Arithmetic Functions and Operators
Arithmetic Operators
- +
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT 2+3 AS RESULT; result -------- 5 (1 row)
- -
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT 2-3 AS RESULT; result -------- -1 (1 row)
- *
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT 2*3 AS RESULT; result -------- 6 (1 row)
- /
Description: Division (The result is not rounded.)
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT 4/2 AS RESULT; result -------- 2 (1 row)
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT 4/3 AS RESULT; result ------------------ 1.33333333333333 (1 row)
- +/-
Description: Positive/Negative
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT -2 AS RESULT; result -------- -2 (1 row)
- %
Description: Model (to obtain the remainder)
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT 5%4 AS RESULT; result -------- 1 (1 row)
- @
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT @ -5.0 AS RESULT; result -------- 5.0 (1 row)
- ^
Description: Power (exponent calculation)
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT 2.0^3.0 AS RESULT; result -------------------- 8.0000000000000000 (1 row)
- |/
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT |/ 25.0 AS RESULT; result -------- 5 (1 row)
- ||/
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT ||/ 27.0 AS RESULT; result -------- 3 (1 row)
- !
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT 5! AS RESULT; result -------- 120 (1 row)
- !!
Description: Factorial (prefix operator)
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT !!5 AS RESULT; result -------- 120 (1 row)
- &
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT 91&15 AS RESULT; result -------- 11 (1 row)
- |
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT 32|3 AS RESULT; result -------- 35 (1 row)
- #
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT 17#5 AS RESULT; result -------- 20 (1 row)
- ~
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT ~1 AS RESULT; result -------- -2 (1 row)
- <<
Description: Binary shift left
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT 1<<4 AS RESULT; result -------- 16 (1 row)
- >>
Description: Binary shift right
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT 8>>2 AS RESULT; result -------- 2 (1 row)
Arithmetic Functions
- abs(x)
Return type: same as the input
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT abs(-17.4); abs ------ 17.4 (1 row)
- acos(x)
Return type: double precision
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT acos(-1); acos ------------------ 3.14159265358979 (1 row)
- asin(x)
Return type: double precision
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT asin(0.5); asin ------------------ .523598775598299 (1 row)
- atan(x)
Return type: double precision
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT atan(1); atan ------------------ .785398163397448 (1 row)
- atan2(y, x)
Description: Arc tangent of y/x
Return type: double precision
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT atan2(2, 1); atan2 ------------------ 1.10714871779409 (1 row)
- bitand(integer, integer)
Description: Performs the AND (&) operation on two integers.
Return type: bigint
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT bitand(127, 63); bitand -------- 63 (1 row)
- cbrt(dp)
Return type: double precision
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT cbrt(27.0); cbrt ------ 3 (1 row)
- ceil(x)
Description: Minimum integer greater than or equal to the parameter
Return type: integer
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT ceil(-42.8); ceil ------ -42 (1 row)
- ceiling(dp or numeric)
Description: Minimum integer (alias of ceil) greater than or equal to the parameter
Return type: dp or numeric. If implicit type conversion is not considered, the return type is the same as the input type.
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT ceiling(-95.3); ceiling --------- -95 (1 row)
- cos(x)
Return type: double precision
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT cos(-3.1415927); cos ------------------- -.999999999999999 (1 row)
- cosh(x)
Description: Hyperbolic cosine
Return type: dp or numeric. If implicit type conversion is not considered, the return type is the same as the input type.
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT cosh(4); cosh ------------------- 27.3082328360165 (1 row)
This function is valid only when the value of a_format_version is 10c and the value of a_format_dev_version is s2 in an A-compatible database.
- cot(x)
Return type: double precision
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT cot(1); cot ------------------ .642092615934331 (1 row)
- degrees(dp)
Description: Converts radians to angles.
Return type: double precision
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT degrees(0.5); degrees ------------------ 28.6478897565412 (1 row)
- div(y numeric, x numeric)
Description: Integer part of y/x
Return type: numeric
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT div(9,4); div ----- 2 (1 row)
- exp(x)
Return type: dp or numeric. If implicit type conversion is not considered, the return type is the same as the input type.
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT exp(1.0); exp -------------------- 2.7182818284590452 (1 row)
- floor(x)
Description: Not larger than the maximum integer of the parameter
Return type: same as the input
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT floor(-42.8); floor ------- -43 (1 row)
- int1(in)
Description: Converts the input text parameter to a value of the int1 type and returns the value.
Return type: int1
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT int1('123'); int1 ------ 123 (1 row) gaussdb=# SELECT int1('1.1'); int1 ------ 1 (1 row)
- When sql_compatibility is set to 'B', non-integer characters are automatically truncated or the value 0 is returned.
