVE ROWS (Default): No special action is taken at the ends of transactions. The temporary table and its table data are unchanged.
  • DELETE ROWS: All rows in the temporary table will be deleted at the end of each transaction block.
  • DROP: The temporary table will be dropped at the end of the current transaction block.
• COMPRESS | NOCOMPRESS

  If you specify COMPRESS in the CREATE TABLE statement, the compression feature is triggered in the case of a bulk INSERT operation. If this feature is enabled, a scan is performed for all tuple data within the page to generate a dictionary and then the tuple data is compressed and stored. If NOCOMPRESS is specified, the table is not compressed.

  Default value: NOCOMPRESS, tuple data is not compressed before storage.

• DISTRIBUTE BY

  Specifies how the table is distributed or replicated between DNs.

  Valid value:

  • REPLICATION: Each row in the table exists on all DNs, that is, each DN has complete table data.
  • HASH (column_name): Each row of the table will be placed into all the DNs based on the hash value of the specified column.
    

    • When DISTRIBUTE BY HASH (column_name) is specified, the primary key and its unique index must contain the column_name column.
    • When DISTRIBUTE BY HASH (column_name) in a referenced table is specified, the foreign key of the reference table must contain the column_name column.

  Default value: HASH(column_name), the key column of column_name (if any) or the column of distribution column supported by first data type.

  column_name supports the following data types:

  • Integer types: TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT, and NUMERIC/DECIMAL
  • Character types: CHAR, BPCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR2, NVARCHAR2, and TEXT
  • Date/time types: DATE, TIME, TIMETZ, TIMESTAMP, TIMESTAMPTZ, INTERVAL, and SMALLDATETIME
  

  When you create a table, the choices of distribution keys and partition keys have major impact on SQL query performance. Therefore, choosing proper distribution column and partition key with strategies.

  • Selecting an Appropriate Distribution Column
    In the data distributed table using Hash, an appropriate distributed array should be used to distribute and store data on multiple DNs evenly, preventing data skew (uneven data distribution across several DNs). Determine the proper distribution column based on the following principles:

    1. Determine whether data is skewed.

       Connect to the database and run the following statements to check the number of tuples on each DN: Replace tablename with the actual name of the table to be analyzed.

       SELECT a.count,b.node_name FROM (SELECT count(*) AS count,xc_node_id FROM tablename GROUP BY xc_node_id) a, pgxc_node b WHERE a.xc_node_id=b.node_id ORDER BY a.count DESC;

       If tuple numbers vary greatly (several times or tenfold) in each DN, a data skew occurs. Change the data distribution key based on the following principles:

    2. Run the ALTER TABLE statement to adjust the distribution column. The rules for selecting a distribution column are as follows:

       The column value of the distribution column should be discrete so that data can be evenly distributed on each DN. For example, you are advised to select the primary key of a table as the distribution column, and the ID card number as the distribution column in a personnel information table.

       With the above principles met, you can select join conditions as distribution keys so that join tasks can be pushed down to DNs, reducing the amount of data transferred between the DNs.

  • Selecting appropriate partition keys

    In range partitioning, the table is partitioned into ranges defined by a key column or set of columns, with no overlap between the ranges of values assigned to different partitions. Each range has a dedicated partition for data storage.

    Modify partition keys to make the query result stored in the same or least partitions (partition pruning). Obtaining consecutive I/O to improve the query performance.

    In actual services, time is used to filter query objects. Therefore, you can use time as a partition key, and change the key value based on the total data volume and single data query volume.

• TO { GROUP groupname | NODE ( nodename [, ... ] ) }

  TO GROUP specifies the Node Group in which the table is created. Currently, it cannot be used for HDFS tables. TO NODE is used for internal scale-out tools.

• CONSTRAINT constraint_name

  Specifies a name for a column or table constraint. The optional constraint clauses specify constraints that new or updated rows must satisfy for an insert or update operation to succeed.

