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- Linux Kernel Integer Overflow Vulnerability (CVE-2022-0185)
- Linux Polkit Privilege Escalation Vulnerability (CVE-2021-4034)
- Notice on the Vulnerability of Kubernetes subPath Symlink Exchange (CVE-2021-25741)
- Notice of runC Vulnerability That Allows a Container Filesystem Breakout via Directory Traversal (CVE-2021-30465)
- Notice on the Docker Resource Management Vulnerability (CVE-2021-21285)
- Notice of NVIDIA GPU Driver Vulnerability (CVE-2021-1056)
- Notice on the Sudo Buffer Vulnerability (CVE-2021-3156)
- Notice on the Kubernetes Security Vulnerability (CVE-2020-8554)
- Notice of Apache containerd Security Vulnerability (CVE-2020-15257)
- Notice on the Docker Engine Input Verification Vulnerability (CVE-2020-13401)
- Notice of Kubernetes kube-apiserver Input Verification Vulnerability (CVE-2020-8559)
- Notice on the Kubernetes kubelet Resource Management Vulnerability (CVE-2020-8557)
- Notice on the Kubernetes kubelet and kube-proxy Authorization Vulnerability (CVE-2020-8558)
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- Notice on Fixing the Docker Command Injection Vulnerability (CVE-2019-5736)
- Notice on Fixing the Kubernetes Permission and Access Control Vulnerability (CVE-2018-1002105)
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Cluster Versions
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Clusters
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Cluster Overview
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Kubernetes Version Release Notes
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- Buying a Cluster
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Managing a Cluster
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Upgrading a Cluster
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Troubleshooting for Pre-upgrade Check Exceptions
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Cluster Overview
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Nodes
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Management Nodes
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Node O&M
- Node Resource Reservation Policy
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- Differences in kubelet and Runtime Component Configurations Between CCE and the Native Community
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Workloads
- Overview
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Configuring a Workload
- Configuring Time Zone Synchronization
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Network
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Container Network
- Overview
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Cloud Native Network 2.0 Settings
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Service
- Overview
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LoadBalancer
- Creating a LoadBalancer Service
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- Headless Services
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Ingresses
- Overview
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LoadBalancer Ingresses
- Creating a LoadBalancer Ingress on the Console
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- Annotations for Configuring LoadBalancer Ingresses
-
Advanced Setting Examples of LoadBalancer Ingresses
- Configuring an HTTPS Certificate for a LoadBalancer Ingress
- Configuring SNI for a LoadBalancer Ingress
- Configuring Multiple Forwarding Policies for a LoadBalancer Ingress
- Configuring HTTP/2 for a LoadBalancer Ingress
- Configuring HTTPS Backend Services for a LoadBalancer Ingress
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- Nginx Ingresses
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Old Console
- What Is Cloud Container Engine?
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Nodes
- Overview
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- Creating a Linux LVM Disk Partition for Docker
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- Node Pools
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Workloads
- Overview
- Creating a Deployment
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-
Configuring a Container
- Using a Third-Party Image
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Best Practices
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- Containerization
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Security
- Configuration Suggestions on CCE Cluster Security
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API Reference
- Before You Start
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APIs
- API URL
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Cluster Management
- Creating a Cluster
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- Configuring Cluster Logs
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- Node Management
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-
Cluster Upgrade
- Upgrading a Cluster
- Obtaining Cluster Upgrade Task Details
- Retrying a Cluster Upgrade Task
- Suspending a Cluster Upgrade Task (Deprecated)
- Continuing to Execute a Cluster Upgrade Task (Deprecated)
- Obtaining a List of Cluster Upgrade Task Details
- Pre-upgrade Check
- Obtaining Details About a Pre-upgrade Check Task of a Cluster
- Obtaining a List of Pre-upgrade Check Tasks of a Cluster
- Post-upgrade Check
- Cluster Backup
- Obtaining a List of Cluster Backup Task Details
- Obtaining the Cluster Upgrade Information
- Obtaining a Cluster Upgrade Path
- Obtaining the Configuration of Cluster Upgrade Feature Gates
- Enabling the Cluster Upgrade Process Booting Task
- Obtaining a List of Upgrade Workflows
- Obtaining Details About a Specified Cluster Upgrade Task
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Chart Management
- Uploading a Chart
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- Downloading a Chart
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- Obtaining Chart Values
- Obtaining Historical Records of a Release
- Obtaining the Quota of a User Chart
- Kubernetes APIs
- Permissions and Supported Actions
-
Appendix
- Status Code
- Error Codes
- Obtaining a Project ID
- Obtaining an Account ID
- Specifying Add-ons to Be Installed During Cluster Creation
- How to Obtain Parameters in the API URI
- Creating a VPC and Subnet
- Creating a Key Pair
- Node Flavor Description
- Adding a Salt in the password Field When Creating a Node
- Maximum Number of Pods That Can Be Created on a Node
- Node OS
- Data Disk Space Allocation
- Attaching Disks to a Node
- SDK Reference
-
FAQs
- Common FAQ
- Billing
- Cluster
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Node
- Node Creation
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Node Running
- What Should I Do If a Cluster Is Available But Some Nodes Are Unavailable?