- When sql_compatibility is not set to 'B', an error message is displayed for non-integer characters, indicating that the input is invalid.
- int2(in)
Description: Converts the input parameter to a value of the int2 type and returns the value.
The supported input parameter types include float4, float8, int16, numeric, and text.
Return type: int2
Example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
gaussdb=# SELECT int2('1234'); int2 ------ 1234 (1 row) gaussdb=# SELECT int2(25.3); int2 ------ 25 (1 row)
- When sql_compatibility is set to 'B', non-integer characters are automatically truncated or the value 0 is returned.
- When sql_compatibility is not set to 'B', an error message is displayed for non-integer characters, indicating that the input is invalid.
- int4(in)
Description: Converts the input parameter to a value of the int4 type and returns the value.
The supported input parameter types include bit, Boolean, char, double precision, int16, numeric, real, smallint and text
Return type: int4
Example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
gaussdb=# SELECT int4('789'); int4 ------ 789 (1 row) gaussdb=# SELECT int4(99.9); int4 ------ 100 (1 row)
- When sql_compatibility is set to 'B', non-integer characters are automatically truncated or the value 0 is returned.
- When sql_compatibility is not set to 'B', an error message is displayed for non-integer characters, indicating that the input is invalid.
- int8(in)
Description: Converts the input parameter to a value of the int8 type and returns the value. The supported input parameter types include bit, double precision, int16, integer, numeric, oid, real, smallint, and text.
Return type: int8
Example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
gaussdb=# SELECT int8('789'); int8 ------ 789 (1 row) gaussdb=# SELECT int8(99.9); int8 ------ 99 (1 row)
- When sql_compatibility is set to 'B', non-integer characters are automatically truncated or the value 0 is returned.
- When sql_compatibility is not set to 'B', an error message is displayed for non-integer characters, indicating that the input is invalid.
- float4(in)
Description: Converts the input parameter to a value of the float4 type and returns the value. The supported input parameter types include bigint, double precision, int16, integer, numeric, smallint, and text.
Return type: float4
Example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
gaussdb=# SELECT float4('789'); float4 -------- 789 (1 row) gaussdb=# SELECT float4(99.9); float4 -------- 99.9 (1 row)
- float8(in)
Description: Converts the input parameter to a value of the float8 type and returns the value. The supported input parameter types include bigint, int16, integer, numeric, real, smallint, and text.
Return type: float8
Example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
gaussdb=# SELECT float8('789'); float8 -------- 789 (1 row) gaussdb=# SELECT float8(99.9); float8 -------- 99.9 (1 row)
- int16(in)
Description: Converts the input parameter to a value of the int16 type and returns the value. The supported input parameter types include bigint, boolean, double precision, integer, numeric, oid, real, smallint, and tinyint.
Return type: int16
Example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
gaussdb=# SELECT int16('789'); int16 -------- 789 (1 row) gaussdb=# SELECT int16(99.9); int16 -------- 100 (1 row)
- numeric(in)
Description: Converts the input parameter to a value of the numeric type and returns the value. The supported input parameter types include bigint, boolean, double precision, int16, integer, money, real, and smallint.
Return type: numeric
Example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
gaussdb=# SELECT "numeric"('789'); numeric --------- 789 (1 row) gaussdb=# SELECT "numeric"(99.9); numeric --------- 99.9 (1 row)
- oid(in)
Description: Converts the input parameter to a value of the oid type and returns the value. The supported input parameter types include bigint and int16.
Return type: oid
- radians(dp)
Description: Converts angles to radians.
Return type: double precision
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT radians(45.0); radians ------------------ .785398163397448 (1 row)
- random()
Description: Random number between 0.0 and 1.0
Return type: double precision
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT random(); random ------------------ .824823560658842 (1 row)
- multiply(x double precision or text, y double precision or text)
Description: product of x and y.
Return type: double precision
Example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
gaussdb=# SELECT multiply(9.0, '3.0'); multiply ------------------- 27 (1 row) gaussdb=# SELECT multiply('9.0', 3.0); multiply ------------------- 27 (1 row)
- ln(x)
Description: Natural logarithm
Return type: dp or numeric. If implicit type conversion is not considered, the return type is the same as the input type.
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT ln(2.0); ln ------------------- .6931471805599453 (1 row)
- log(x)
Description: Logarithm with 10 as the base
Return type: same as the input
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT log(100.0); log -------------------- 2.0000000000000000 (1 row)
- log(b numeric, x numeric)
Description: Logarithm with b as the base
Return type: numeric
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT log(2.0, 64.0); log -------------------- 6.0000000000000000 (1 row)
- mod(x,y)
Description: Remainder of x/y (model) If x equals to 0, 0 is returned.
