Updated on 2022-08-16 GMT+08:00

Miscellaneous Parameters

enable_cluster_resize

Parameter description: If an SQL statement involves tables belonging to different groups, you can enable this parameter to push the execution plan of the statement to improve performance.

Type: SUSET

Value range: Boolean

  • on indicates the execution plan of the statement can be pushed.
  • off indicates the execution plan of the statement cannot be pushed.

Default value: off

This parameter is used for internal O&M. Do not set it to on unless absolutely necessary.

cstore_insert_mode

Parameter description: Specifies the storage location of data to be imported to an HDFS table. This parameter is needed for operations that involve data import, such as INSERT, UPDATE, COPY, and VACUUM FULL.

Type: USERSET

Value range: enumerated values

  • AUTO: The major part of imported data is stored in HDFS, and the tail is stored in the delta table.
  • DELTA: All the imported data is stored in the delta table.
  • MAIN: All the imported data is stored in HDFS.

Default value: auto

You can set other values as the default in the configuration file.

remote_read_mode

Parameter description: When enable_crc_check is set to on and the data read by the primary DN fails the verification, remote_read_mode is used to specify whether to enable remote read and whether to use secure authentication for connection upon the data verification failure. The setting takes effect only after the cluster is restarted.

Type: POSTMASTER

Value range: off, non_authentication, authentication

  • off: indicates that the remote read function is disabled.
  • non_authentication: indicates that the standby DN is connected and data is obtained when non-authentication is used.
  • authentication: indicates that the standby DN is connected and data is obtained through authentication. Before restarting the cluster, ensure that a certificate exists in the $GAUSSHOME/share/sslcert/grpc/ directory. Otherwise, the cluster cannot be started.

Default value: non_authentication

enable_upgrade_merge_lock_mode

Parameter description: If this parameter is set to on, the delta merge operation internally increases the lock level, and errors can be avoided when update and delete operations are performed at the same time.

Type: USERSET

Value range: Boolean

  • If this parameter is set to on, the delta merge operation internally increases the lock level. In this way, when any two of the DELTAMERGE, UPDATE, and DELETE operations are concurrently performed, an operation can be performed only after the previous one is complete.
  • If this parameter is set to off, and any two of the DELTAMERGE, UPDATE, and DELETE operations are concurrently performed to data in a row in the delta table of the HDFS table, errors will be reported during the later operation, and the operation will stop.

Default value: off

job_queue_processes

Parameter description: Specifies the number of jobs that can be concurrently executed. This parameter is a postmaster parameter. You can set it using gs_guc, and you need to restart gaussdb to make the setting take effect.

Type: POSTMASTER

Value range: 0 to 1000

Functions:

  • Setting job_queue_processes to 0 indicates that the scheduled task function is disabled and that no job will be executed. (Enabling scheduled tasks may affect the system performance. At sites where this function is not required, you are advised to disable it.)
  • Setting job_queue_processes to a value that is greater than 0 indicates that the scheduled task function is enabled and this value is the maximum number of tasks that can be concurrently processed.

After the scheduled task function is enabled, the job_scheduler thread at a scheduled interval polls the pg_jobs system catalog. The scheduled task check is performed every second by default.

Too many concurrent tasks consume many system resources, so you need to set the number of concurrent tasks to be processed. If the current number of concurrent tasks reaches job_queue_processes and some of them expire, these tasks will be postponed to the next polling period. Therefore, you are advised to set the polling interval (the interval parameter of the submit interface) based on the execution duration of each task to avoid the problem that tasks in the next polling period cannot be properly processed because overlong task execution time.

Note: If the number of parallel jobs is large and the value is too small, these jobs will wait in queues. However, a large parameter value leads to large resource consumption. You are advised to set this parameter to 100 and change it based on the system resource condition.

Default value: 10

ngram_gram_size

Parameter description: Specifies the length of the ngram parser segmentation.

Type: USERSET

Value range: an integer ranging from 1 to 4

Default value: 2

ngram_grapsymbol_ignore

Parameter description: Specifies whether the ngram parser ignores graphical characters.

Type: USERSET

Value range: Boolean

  • on: Ignores graphical characters.
  • off: Does not ignore graphical characters.

Default value: off

ngram_punctuation_ignore

Parameter description: Specifies whether the ngram parser ignores punctuations.

