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Time Functions

Updated on 2025-01-24 GMT+08:00

Description

Time functions can be used with __time. Any column stored as a millisecond timestamp can use the MILLIS_TO_TIMESTAMP function, or any column stored as a string timestamp can use the TIME_PARSE function. By default, the UTC time is used for time operations. You can change the time zone by setting the timezone parameter to the name of another time zone (for example, Asia/Shanghai) or to an offset (for example, +08:00).

Syntax

Statement

Description

Example

CURRENT_DATE

Current date in the connected time zone.

SELECT CURRENT_DATE

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

Current timestamp in the connected time zone.

SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

DATE_TRUNC(<unit>,<expr>)

Truncates the timestamp and returns it as a new timestamp.

SELECT DATE_TRUNC('minute',__time)

TIME_FORMAT(<expr>,<patten>,<timezone>))

Parses a character string into a timestamp using the specified pattern or ISO 8601 (for example, 2000-01-02T03:04:05Z). timezone (if specified) should be a time zone name (such as America/Los_Angeles) or an offset (such as +08:00), and will be used as the time zone of the string that does not include a time zone offset. The mode and time zone must be literal. If a character string cannot be parsed as a timestamp, null is returned.

SELECT TIME_FORMAT(__time,'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss','+08:00')

TIME_PARSE(<expr>,<pattern>,<timezone>)

Parses a character string into a timestamp using the specified pattern or ISO 8601 (for example, 2000-01-02T03:04:05Z). timezone (if specified) should be a time zone name (such as America/Los_Angeles) or an offset (such as +08:00), and will be used as the time zone of the string that does not include a time zone offset. The mode and time zone must be literal. If a character string cannot be parsed as a timestamp, null is returned.

SELECT TIME_PARSE("timestamp",'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss','+08:00')

MILLIS_TO_TIMESTAMP(expr)

Converts the timestamp to the time format.

SELECT MILLIS_TO_TIMESTAMP(expr)

TIMESTAMP_TO_MILLIS(expr)

Converts the time to the timestamp format.

SELECT TIMESTAMP_TO_MILLIS (expr)

EXTRACT(<extract_unit>FROM expr)

Extracts the time part from expr and returns it as a number.

SELECT

EXTRACT(MINUTE FROM __time)

TIMESTAMPDIFF(<unit>,<expr1>,<expr2>)

Returns the unit between expr1 and expr2.

SELECT

TIMESTAMPDIFF (minute, expr1, expr2)

TIME_SERIES

Completes the missing data in the query time window.

TIME_SERIES(__time, period, time_format, [padding_value],<timezone>)

TIME_SERIES

The TIME_SERIES function is used to supplement the missing data in the query time window.
NOTE:
  • This function must be used together with ORDER BY and must be the first parameter of ORDER BY.
  • The OFFSET statement cannot be used in the query statement.
  • The TIME_SERIES function cannot be used as a subquery.

Syntax

time_series(__time, period, time_format, [padding_value], <timezone>)
Parameter description
Table 1

Parameter

Description

__time

Time sequence.

period

Time window size (ISO 8601 standard). For example, P1M (1 month), P1D (1 day), PT1H (1 hour), PT1M (1 minute), and PT1S (1 second).

time_format

Time format of the returned result. (For details, see Joda DateTimeFormat.)

padding_value

Supplemented content. Options:

  • 0 or zero: By default, the missing value is set to 0.
  • null: The missing value is set to null.
  • last: The missing value is set to the value corresponding to the previous time point.
  • next: The missing value is set to the value corresponding to the next time point.
  • avg: The missing value is set to the average value of two adjacent time points.

timezone

Time zone, for example, UTC+08:00 (Beijing).

Returned Data Type

The value is of the bigint type.

Example

Supplement data based on the time granularity of a day, set the missing value to 0, and add a time zone.

  • Query and analysis statement
    select time_series(__time, 'P1D', 'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss', '0', '+08:00') as t_time, count(*) as num group by t_time order by t_time
  • Query and analysis results

    t_time

    num

    2021-10-01 08:00:00

    5

    2021-10-02 08:00:00

    0

    2021-10-03 08:00:00

    0

    2021-10-04 08:00:00

    21

    2021-10-05 08:00:00

    17

    2021-10-06 08:00:00

    0

    2021-10-07 08:00:00

    34

CURRENT_DATE/CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

CURRENT_DATE returns the ISO 8601 time (UTC time) of 00:00 on the current day. This function can be used to calculate timestamps.

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP returns the ISO 8601 time (UTC time) of the current time. This function can be used to calculate timestamps.