- How Do I Log In to a Node Using a Password and Reset the Password?
- How Do I Collect Logs of Nodes in a CCE Cluster?
- What Should I Do If the vdb Disk of a Node Is Damaged and the Node Cannot Be Recovered After Reset?
- What Should I Do If I/O Suspension Occasionally Occurs When SCSI EVS Disks Are Used?
- How Do I Fix an Abnormal Container or Node Due to No Thin Pool Disk Space?
- How Do I Rectify Failures When the NVIDIA Driver Is Used to Start Containers on GPU Nodes?
- Specification Change
- OSs
- Node Pool
-
Workload
-
Workload Exception Troubleshooting
- How Can I Find the Fault for an Abnormal Workload?
- What Should I Do If Pod Scheduling Fails?
- What Should I Do If a Pod Fails to Pull the Image?
- What Should I Do If Container Startup Fails?
- What Should I Do If a Pod Fails to Be Evicted?
- What Should I Do If a Storage Volume Cannot Be Mounted or the Mounting Times Out?
- What Should I Do If a Workload Remains in the Creating State?
- What Should I Do If a Pod Remains in the Terminating State?
- What Should I Do If a Workload Is Stopped Caused by Pod Deletion?
- What Should I Do If an Error Occurs When I Deploy a Service on the GPU Node?
- How Can I Locate Faults Using an Exit Code?
- Container Configuration
- Scheduling Policies
-
Others
- What Should I Do If a Cron Job Cannot Be Restarted After Being Stopped for a Period of Time?
- What Is a Headless Service When I Create a StatefulSet?
- What Should I Do If Error Message "Auth is empty" Is Displayed When a Private Image Is Pulled?
- What Is the Image Pull Policy for Containers in a CCE Cluster?
- What Can I Do If a Layer Is Missing During Image Pull?
-
Workload Exception Troubleshooting
-
Networking
-
Network Exception Troubleshooting
- How Do I Locate a Workload Networking Fault?
- Why Does the Browser Return Error Code 404 When I Access a Deployed Application?
- What Should I Do If a Container Fails to Access the Internet?
- What Should I Do If a Node Fails to Connect to the Internet (Public Network)?
- What Should I Do If Nginx Ingress Access in the Cluster Is Abnormal After the NGINX Ingress Controller Add-on Is Upgraded?
- What Could Cause Access Exceptions After Configuring an HTTPS Certificate for a LoadBalancer Ingress?
- Network Planning
- Security Hardening
-
Network Configuration
- How Can Container IP Addresses Survive a Container Restart?
- How Can I Check Whether an ENI Is Used by a Cluster?
- How Can I Delete a Security Group Rule Associated with a Deleted Subnet?
- How Can I Synchronize Certificates When Multiple Ingresses in Different Namespaces Share a Listener?
- How Can I Determine Which Ingress the Listener Settings Have Been Applied To?
-
Network Exception Troubleshooting
-
Storage
- How Do I Expand the Storage Capacity of a Container?
- What Are the Differences Among CCE Storage Classes in Terms of Persistent Storage and Multi-Node Mounting?
- Can I Create a CCE Node Without Adding a Data Disk to the Node?
- What Should I Do If the Host Cannot Be Found When Files Need to Be Uploaded to OBS During the Access to the CCE Service from a Public Network?
- How Can I Achieve Compatibility Between ExtendPathMode and Kubernetes client-go?
- Can CCE PVCs Detect Underlying Storage Faults?