Type: USERSET

Value range: Boolean

  • on: Ignores punctuations.
  • off: Does not ignore punctuations.

Default value: on

zhparser_dict_in_memory

Parameter description: Specifies whether Zhparser adds a dictionary to memory.

Type: POSTMASTER

Value range: Boolean

  • on: Adds the dictionary to memory.
  • off: Does not add the dictionary to memory.

Default value: on

zhparser_multi_duality

Parameter description: Specifies whether Zhparser aggregates segments in long words with duality.

Type: USERSET

Value range: Boolean

  • on: Aggregates segments in long words with duality.
  • off: Does not aggregate segments in long words with duality.

Default value: off

zhparser_multi_short

Parameter description: Specifies whether Zhparser executes long words composite divide.

Type: USERSET

Value range: Boolean

  • on: Performs compound segmentation for long words.
  • off: Does not perform compound segmentation for long words.

Default value: on

zhparser_multi_zall

Parameter description: Specifies whether Zhparser displays all single words individually.

Type: USERSET

Value range: Boolean

  • on: Displays all single words separately.
  • off: Does not display all single words separately.

Default value: off

zhparser_multi_zmain

Parameter description: Specifies whether Zhparser displays important single words separately.

Type: USERSET

Value range: Boolean

  • on: Displays important single words separately.
  • off: Does not display important single words separately.

Default value: off

zhparser_punctuation_ignore

Parameter description: Specifies whether the Zhparser segmentation result ignores special characters including punctuations (\r and \n will not be ignored).

Type: USERSET

Value range: Boolean

  • on: Ignores all the special characters including punctuations.
  • off: Does not ignore all the special characters including punctuations.

Default value: on

zhparser_seg_with_duality

Parameter description: Specifies whether Zhparser aggregates segments in long words with duality.

Type: USERSET

Value range: Boolean

  • on: Aggregates segments in long words with duality.
  • off: Does not aggregate segments in long words with duality.

Default value: off

acceleration_with_compute_pool

Parameter description: Specifies whether to use the computing resource pool for acceleration when OBS is queried.

Type: USERSET

Value range: Boolean

  • on indicates that the query covering OBS is accelerated based on the cost when the computing resource pool is available.
  • off indicates that no query is accelerated using the computing resource pool.

Default value: off

behavior_compat_options

Parameter description: Specifies database compatibility behavior. Multiple items are separated by commas (,).

Type: USERSET

Value range: a string

Default value: In upgrade scenarios, the default value of this parameter is the same as that in the cluster before the upgrade. When a new cluster is installed, the default value of this parameter is check_function_conflicts to prevent serious problems caused by incorrect function attributes defined by users.

  • Currently, only Table 1 is supported.
  • Multiple items are separated by commas (,), for example, set behavior_compat_options='end_month_calculate,display_leading_zero';
  • strict_concat_functions and strict_text_concat_td are mutually exclusive.
Table 1 Compatibility configuration items

Configuration Item

Behavior

Applicable Compatibility Mode

display_leading_zero

Specifies how floating point numbers are displayed.

  • If this item is not specified, for a decimal number between -1 and 1, the 0 before the decimal point is not displayed. For example, 0.25 is displayed as .25.
  • If this item is specified, for a decimal number between -1 and 1, the 0 before the decimal point is displayed. For example, 0.25 is displayed as 0.25.

ORA

TD

end_month_calculate

Specifies the calculation logic of the add_months function.

Assume that the two parameters of the add_months function are param1 and param2, and that the sum of param1 and param2 is result.

  • If this item is not specified, and the Day of param1 indicates the last day of a month shorter than result, the Day in the calculation result will equal that in param1. For example:
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select add_months('2018-02-28',3) from dual;
add_months
---------------------
2018-05-28 00:00:00
(1 row)
  • If this item is specified, and the Day of param1 indicates the last day of a month shorter than result, the Day in the calculation result will equal that in result. For example:
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select add_months('2018-02-28',3) from dual;
add_months
---------------------
2018-05-31 00:00:00
(1 row)

ORA

TD

compat_analyze_sample

Specifies the sampling behavior of the ANALYZE operation.

If this item is specified, the sample collected by the ANALYZE operation will be limited to around 30,000 records, controlling CN memory consumption and maintaining the stability of ANALYZE.