  There are two ways to define constraints:

  • A column constraint is defined as part of a column definition, and it is bound to a particular column.
  • A table constraint is not bound to any particular columns but can apply to more than one column.
• NOT NULL

  Indicates that the column is not allowed to contain NULL values.

• NULL

  The column is allowed to contain NULL values. This is the default setting.

  This clause is only provided for compatibility with non-standard SQL databases. You are advised not to use this clause.

• CHECK ( expression )

  Specifies an expression producing a Boolean result which new or updated rows must satisfy for an insert or update operation to succeed. Expressions evaluating to TRUE or UNKNOWN succeed. If any row of an insert or update operation produces a FALSE result, an error exception is raised and the insert or update does not alter the database.

  A check constraint specified as a column constraint should reference only the column's values, while an expression appearing in a table constraint can reference multiple columns.

  

  <>NULL and !=NULL are invalid in an expression. Change them to IS NOT NULL.

• DEFAULT default_expr

  Assigns a default data value for a column. The value can be any variable-free expressions (Subqueries and cross-references to other columns in the current table are not allowed). The data type of the default expression must match the data type of the column.

  The default expression will be used in any insert operation that does not specify a value for the column. If there is no default value for a column, then the default value is NULL.

• UNIQUE index_parameters

  UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) index_parameters

  Specifies that a group of one or more columns of a table can contain only unique values.

  For the purpose of a unique constraint, NULL is not considered equal.

  

  If DISTRIBUTE BY REPLICATION is not specified, the column table that contains only unique values must contain distribution columns.

• PRIMARY KEY index_parameters

  PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) index_parameters

  Specifies the primary key constraint specifies that a column or columns of a table can contain only unique (non-duplicate) and non-null values.

  Only one primary key can be specified for a table.

  

  If DISTRIBUTE BY REPLICATION is not specified, the column set with a primary key constraint must contain distributed columns.

• DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE

  Controls whether the constraint can be deferred. A constraint that is not deferrable will be checked immediately after every command. Checking of constraints that are deferrable can be postponed until the end of the transaction using the SET CONSTRAINTS command. NOT DEFERRABLE is the default value. Currently, only UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints of row-store tables accept this clause. All the other constraints are not deferrable.

• PARTIAL CLUSTER KEY

  Specifies a partial cluster key for storage. When importing data to a column-store table, you can perform local data sorting by specified columns (single or multiple).

• INITIALLY IMMEDIATE | INITIALLY DEFERRED

  If a constraint is deferrable, this clause specifies the default time to check the constraint.

  • If the constraint is INITIALLY IMMEDIATE (default value), it is checked after each statement.
  • If the constraint is INITIALLY DEFERRED, it is checked only at the end of the transaction.

  The constraint check time can be altered using the SET CONSTRAINTS command.

Examples

Create an ordinary table.

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t1
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
);

Create a table and set the default value of the W_STATE column to GA.

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t3
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)           DEFAULT 'GA',
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
);

Create a table and check whether the W_WAREHOUSE_NAME column is unique at the end of its creation.

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t4
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER                NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)   UNIQUE DEFERRABLE,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                        ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                       ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                    ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                       ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                       ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                    ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                    ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                        ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                       ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                    ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2) 
);

Create a table with its fillfactor set to 70%.

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t5
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER                NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                    ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                        ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                       ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                    ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                       ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                       ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                    ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                    ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                        ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                       ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                    ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2),
    UNIQUE(W_WAREHOUSE_NAME) WITH(fillfactor=70)
);

Alternatively, use the following syntax to create a table with its fillfactor set to 70%:

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t6
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER                NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)              UNIQUE,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                        ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                       ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                    ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                       ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                       ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                    ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                    ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                        ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                       ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                    ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
) WITH(fillfactor=70);

Create a table and specify that its data is not written to WALs.

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CREATE UNLOGGED TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t7
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
);

Create a temporary table.