Return type: same as the parameter type
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT mod(9,4); mod ----- 1 (1 row)
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT mod(9,0); mod ----- 9 (1 row)
- pi()
Return type: double precision
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT pi(); pi ------------------ 3.14159265358979 (1 row)
- power(a double precision, b double precision)
Return type: double precision
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT power(9.0, 3.0); power ---------------------- 729.0000000000000000 (1 row)
- remainder(x,y)
Description: Remainder of x/y. If y is 0, an error is reported.
Return type: same as the input (float4, float8, or numeric)
Example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
gaussdb=# SELECT remainder(11,4); remainder ---------- -1 (1 row) gaussdb=# SELECT remainder(9,0); ERROR: division by zero CONTEXT: referenced column: remainder
This function is valid only when the value of a_format_version is 10c and the value of a_format_dev_version is s2 in an A-compatible database.
- round(x)
Description: Integer closest to the input parameter
Return type: same as the input (double precision or numeric)
Example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
gaussdb=# SELECT round(42.4); round ------- 42 (1 row) gaussdb=# SELECT round(42.6); round ------- 43 (1 row)
The output of the float/double type may be –0. (This also occurs in functions such as trunc and ceil. When the value of a_format_version is 10c and that of a_format_dev_version is s1 in an A-compatible database, the returned result is 0. The following is an example:1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT round(-0.2::float8); round ------- -0 (1 row)
- round(v numeric, s int)
Description: s digits are kept after the decimal point.
Return type: numeric
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT round(42.4382, 2); round ------- 42.44 (1 row)
If the value of the control parameter s is a decimal, the value of s is truncated to an integer when the value of a_format_version is 10c and the value of a_format_dev_version is s1 in an A-compatible database. Otherwise, the value of s is rounded off to an integer.
When the value of a_format_version is 10c and the value of a_format_dev_version is s1 in an A-compatible database, the round function supports round(timestamp, text) overloading. When (text, text) or (text, '') is used as the input parameter to call the round function, round(timestamp, text) is preferred.
- setseed(dp)
Description: Sets seed for the following random() calling (between –1.0 and 1.0, inclusive).
Return type: void
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT setseed(0.54823); setseed --------- (1 row)
- sign(x)
Description: Returns symbols of this parameter.
Return type: –1 indicates negative numbers. 0 indicates 0, and 1 indicates positive numbers.
Example:
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gaussdb=# SELECT sign(-8.4); sign ------ -1 (1 row)
- sin(x)
Return type: double precision
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT sin(1.57079); sin ------------------ .999999999979986 (1 row)
- sinh(x)
Return type: dp or numeric. If implicit type conversion is not considered, the return type is the same as the input type.
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT sinh(4); sinh ------------------ 27.2899171971277 (1 row)
This function is valid only when the value of a_format_version is 10c and the value of a_format_dev_version is s2 in an A-compatible database.
- sqrt(x)
Return type: dp or numeric. If implicit type conversion is not considered, the return type is the same as the input type.
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT sqrt(2.0); sqrt ------------------- 1.414213562373095 (1 row)
- tan(x)
Return type: double precision
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT tan(20); tan ------------------ 2.23716094422474 (1 row)
- tanh(x)
Description: Hyperbolic tangent
Return type: same as the input (double precision or numeric)
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT tanh(0.1); tanh ------------------------------------------ 0.0996679946249558171183050836783521835389 (1 row)
This function is valid only when the value of a_format_version is 10c and the value of a_format_dev_version is s2 in an A-compatible database.
- trunc(x)
Description: Truncation (the integer part is retained).
Return type: same as the input
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT trunc(42.8); trunc ------- 42 (1 row)
- trunc(v numeric, s int)
Description: Truncates a number with s digits after the decimal point.
Return type: numeric
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT trunc(42.4382, 2); trunc ------- 42.43 (1 row)
In an A-compatible database, this function is valid only when a_format_version is set to 10c and a_format_dev_version is a valid value under the compatible configuration item. If the value of s is a decimal, the value is truncated instead of being rounded off.
- smgrne(a smgr, b smgr)
Description: Compares two integers of the smgr type to check whether they are different.
Return type: Boolean
- smgreq(a smgr, b smgr)
Description: Compares two integers of the smgr type to check whether they are equivalent.
Return type: Boolean
- int1abs
Description: Returns the absolute value of data of the uint8 type.
Parameter: tinyint
Return type: tinyint
- int1and
Description: Returns the bitwise AND result of two data records of the uint8 type.
Parameter: tinyint, tinyint
Return type: tinyint
- int1cmp
Description: Returns the comparison result of two data records of the uint8 type. If the value of the first parameter is greater, 1 is returned. If the value of the second parameter is greater, –1 is returned. If they are the same, 0 is returned.