ORA

TD

MySQL

bind_schema_tablespace

Binds a schema with the tablespace with the same name.

If a tablespace name is the same as sche_name, default_tablespace will also be set to sche_name if search_path is set to sche_name.

ORA

TD

MySQL

bind_procedure_searchpath

Specifies the search path of the database object for which no schema name is specified.

If no schema name is specified for a stored procedure, the search is performed in the schema to which the stored procedure belongs.

If the stored procedure is not found, the following operations are performed:

  • If this item is not specified, the system reports an error and exits.
  • If this item is specified, the search continues based on the settings of search_path. If the issue persists, the system reports an error and exits.

ORA

TD

MySQL

correct_to_number

Controls the compatibility of the to_number() result.

If this item is specified, the result of the to_number() function is the same as that of PG11. Otherwise, the result is the same as that of Oracle.

ORA

unbind_divide_bound

Controls the range check on the result of integer division.

  • If this item is not specified, the division result is checked. If the result is out of the range, an error is reported. In the following example, an out-of-range error is reported because the value of INT_MIN/(-1) is greater than the value of INT_MAX.
SELECT (-2147483648)::int / (-1)::int;
ERROR:  integer out of range
  • If this item is specified, the range of the division result does not need to be checked. In the following example, INT_MIN/(-1) can be used to obtain the output result INT_MAX+1.
SELECT (-2147483648)::int / (-1)::int;
  ?column?
------------
 2147483648
(1 row)

ORA

TD

merge_update_multi

Performs an update if multiple rows are matched for MERGE INTO.

If this item is specified, no error is reported if multiple rows are matched. Otherwise, an error is reported (same as Oracle).

ORA

TD

return_null_string

Specifies how to display the empty result (empty string '') of the lpad(), rpad(), repeat(), regexp_split_to_table(), and split_part() functions.

  • If this item is not specified, the empty string is displayed as NULL.
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select length(lpad('123',0,'*')) from dual;
length
--------

(1 row)
  • If this item is specified, the empty string is displayed as single quotation marks ('').
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select length(lpad('123',0,'*')) from dual;
length
--------
0
(1 row)

ORA

compat_concat_variadic

Specifies the compatibility of variadic results of the concat() and concat_ws() functions.

If this item is specified and a concat function has a parameter of the variadic type, different result formats in Oracle and Teradata are retained. If this item is not specified and a concat function has a parameter of the variadic type, the result format of Oracle is retained for both Oracle and Teradata.

ORA

TD

convert_string_digit_to_numeric

Specifies the type casting priority for binary BOOL operations on the CHAR type and INT type.

  • If this item is not specified, the type casting priority is the same as that of PG9.6.
  • After this item is configured, all binary BOOL operations of the CHAR type and INT type are forcibly converted to the NUMERIC type for computation.

    After this configuration item is set, the CHAR types that are affected include BPCHAR, VARCHAR, NVARCHAR2, and TEXT, and the INT types that are affected include INT1, INT2, INT4, and INT8.

CAUTION:

This configuration item is valid only for binary BOOL operation, for example, INT2>TEXT and INT4=BPCHAR. Non-BOOL operation is not affected. This configuration item does not support conversion of UNKNOWN operations such as INT>'1.1'. After this configuration item is enabled, all BOOL operations of the CHAR and INT types are preferred to be converted to the NUMERIC type for computation, which affects the computation performance of the database. When the JOIN column is a combination of affected types, the execution plan is affected.

ORA

TD

MySQL

check_function_conflicts

Controls the check of the custom plpgsql/SQL function attributes.

  • If this parameter is not specified, the IMMUTABLE/STABLE/VOLATILE attributes of a custom function are not checked.
  • If this parameter is specified, the IMMUTABLE attribute of a custom function is checked. If the function contains a table or the STABLE/VOLATILE function, an error is reported during the function execution. In a custom function, a table or the STABLE/VOLATILE function conflicts with the IMMUTABLE attribute, thus function behaviors are not IMMUTABLE in this case.