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CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE warehouse_t24
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
);

Create a temporary table in a transaction and specify that data of this table is deleted when the transaction is committed.

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CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE warehouse_t25
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
) ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS;

Create a table and specify that no error is reported for duplicate tables (if any).

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CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tpcds.warehouse_t8
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
);

Create a table with a primary key constraint.

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t11
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER            PRIMARY KEY,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
);

Alternatively, use the following syntax to create a table with a primary key constraint:

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t12
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2),
    PRIMARY KEY(W_WAREHOUSE_SK)
);

Create a table with a specified constraint name.

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t13
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2),
    CONSTRAINT W_CSTR_KEY1 PRIMARY KEY(W_WAREHOUSE_SK)
);

Create a table with a compound primary key constraint.

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t14
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2),
    CONSTRAINT W_CSTR_KEY2 PRIMARY KEY(W_WAREHOUSE_SK, W_WAREHOUSE_ID)
);

Create a column-store table.

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t15
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
) WITH (ORIENTATION = COLUMN);

Create a column-store table using partial clustered storage.

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t16
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2),
    PARTIAL CLUSTER KEY(W_WAREHOUSE_SK, W_WAREHOUSE_ID)
) WITH (ORIENTATION = COLUMN)

Define a column-store table with compression enabled.

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t17
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
) WITH (ORIENTATION = COLUMN, COMPRESSION=HIGH);

Define a table with compression enabled.

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t18
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
) COMPRESS;

Define a table and check column constraints.

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t19
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               PRIMARY KEY CHECK (W_WAREHOUSE_SK > 0),
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)           CHECK (W_WAREHOUSE_NAME IS NOT NULL),
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
);

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t20
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               PRIMARY KEY,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)           CHECK (W_WAREHOUSE_NAME IS NOT NULL),
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2),
    CONSTRAINT W_CONSTR_KEY2 CHECK(W_WAREHOUSE_SK > 0 AND W_WAREHOUSE_NAME IS NOT NULL)  
);

Define a table with each of its rows stored in all DNs.

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t21
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
)DISTRIBUTE BY REPLICATION;

Define a hash table.

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t22
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2),
    CONSTRAINT W_CONSTR_KEY3 UNIQUE(W_WAREHOUSE_SK)
)DISTRIBUTE BY HASH(W_WAREHOUSE_SK);

Create a column-store table whose storage format can be configured.

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t26
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
) WITH (ORIENTATION = COLUMN, COLVERSION=2.0);

Create a column-store table with the delta table function enabled.

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t27
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
) WITH (ORIENTATION = COLUMN, ENABLE_DELTA = ON);

Create an OBS tablespace that hot and cold tables depend on.

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CREATE TABLESPACE obs_location WITH(
    filesystem = obs, 
    address = 'obs URL', 
    access_key = 'xxxxxxxx',  
    secret_access_key = 'xxxxxxxx', 
    encrypt = 'on', 
    storepath = '/obs_bucket/obs_tablespace'
);

Create a hot or cold table. Only column-store partitioned tables are supported.

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CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t28
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
)
WITH (ORIENTATION = COLUMN, cold_tablespace = "obs_location", storage_policy = 'LMT:30')
DISTRIBUTE BY HASH (W_WAREHOUSE_SK)
PARTITION BY RANGE(W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT)
(
    PARTITION P1 VALUES LESS THAN(100000),
    PARTITION P2 VALUES LESS THAN(200000),
    PARTITION P3 VALUES LESS THAN(300000),
    PARTITION P4 VALUES LESS THAN(400000),
    PARTITION P5 VALUES LESS THAN(500000),
    PARTITION P6 VALUES LESS THAN(600000),
    PARTITION P7 VALUES LESS THAN(700000),
    PARTITION P8 VALUES LESS THAN(MAXVALUE)
)ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT;

Links

ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE