Passing User Data

Scenarios

Specify User Data to pass user data to ECSs to:

Simplify ECS configuration.
Initialize the ECS OS configuration.
Upload your scripts to ECSs during ECS creation.
Perform other tasks using scripts.

Use Restrictions

Linux
- The image that is used to create ECSs must have Cloud-Init installed.
- The user data to be specified must be less than or equal to 32 KB.
- If user data is uploaded as text, the data can contain only ASCII characters. If user data is uploaded using a file, the file can contain any characters and the file size cannot exceed 32 KB.
- The image that is used to create ECSs must be a public image, a private image created based on a public image, or a private image with Cloud-Init installed.
- The format of the customized scripts must be supported by Linux ECSs.
- DHCP must be enabled on the VPC network, and port 80 must be enabled for the security group in the outbound direction.
- When the password login mode is selected, user data cannot be passed.

Passing User Data

Create a user data script, the format of which complies with user data script specifications. For details, see Helpful Links.
When creating an ECS, set Advanced Options to Configure now, and paste the content of the user data script to the User Data text box or upload the user data file.

You can pass user data to an ECS as text or as a file.

Text: Copy the content of the user data script to the text box.

File: Save the user data script to a text file and then upload the file.
The created ECS automatically runs Cloud-Init/Cloudbase-Init and reads the user data script upon startup.

User Data Scripts of Linux ECSs

Customized user data scripts of Linux ECSs are based on the open-source Cloud-Init architecture. This architecture uses ECS metadata as the data source for automatically configuring the ECSs. The customized script types are compatible with open-source Cloud-Init. For details about Cloud-Init, see http://cloudinit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/topics/format.html.

Script execution time: A customized user data script is executed after the status of the target ECS changes to Running and before /etc/init is executed.

By default, the scripts are executed as user root.

Script type: Both user-data scripts and Cloud-Config data scripts are supported.

**Table 1** Linux ECS script types
-	User-Data Script	Cloud-Config Data Script
Description	Scripts, such as Shell and Python scripts, are used for custom configurations.	Methods pre-defined in Cloud-Init, such as the yum repository and SSH key, are used for configuring certain ECS applications.
Format	The first line must start with #! (for example, #!/bin/bash or #!/usr/bin/env python) and no spaces are allowed at the beginning. When a script is started for the first time, it will be executed at the rc.local-like level, indicating a low priority in the boot sequence.	The first line must be #cloud-config, and no space is allowed in front of it.
Constraint	Before Base64 encoding, the size of the script, including the first line, cannot exceed 32 KB.	Before Base64 encoding, the size of the script, including the first line, cannot exceed 32 KB.
Frequency	The script is executed only once when the ECS is started for the first time.	The execution frequency varies according to the applications configured on the ECS.

How can I view the customized user data passed to a Linux ECS?
1. Log in to the ECS.
2. Run the following command to view the customized user data as user root:
  curl http://169.254.169.254/openstack/latest/user_data
Script usage examples
This section describes how to pass scripts in different formats into Linux ECSs and view script execution results.

Example 1: Inject a user-data script.

When creating an ECS, set User Data to As text and enter the customized user data script.
```
#!/bin/bash
echo "Hello, the time is now $(date -R)" | tee /root/output.txt
```
After the ECS is created, start it and run the cat [file] command to check the script execution result.
```
[root@XXXXXXXX ~]# cat /root/output.txt
Hello, the time is now Mon, 16 Jul 2016 16:03:18+0800
```
Example 2: Inject a Cloud-Config data script.

When creating an ECS, set User Data to As text and enter the customized user data script.
```
#cloud-config
bootcmd:
- echo 192.168.1.130 us.archive.ubuntu.com >> /etc/hosts
```
After the ECS is created, start it and run the cat /etc/hosts command to check the script execution result.

Figure 1 Viewing operating results

Case 1

This case illustrates how to pass user data to simplify Linux ECS configuration.

In this example, vim is configured to enable syntax highlighting, display line numbers, and set the tab stop to 4. The .vimrc configuration file is created and injected into the /root/.vimrc directory during ECS creation. After the ECS is created, vim is automatically configured based on your requirements. This improves ECS configuration efficiency, especially in batch ECS creation scenarios.

User data example:

#cloud-config
write_files:
  - path: /root/.vimrc
    content: |
      syntax on
      set tabstop=4
      set number

Case 2

This case illustrates how to use the user data passing function to set the password for logging in to a Linux ECS.

The new password must meet the password complexity requirements listed in Table 2.

**Table 2** Password complexity requirements
Parameter	Requirement
Password	Consists of 8 to 26 characters. Contains at least three of the following character types: Uppercase letters Lowercase letters Digits Special characters for Linux: !@%-_=+[]:./^,{}? Cannot contain the username or the username spelled backwards.

User data example:

Using a ciphertext password (recommended)

#!/bin/bash 
echo 'root:$6$V6azyeLwcD3CHlpY$BN3VVq18fmCkj66B4zdHLWevqcxlig' | chpasswd -e;

In the preceding command output, $6$V6azyeLwcD3CHlpY$BN3VVq18fmCkj66B4zdHLWevqcxlig is the ciphertext password, which can be generated as follows:

Run the following command to generate an encrypted ciphertext value:
python -c "import crypt, getpass, pwd;print crypt.mksalt()"

The following information is displayed:
```
$6$V6azyeLwcD3CHlpY
```
Run the following command to generate a ciphertext password based on the salt value:
python -c "import crypt, getpass, pwd;print crypt.crypt('Cloud.1234','\$6\$V6azyeLwcD3CHlpY')"

The following information is displayed:
```
$6$V6azyeLwcD3CHlpY$BN3VVq18fmCkj66B4zdHLWevqcxlig
```

After the ECS is created, you can use the password to log in to it.

Case 3

This case illustrates how to use the user data passing function to reset the password for logging in to a Linux ECS.

In this example, the password of user root is reset to ******.

The new password must meet the password complexity requirements listed in Table 3.

**Table 3** Password complexity requirements
Parameter	Requirement
Password	Consists of 8 to 26 characters. Contains at least three of the following character types: Uppercase letters Lowercase letters Digits Special characters for Linux: !@%-_=+[]:./^,{}? Cannot contain the username or the username spelled backwards.

User data example (Retain the indentation in the following script):

#cloud-config
chpasswd:
  list: |
    root:******
  expire: False

After the ECS is created, you can use the reset password to log in to it. To ensure system security, change the password of user root after logging in to the ECS for the first time.

Case 5

This case illustrates how to use the user data passing function to update system software packages for a Linux ECS and enable the HTTPd service. After the user data is passed to an ECS, you can use the HTTPd service.

User data example:

#!/bin/bash
yum update -y
service httpd start
chkconfig httpd on

Case 6

This case illustrates how to pass the user data to assign user root permissions for remotely logging in to a Linux ECS. After passing the file to an ECS, you can log in to the ECS as user root using SSH key pair authentication.

User data example:

#cloud-config
disable_root: false
runcmd:
- sed -i 's/^PermitRootLogin.*$/PermitRootLogin without-password/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
- sed -i '/^KexAlgorithms.*$/d' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
- service sshd restart