For example, when this parameter is specified, an error is reported in the following scenarios:

CREATE OR replace FUNCTION sql_immutable (INTEGER)
RETURNS INTEGER AS 'SELECT a+$1 from shipping_schema.t4 where a=1;'
LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE
RETURNS NULL
ON NULL INPUT;
select sql_immutable(1);
ERROR:  IMMUTABLE function cannot contain SQL statements with relation or Non-IMMUTABLE function.
CONTEXT:  SQL function "sql_immutable" during startup
referenced column: sql_immutable

ORA

TD

MySQL

varray_verification

Indicates whether to verify the array length and array type length. Compatible with GaussDB(DWS) versions earlier than 8.1.0.

If this parameter is specified, the array length and array type length are not verified.

Scenario 1
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE varray_verification 
AS 
    TYPE org_varray_type IS varray(5) OF VARCHAR2(2); 
    v_org_varray org_varray_type; 
BEGIN 
    v_org_varray(1) := '111'; --If the value exceeds the limit of VARCHAR2(2), the setting will be consistent with that in the historical version and no verification is performed after configuring this option.
END; 
/ 
Scenario 2
 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE varray_verification_i3_1 
AS 
    TYPE org_varray_type IS varray(2) OF NUMBER(2); 
    v_org_varray org_varray_type; 
BEGIN 
    v_org_varray(3) := 1; --If the value exceeds the limit of varray(2) specified for array length, the setting will be consistent with that in the historical version and no verification is performed after configuring this option.
END; 
/ 

ORA

TD

strict_concat_functions

Indicates whether the textanycat() and anytextcat() functions are compatible with the return value if there are null parameters. This parameter and strict_text_concat_td are mutually exclusive.

In MySQL-compatible mode, this parameter has no impact.

  • If this configuration item is not specified, the returned values of the textanycat() and anytextcat() functions are the same as those in the Oracle database.
  • When this configuration item is specified, if there are null parameters in the textanycat() and anytextcat() functions, the returned value is also null. Different result formats in Oracle and Teradata are retained.

If this configuration item is not specified, the returned values of the textanycat() and anytextcat() functions are the same as those in the Oracle database.

SELECT textanycat('gauss', cast(NULL as BOOLEAN));
 textanycat
------------
 gauss
(1 row)

SELECT 'gauss' || cast(NULL as BOOLEAN); -- In this case, the || operator is converted to the textanycat function.
 ?column?
----------
 gauss
(1 row)

When setting this configuration item, retain the results that are different from those in Oracle and Teradata:

SELECT textanycat('gauss', cast(NULL as BOOLEAN));
 textanycat
------------

(1 row)

SELECT 'gauss' || cast(NULL as BOOLEAN); -- In this case, the || operator is converted to the textanycat function.
 ?column?
----------

(1 row)

ORA

TD

strict_text_concat_td

In Teradata compatible mode, whether the textcat(), textanycat() and anytextcat() functions are compatible with the return value if there are null parameters. This parameter and strict_concat_functions are mutually exclusive.

  • If this parameter is not specified, the return values of the textcat(), textanycat(), and anytextcat() functions in Teradata-compatible mode are the same as those in GaussDB(DWS).
  • When this parameter is specified, if the textcat(), textanycat(), and anytextcat() functions contain any null parameter values, the return value is null in the Teradata-compatible mode.

If this parameter is not specified, the returned values of the textcat(), textanycat(), and anytextcat() functions are the same as those in the GaussDB(DWS).

td_data_compatible_db=# SELECT textcat('abc', NULL);
textcat
---------
abc
(1 row)
td_data_compatible_db=# SELECT 'abc' || NULL; -- In this case, the operator || is converted to the textcat() function.
?column?
----------
abc
(1 row)

When this parameter is specified, NULL is returned if any of the textcat(), textanycat(), and anytextcat() functions returns a null value.

td_data_compatible_db=# SELECT textcat('abc', NULL);
textcat
---------

(1 row)
td_data_compatible_db=# SELECT 'abc' || NULL;
?column?
----------

(1 row)

TD

compat_display_ref_table

Sets the column display format in the view.

  • If this parameter is not specified, the prefix is used by default, in the tab.col format.
  • Specify this parameter to the same original definition. It is displayed only when the original definition contains a prefix.
SET behavior_compat_options='compat_display_ref_table';
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW viewtest2 AS SELECT a.c1, c2, a.c3, 0 AS c4 FROM viewtest_tbl a;
SELECT pg_get_viewdef('viewtest2');
pg_get_viewdef
-----------------------------------------------------
SELECT a.c1, c2, a.c3, 0 AS c4 FROM viewtest_tbl a;
(1 row)

ORA

TD

para_support_set_func

Whether the input parameters of the COALESCE(), NVL(), GREATEST(), and LEAST() functions in a column-store table support multiple result set expressions.