  1. Example field

    __time: 2023-02-14T02:35:56.706Z

  2. Query and analysis statement
    select __time,CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
  3. Query and analysis result
    Table 2 Query and analysis result

    __time

    CURRENT_DATE

    CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

    2023-02-14T02:35:56.706Z

    2023-02-14T00:00:00.000Z

    2023-02-14T14:35:57.000Z

DATE_TRUNC (<unit>, <timestamp_expr>)

Truncates <timestamp_expr> to the precision specified in <unit>, fills in 0, and returns the value as a new timestamp. The unit is case-insensitive, and can be milliseconds, second, minute, hour, day, week, month, quarter, year, decade, century, or millennium.

  1. Example field

    __time: 2023-02-14T02:35:56.706Z

  2. Query and analysis statement
    SELECT __time,DATE_TRUNC('minute', __time),DATE_TRUNC('day', __time),DATE_TRUNC('year', __time)
  3. Query and analysis result
    Table 3 Query and analysis result

    __time

    EXPR$1

    EXPR$2

    EXPR$3

    2023-02-14T02:35:56.706Z

    2023-02-15T08:50:00.000Z

    2023-02-15T00:00:00.000Z

    2023-01-01T00:00:00.000Z

TIME_PARSE(<string_expr>, [<pattern>, [<timezone>]])/TIME_FORMAT(<timestamp_expr>, [<pattern>, [<timezone>]])

Parses the given character string <timestamp_expr> into a timestamp according to the custom <pattern> parameter and Joda DateTimeFormat mode. If <pattern> is not specified, the character string is parsed according to ISO 8601 by default. <timezone> is optional.

Parses the given timestamp <timestamp_expr> into a character string according to the custom <pattern> parameter and Joda DateTimeFormat mode. If <pattern> is not specified, the timestamp is parsed according to ISO 8601 by default. <timezone> is optional.

  1. Example field

    __time: 2023-02-16T07:38:25.306Z

    start_time:2023-02-14 02:35:56

  2. Query and analysis statement
    SELECT __time,TIME_PARSE(start_time,'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss'),TIME_FORMAT(__time,'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss')
  3. Query and analysis result
    Table 4 Query and analysis result

    __time

    EXPR$1

    EXPR$2

    2023-02-16T07:38:25.306Z

    2023-02-14T02:35:56.000Z

    2023-02-16 07:38:25

MILLIS_TO_TIMESTAMP(millis_expr)/TIMESTAMP_TO_MILLIS(timestamp_expr)

MILLIS_TO_TIMESTAMP converts a number of milliseconds into a timestamp in ISO 8601 format. The converted parameter can be used to calculate timestamps. TIMESTAMP_TO_MILLIS converts a timestamp to a number of milliseconds.

  1. Example field

    __time: 2023-02-16T07:54:15.106Z,start_time: 1676534055106

  2. Query and analysis statement
    SELECT __time,MILLIS_TO_TIMESTAMP(start_time),TIMESTAMP_TO_MILLIS(__time)
  3. Query and analysis result
    Table 5 Query and analysis result

    __time

    EXPR$1

    EXPR$2

    2023-02-16T07:54:15.106Z

    2023-02-16T07:54:05.000Z

    1676534055106

TIME_EXTRACT(<timestamp_expr>,[<unit>,[<timezone>]])/EXTRACT(<unit> FROM timestamp_expr)

TIME_EXTRACT extracts time from timestamp_expr and returns it as a number. The unit can be EPOCH (Unix time in seconds since the epoch), SECOND (second of the current minute), MINUTE (minute of the current hour), HOUR (hour of the current day), DAY (day of the current month), DOW (day of the current week), DOY (day of the current year), WEEK (week of the current year), MONTH (month of the current year), QUARTER (quarter of the current year), or YEAR (current year). <timezone> is optional. EXTRACT is short for TIME_EXTRACT.

  1. Example field

    __time: 2023-02-16T07:54:15.106Z,start_time: 1676534055106

  2. Query and analysis statement
    SELECT __time,MILLIS_TO_TIMESTAMP(start_time),TIMESTAMP_TO_MILLIS(__time)
  3. Query and analysis result
    Table 6 Query and analysis result

    __time

    EXPR$1

    EXPR$2

    2023-02-16T07:54:15.106Z

    2023-02-16T07:54:05.000Z

    1676534055106

Reference Information

  • Unit

    unit

    Description

    second

    Second

    minute

    Minute

    hour

    Hour

    day

    Day

    week

    Week

    month

    Month

    quarter

    Quarter

    year

    Year

  • extract_unit

    extract_unit

    Description

    SECOND

    Second

    MINUTE

    Minute

    HOUR

    Hour

    DAY

    Day of a month

    DOW

    Day of a week

    DOY

    Day of a year

    WEEK

    Week of a year

    MONTH

    Month

    QUARTER

    Quarter

    YEAR

    Year

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