Help Center/ GaussDB(DWS)/ SQL Syntax Reference/ SQL Syntax Reference (8.3.0.x)/ DCL Syntax/ GRANT
Updated on 2024-09-03 GMT+08:00
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GRANT

Function

GRANT grants permissions to roles and users.

GRANT is used in the following scenarios:

  • Granting system permissions to roles or users

    System permissions are also called user attributes, including SYSADMIN, CREATEDB, CREATEROLE, AUDITADMIN, and LOGIN.

    They can be specified only by the CREATE ROLE or ALTER ROLE syntax. The SYSADMIN permission can be granted and revoked using GRANT ALL PRIVILEGE and REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGE, respectively. System permissions cannot be inherited by a user from a role, and cannot be granted using PUBLIC.

  • Granting database object permissions to roles or users

    Grant permissions related to database objects (tables, views, specified columns, databases, functions, and schemas) to specified roles or users.

    GRANT grants specified database object permissions to one or more roles. These permissions are appended to those already granted, if any.

    The key word PUBLIC indicates that the permissions are to be granted to all roles, including those that might be created later. PUBLIC can be regarded as an implicitly defined group including all roles. Any particular role will have the sum of permissions granted directly to it using GRANT, permissions granted to any role it is presently a member of, and permissions granted to PUBLIC.

    If WITH GRANT OPTION is specified, the recipient of a permission can in turn grant it to others. This option cannot be granted to PUBLIC. Only GaussDB(DWS) supports this operation.

    GaussDB(DWS) grants the permissions for objects of certain types to PUBLIC. By default, permissions for tables, table columns, sequences, external data sources, external servers, schemas, and tablespace are not granted to PUBLIC. However, permissions for the following objects are granted to PUBLIC: CONNECT and CREATE TEMP TABLE permissions for databases, EXECUTE permission for functions, and USAGE permission for languages and data types (including domains). An object owner can revoke the default permissions granted to PUBLIC and grant permissions to other users as needed. For security purposes, you are advised to create an object and set permissions for it in the same transaction so that other users do not have time windows to use the object. In addition, you can run the ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES statement to modify the initial default permissions.

  • Granting a role's or user's permissions to other roles or users

    Grant a role's or user's permissions to one or more roles or users. In this case, every role or user can be regarded as a set of one or more database permissions.

    If WITH ADMIN OPTION is specified, the member can in turn grant permissions in the role to others, and revoke permissions in the role as well. If a role or user granted with certain permissions is changed or revoked, the permissions inherited from the role or user also change.

    A database administrator can grant permissions to and revoke them from any role or user. Roles having CREATEROLE permission can grant or revoke membership in any role that is not an administrator.

Precautions

None

Syntax

  • Grant the table or view access permission to a specified role or user. Do not perform GRANT on a table partition. Otherwise, an alarm will be generated. 
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    GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER | ANALYZE | ANALYSE | VACUUM | ALTER | DROP } [, ...] 
      | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON { [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
       | ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] }
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] 
    [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];
  • Grant the column access permission to a specified role or user. 
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    GRANT { {{ SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | REFERENCES } ( column_name [, ...] )} [, ...] 
      | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] ( column_name [, ...] ) }
    ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
    [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];
  • Grant the database access permission to a specified role or user. 
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    GRANT { { CREATE | CONNECT | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [, ...]
      | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON DATABASE database_name [, ...]
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
    [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];
  • Grant the domain access permission to a specified role or user. 
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    GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON DOMAIN domain_name [, ...]
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
    [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

    The current version does not support granting the domain access permission.

  • Grant the external data source access permission to a specified role or user. 
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    GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER fdw_name [, ...]
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
    [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];
  • Grant the external server access permission to a specified role or user. 
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    GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON FOREIGN SERVER server_name [, ...]
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
    [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];
  • Grant the function access permission to a specified role or user. 
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    GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON { FUNCTION {function_name ( [ {[ argmode ] [ arg_name ] arg_type} [, ...] ] )} [, ...]
       | ALL FUNCTIONS IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] }
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
    [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];
  • Grant the procedural language access permission to a specified role or user. 
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    GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
    [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

    The current version does not support granting the procedural language access permission.