  • If this item is not specified and the input parameter contains multiple result set expressions, an error is reported, indicating that the function is not supported.
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SELECT COALESCE(regexp_split_to_table(c3,'#'), regexp_split_to_table(c3,'#')) FROM regexp_ext2_tb1 ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 5;
ERROR:  set-valued function called in context that cannot accept a set
  • When this configuration item is specified, the function input parameter can contain multiple result set expressions.
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SELECT COALESCE(regexp_split_to_table(c3,'#'), regexp_split_to_table(c3,'#')) FROM regexp_ext2_tb1 ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 5;
 coalesce
----------
 a
 a
 a
 a
 a
(5 rows)

ORA

TD

disable_select_truncate_parallel

Controls the DDL lock level such as TRUNCATE in a partitioned table.

  • If this item is specified, the concurrent execution of TRUNCATE and DML operations (such as SELECT) on different partitions is forbidden, and the fast query shipping (FQS) of the SELECT operation on the partitioned table is allowed. You can set this parameter in the OLTP database, where there are many simple queries on partitioned tables, and there is no requirement for concurrent TRUNCATE and DML operations on different partitions.
  • If this item is not specified, SELECT and TRUNCATE operations can be concurrently performed on different partitions in a partitioned table, and the FQS of the partitioned table is disabled to avoid possible inconsistency.

ORA

TD

MySQL

bpchar_text_without_rtrim

In Teradata-compatible mode, controls the space to be retained on the right during the character conversion from bpchar to text. If the actual length is less than the length specified by bpchar, spaces are added to the value to be compatible with the Teradata style of the bpchar character string.

Currently, ignoring spaces at the end of a string for comparison is not supported. If the concatenated string contains spaces at the end, the comparison is space-sensitive.

The following is an example:

td_compatibility_basic_db=# select length('a'::char(10)::text);
length
--------
10
(1 row)

td_compatibility_basic_db=# select length('a'||'a'::char(10));
length
--------
11
(1 row)

TD

convert_empty_str_to_null_td

In Teradata-compatible mode, controls the to_date, to_timestamp, and to_number type conversion functions to return null when they encounter empty strings, and controls the format of the return value when the to_char function encounters an input parameter of the date type.

Example:

If this parameter is not specified:

td_compatibility_db=# select to_number('');
 to_number 
-----------
         0
(1 row)

td_compatibility_db=# select to_date('');
ERROR:  the format is not correct
DETAIL:  invalid date length "0", must between 8 and 10.
CONTEXT:  referenced column: to_date

td_compatibility_db=# select to_timestamp('');
      to_timestamp
------------------------
 0001-01-01 00:00:00 BC
(1 row)

td_compatibility_db=# select to_char(date '2020-11-16');
        to_char         
------------------------
 2020-11-16 00:00:00+08
(1 row)

If this parameter is specified, and parameters of to_number, to_date, and to_timestamp functions contain empty strings:

td_compatibility_db=# select to_number('');
 to_number 
-----------

(1 row)

td_compatibility_db=# select to_date('');
 to_date 
---------

(1 row)

td_compatibility_db=# select to_timestamp('');
 to_timestamp
--------------

(1 row)

td_compatibility_db=# select to_char(date '2020-11-16');
  to_char   
------------
 2020/11/16
(1 row)

TD

disable_case_specific

Determines whether to ignore case sensitivity during character type match. This parameter is valid only in Teradata-compatible mode.

  • If this item is not specified, characters are case sensitive during character type match.
  • If this item is specified, characters are case insensitive during character type match.

After being specified, this item will affect five character types (CHAR, TEXT, BPCHAR, VARCHAR, and NVARCHAR), 12 operators (<, >, =, >=, <=, !=, <>, !=, like, not like, in, and not in), and expressions case when and decode.