Parameter: tinyint, tinyint
Return type: integer
- int1div
Description: Returns the result of dividing two data records of the uint8 type. The result is of the float8 type.
Parameter: tinyint, tinyint
Return type: tinyint
- int1eq
Description: Compares two pieces of data of the uint8 type to check whether they are the same.
Parameter: tinyint, tinyint
Return type: Boolean
- int1ge
Description: Determines whether the value of the first parameter is greater than or equal to the value of the second parameter in two data records of the uint8 type.
Parameter: tinyint, tinyint
Return type: Boolean
- int1gt
Description: Performs the greater-than operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.
Parameter: tinyint, tinyint
Return type: Boolean
- int1larger
Description: Returns the maximum value of an unsigned 1-byte integer.
Parameter: tinyint, tinyint
Return type: tinyint
- int1le
Description: Performs a less-than or an equal-to operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.
Parameter: tinyint, tinyint
Return type: Boolean
- int1lt
Description: Performs a less-than operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.
Parameter: tinyint, tinyint
Return type: Boolean
- int1smaller
Description: Calculates the minimum value of an unsigned 1-byte integer.
Parameter: tinyint, tinyint
Return type: tinyint
- int1inc
Description: Unsigned 1-byte integer plus 1.
Parameter: tinyint
Return type: tinyint
- int1mi
Description: Performs a minus operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.
Parameter: tinyint, tinyint
Return type: tinyint
- int1mod
Description: Performs a reminder operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.
Parameter: tinyint, tinyint
Return type: tinyint
- int1mul
Description: Performs a multiplication operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.
Parameter: tinyint, tinyint
Return type: tinyint
- int1ne
Description: Performs a not-equal-to operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.
Parameter: tinyint, tinyint
Return type: Boolean
- int1pl
Description: Performs an addition operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.
Parameter: tinyint, tinyint
Return type: tinyint
- int1um
Description: Returns an unsigned 2-byte integer after subtracting the opposite number from the unsigned 1-byte integer.
Parameter: tinyint
Return type: smallint
- int1xor
Description: Performs an exclusive OR operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.
Parameter: tinyint, tinyint
Return type: tinyint
- cash_div_int1
Description: Performs a division operation on the money type.
Parameter: money, tinyint
Return type: money
- cash_mul_int1
Description: Performs a multiplication operation on the money type.
Parameter: money, tinyint
Return type: money
- int1not
Description: Reverts binary bits of an unsigned 1-byte integer.
Parameter: tinyint
Return type: tinyint
- int1or
Description: Performs an OR operation on an unsigned 1-byte integer.
Parameter: tinyint, tinyint
Return type: tinyint
- int1shl
Description: Shifts an unsigned 1-byte integer leftwards by a specified number of bits.
Parameter: tinyint, integer
Return type: tinyint
- int1shr
Description: Shifts an unsigned 1-byte integer rightwards by a specified number of bits.
Parameter: tinyint, integer
Return type: tinyint
- width_bucket(op numeric, b1 numeric, b2 numeric, count int)
Description: Returns a bucket to which the operand will be assigned in an equi-depth histogram with count buckets, ranging from b1 to b2.
Return type: int
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT width_bucket(5.35, 0.024, 10.06, 5); width_bucket -------------- 3 (1 row)
- width_bucket(op dp, b1 dp, b2 dp, count int)
Description: Returns a bucket to which the operand will be assigned in an equi-depth histogram with count buckets, ranging from b1 to b2.
Return type: int
Example:
1 2 3 4 5
gaussdb=# SELECT width_bucket(5.35, 0.024, 10.06, 5); width_bucket -------------- 3 (1 row)
- analyze_tgtype_for_type(n smallint)
Description: Parses pg_trigger.tgtype, parses n by bit, and returns one of before each row, after each row, before statement, after statement, and instead of.
Return type: varchar2(16)
- analyze_tgtype_for_event(n smallint)
Description: Parses pg_trigger.tgtype, parses n by bit, and returns one or more of insert, update, delete, and truncate.
Return type: varchar2(246)
- nanvl(n2, n1)
Description: Two parameters are entered. The parameters must be of the numeric type or a non-numeric type that can be implicitly converted to the numeric type. If the first parameter n2 is NaN, n1 is returned. Otherwise, n2 is returned.
Return value type: input parameter with a higher priority. The priority is as follows: double precision > float4 > numeric.
Example:
gaussdb=# SELECT nanvl('NaN', 1.1); nanvl ------- 1.1 (1 row)
This function is valid only when the value of a_format_version is 10c and the value of a_format_dev_version is s2 in an A-compatible database.
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