  • Grant the large object access permission to a specified role or user. 
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    GRANT { { SELECT | UPDATE } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON LARGE OBJECT loid [, ...]
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
    [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

    The current version does not support granting the large object access permission.

  • Grant the sequence access permission to a specified role or user. 
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    GRANT { { SELECT | UPDATE | USAGE } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON { SEQUENCE sequence_name [, ...] 
         | ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] }
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
    [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];
  • Grant the sub-cluster access permission to a specified role or user. Common users cannot perform GRANT or REVOKE operations on node groups. 
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    GRANT { CREATE | USAGE | COMPUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON NODE GROUP group_name [, ...]
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
    [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];
  • Grant the schema access permission to a specified role or user. 
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    GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE | ALTER | DROP } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
    [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

    When you grant table or view rights to other users, you also need to grant the USAGE permission for the schema that the tables and views belong to. Without this permission, the users granted with the table or view rights can only see the object names, but cannot access them.

  • Grant the type access permission to a specified role or user. 
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    GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON TYPE type_name [, ...]
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
    [ WITH GRANT OPTION ];

    The current version does not support granting the type access permission.

  • Grant a role's rights to other users or roles. 
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    GRANT role_name [, ...]
   TO role_name [, ...]
   [ WITH ADMIN OPTION ];
  • Grant the SYSADMIN permission to a specified role. 
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    GRANT ALL { PRIVILEGES | PRIVILEGE }
   TO role_name;

Parameter Description

GRANT grants the following permissions:

  • SELECT

    Allows SELECT from any column, or the specific columns listed, of the specified table, view, or sequence.

  • INSERT

    Allows INSERT of a new row into the specified table.

  • UPDATE

    Allows UPDATE of any column, or the specific columns listed, of the specified table. SELECT ... FOR UPDATE and SELECT ... FOR SHARE also require this permission on at least one column, in addition to the SELECT permission.

  • DELETE

    Allows DELETE of a row from the specified table.

  • TRUNCATE

    Allows TRUNCATE on the specified table.

  • REFERENCES

    To create a foreign key constraint, it is necessary to have this permission on both the referencing and referenced columns.

  • TRIGGER

    To create a trigger, you must have the TRIGGER permission on the table or view.

  • ANALYZE | ANALYSE

    To perform the ANALYZE | ANALYSE operation on a table to collect statistics data, you must have the ANALYZE | ANALYSE permission on the table.

  • CREATE
    • For databases, allows new schemas to be created within the database.
    • For schemas, allows new objects to be created within the schema. To rename an existing object, you must own the object and have this permission for the schema where the object is located.
    • For sub-clusters, allows tables to be created.
  • CONNECT

    Allows the user to connect to the specified database.

  • TEMPORARY | TEMP

    Allows temporary tables to be created when the specified database is used.

  • EXECUTE

    Allows the use of the specified function and the use of any operators that are implemented on top of the function.

  • USAGE
    • For procedural languages, allows the use of the specified language for the creation of functions in that language.
    • For schemas, allows access to objects contained in the specified schema. Without this permission, it is still possible to see the object names.
    • For sequences, allows the use of the nextval function.
    • For sub-clusters, allows users who can access objects contained in the specified schema to access tables in a specified sub-cluster.
  • COMPUTE

    Allows users to perform elastic computing in a computing sub-cluster that they have the compute permission on.

  • ALTER

    Allows tables or schemas to be modified.

  • DROP

    Allows tables or schemas to be deleted.

  • VACUUM

    Allows VACUUM to be executed on tables.

  • ALL PRIVILEGES

    Grants all of the available permissions at once. Only system administrators have permission to run GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES.

  • WITH GRANT OPTION

    If WITH GRANT OPTION is specified, the recipient of a permission can in turn grant it to others. This option cannot be granted to PUBLIC.