CAUTION:

After this item is enabled, the UPPER function is added before the character type, which affects the estimation logic. Therefore, an enhanced estimation model is required. (Suggested settings: cost_param=16, cost_model_version = 1, join_num_distinct=-20, and qual_num_distinct=200)

TD

enable_interval_to_text

Controls the implicit conversion from the interval type to the text type.

  • When this option is enabled, the implicit conversion from the interval type to the text type is supported.
    SELECT TO_DATE('20200923', 'yyyymmdd') - TO_DATE('20200920', 'yyyymmdd') = '3'::text;
    ?column?
    ----------
    f
    (1 row)
  • When this option is disabled, the implicit conversion from the interval type to the text type is not supported.
    SELECT TO_DATE('20200923', 'yyyymmdd') - TO_DATE('20200920', 'yyyymmdd') = '3'::text;
    ?column?
    ----------
    t
    (1 row)

ORA

TD

MySQL

light_object_mtime

Specifies whether the mtime column in the pg_object system catalog records object operations.

  • If this parameter is configured, the GRANT, REVOKE, and TRUNCATE operations are not recorded by mtime, that is, the mtime column is not updated.
  • If this parameter is not configured (by default), the ALTER, COMMENT, GRANT, REVOKE, and TRUNCATE operations are recorded by mtime, that is, the mtime column is updated.

ORA

TD

MySQL

table_skewness_warning_threshold

Parameter description: Specifies the threshold for triggering a table skew alarm.

Type: SUSET

Value range: a floating point number ranging from 0 to 1

Default value: 1

table_skewness_warning_rows

Parameter description: Specifies the minimum number of rows for triggering a table skew alarm.

Type: SUSET

Value range: an integer ranging from 0 to INT_MAX

Default value: 100000

max_cache_partition_num

Parameter description: Specifies the number of memory-saving partitions in column-store mode during redistribution after scale-out. If the number of partitions exceeds the upper limit, the earliest cached partition is directly written to the column-store file.

Type: SIGHUP

Value range: an integer ranging from 0 to 32767.

  • 0 indicates that the memory-saving mode is disabled in column storage.
  • Values from 1 to 32767 indicate the maximum number of partitions that can be cached in a partitioned table.

Default value: 0

This parameter is used for redistribution during scale-out. A proper value can reduce the memory consumption during redistribution of a partitioned column-store table. However, tables with unbalanced data distribution in some partitions may generate a large number of small CUs after the redistribution. If there are a large number of small CUs, execute the VACUUM FULL statement to merge them.

enable_prevent_job_task_startup

Parameter description: Specifies whether to prevent the thread startup of scheduled jobs. This is an internal parameter. You are not advised to change the value of this parameter.

Type: SIGHUP

Value range: Boolean

  • on: Threads of scheduled jobs will not be started.
  • off: Threads of scheduled jobs will be started.

Default value: off

Set this parameter only on CNs.

auto_process_residualfile

Parameter description: Specifies whether to enable the residual file recording function.

Type: SIGHUP

Value range: Boolean

  • on indicates that the residual file recording function is enabled.
  • off indicates that the residual file recording function is disabled.

Default value: off

enable_view_update

Parameter description: Enables the view update function or not.

Type: POSTMASTER

Value range: Boolean

  • on indicates that the view update function is enabled.
  • off indicates that the view update function is disabled.

Default value: off

view_independent

Parameter description: Decouples views from tables, functions, and synonyms or not. After the base table is restored, automatic association and re-creation are supported.

Type: SIGHUP

Value range: Boolean

  • on indicates that the view decoupling function is enabled. Tables, functions, synonyms, and other views on which views depend can be deleted separately (except temporary tables and temporary views). Associated views are reserved but unavailable.
  • off indicates that the view decoupling function is disabled. Tables, functions, synonyms, and other views on which views depend cannot be deleted separately. You can only delete them in the cascade mode.

Default value: off

bulkload_report_threshold

Parameter description: Sets the threshold for reporting import and export statistics.

Type: SIGHUP

Value range: an integer ranging from 0 to INT_MAX

Default value: 50

assign_abort_xid

Parameter description: Determines the transaction to be aborted based on the specified XID in a query.

Type: USERSET

Value range: a character string with the specified XID

This parameter is used only for quick restoration if a user deletes data by mistake (DELETE operation). Do not use this parameter in other scenarios. Otherwise, visible transaction errors may occur.