    • WITH GRANT OPTION cannot be used with NODE GROUP.
    • When using WITH GRANT OPTION, ensure that grant_with_grant_option is enabled in security_enable_options.
  • WITH ADMIN OPTION

    Specifies whether permission transfer is allowed. If WITH ADMIN OPTION is specified, members of a role can grant membership of the role to others.

GRANT parameters are as follows:

  • role_name

    Specifies an existing user name.

  • table_name

    Specifies an existing table name.

  • column_name

    Specifies an existing column name.

  • schema_name

    Specifies an existing schema name.

  • database_name

    Specifies an existing database name.

  • function_name

    Specifies an existing function name.

  • sequence_name

    Specifies an existing sequence name.

  • domain_name

    Specifies an existing domain type.

  • fdw_name

    Specifies an existing foreign data wrapper name.

  • lang_name

    Specifies an existing language name.

  • type_name

    Specifies an existing type name.

  • group_name

    Specifies an existing sub-cluster name.

  • argmode

    Specifies the parameter mode.

    Value range: a string. It must comply with the naming convention.

  • arg_name

    Indicates the parameter name.

    Value range: a string. It must comply with the naming convention.

  • arg_type

    Specifies the parameter type.

    Value range: a string. It must comply with the naming convention.

  • loid

    Identifier of the large object that includes this page

    Value range: a string. It must comply with the naming convention.

Examples

  • Grant system permissions to a user or role.
    • Grant all available permissions of user sysadmin to user joe: 
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      GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES TO joe;

      Afterward, user joe has the sysadmin permissions.

  • Grant object permissions to a user or role.
    • Grant the SELECT permission on the tpcds.reason table to user joe: 
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      GRANT SELECT ON TABLE tpcds.reason TO joe;
    • Grant all permissions of the tpcds.reason table to user kim. 
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      GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON tpcds.reason TO kim;

      After the granting succeeds, user kim has all the permissions of the tpcds.reason table, including the add, delete, modify, and query permissions.

    • Grant the permission to use the tpcds schema to user joe. 
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      GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA tpcds TO joe;

      After the authorization is successful, user joe has the USAGE permission of the schema and can access the objects contained in the schema.

    • Grant the query permission for the r_reason_sk, r_reason_id, and r_reason_desc columns and the update permission for the r_reason_desc column in the tpcds.reason table to user joe: 
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      GRANT select (r_reason_sk,r_reason_id,r_reason_desc),update (r_reason_desc) ON tpcds.reason TO joe;

      After the granting succeeds, user joe immediately has the query permission of the r_reason_sk and r_reason_id columns in the tpcds.reason table.

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      GRANT select (r_reason_sk, r_reason_id) ON tpcds.reason TO joe ;
    • Grant the EXECUTE permission of the func_add_sql function to user joe. 
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      CREATE FUNCTION func_add_sql(f1 integer,f2 integer) RETURNS integer
    AS 'select $1 + $2;'
    LANGUAGE SQL
    IMMUTABLE
    RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT;
GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION func_add_sql(integer, integer) TO joe;
    • Grant the UPDATE permission of the sequence serial to user joe. 
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      GRANT UPDATE ON SEQUENCE serial TO joe;
    • Grant the gaussdb database connection permission and schema creation permission to user joe: 
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      GRANT create,connect on database gaussdb TO joe ;
    • Grant the tpcds schema access permission and object creation permission to this role, but do not enable it to grant these permissions to others: 
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      GRANT USAGE,CREATE ON SCHEMA tpcds TO tpcds_manager;
  • Grant the permissions of a user or role to other users or roles.
    • Grant the permissions of user joe to user manager, and allow manager to grant these permissions to others: 
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      GRANT joe TO manager WITH ADMIN OPTION;
    • Grant the permissions of user manager to user senior_manager: 
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      GRANT manager TO senior_manager;

Helpful Links

REVOKE, ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES

Parent topic: DCL Syntax