- What Should I Do If a Yearly/Monthly EVS Disk Cannot Be Automatically Created?
- Namespace
-
Chart and Add-on
- What Should I Do If Installation of an Add-on Fails and "The release name is already exist" Is Displayed?
- How Do I Configure the Add-on Resource Quotas Based on Cluster Scale?
- How Can I Clean Up Residual Resources After the NGINX Ingress Controller Add-on in the Unknown State Is Deleted?
- Why TLS v1.0 and v1.1 Cannot Be Used After the NGINX Ingress Controller Add-on Is Upgraded?
-
API & kubectl FAQs
- How Can I Access a Cluster API Server?
- Can the Resources Created Using APIs or kubectl Be Displayed on the CCE Console?
- How Do I Download kubeconfig for Connecting to a Cluster Using kubectl?
- How Do I Rectify the Error Reported When Running the kubectl top node Command?
- Why Is "Error from server (Forbidden)" Displayed When I Use kubectl?
- DNS FAQs
- Image Repository FAQs
- Permissions
- Videos
Overview
Volume
On-disk files in a container are ephemeral, which will be lost when the container crashes and are difficult to be shared between containers running together in a pod. The Kubernetes volume abstraction solves both of these problems. Volumes cannot be independently created, but defined in the pod spec.
All containers in a pod can access its volumes, but the volumes must have been mounted. Volumes can be mounted to any directory in a container.
The following figure shows how a storage volume is used between containers in a pod.
A volume will no longer exist if the pod to which it is mounted does not exist. However, files in the volume may outlive the volume, depending on the volume type.
Volume Types
Volumes can be classified into local volumes and cloud volumes.
- Local volumes
CCE supports the following five types of local volumes. For details about how to use them, see Using Local Disks as Storage Volumes.
- emptyDir: an empty volume used for temporary storage
- hostPath: mounts a directory on a host (node) to your container for reading data from the host.
- ConfigMap: references the data stored in a ConfigMap for use by containers.
- Secret: references the data stored in a secret for use by containers.
- Cloud volumes
CCE supports the following types of cloud volumes:
- EVS
- SFS Turbo
- OBS
CSI
You can use Kubernetes Container Storage Interface (CSI) to develop plug-ins to support specific storage volumes.
CCE developed the storage add-on everest for you to use cloud storage services, such as EVS and OBS. You can install this add-on when creating a cluster.
PV and PVC
Kubernetes provides PersistentVolumes (PVs) and PersistentVolumeClaims (PVCs) to abstract details of how storage is provided from how it is consumed. You can request specific size of storage when needed, just like pods can request specific levels of resources (CPU and memory).
- PV: A PV is a persistent storage volume in a cluster. Same as a node, a PV is a cluster-level resource.
- PVC: A PVC describes a workload's request for storage resources. This request consumes existing PVs in the cluster. If there is no PV available, underlying storage and PVs are dynamically created. When creating a PVC, you need to describe the attributes of the requested persistent storage, such as the size of the volume and the read/write permissions.
You can bind PVCs to PVs in a pod so that the pod can use storage resources. The following figure shows the relationship between PVs and PVCs.
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PVs describes storage resources in the cluster. PVCs are requests for those resources. The following sections will describe how to use kubectl to connect to storage resources.
If you do not want to create storage resources or PVs manually, you can use StorageClasses.
StorageClass
StorageClass describes the storage class used in the cluster. You need to specify StorageClass when creating a PVC or PV. As of now, CCE provides storage classes such as csi-disk, csi-nas, and csi-obs by default. When defining a PVC, you can use a StorageClassName to create a PV of the corresponding type and automatically create underlying storage resources.
You can run the following command to query the storage classes that CCE supports. You can use the CSI plug-in provided by CCE to customize a storage class, which functions similarly as the default storage classes in CCE.
# kubectl get sc NAME PROVISIONER AGE csi-disk everest-csi-provisioner 17d # Storage class for EVS disks csi-disk-topology everest-csi-provisioner 17d # Storage class for EVS disks with delayed binding csi-nas everest-csi-provisioner 17d # Storage class for SFS file systems csi-obs everest-csi-provisioner 17d # Storage class for OBS buckets
After a StorageClass is set, PVs can be automatically created and maintained. You only need to specify the StorageClass when creating a PVC, which greatly reduces the workload.
Cloud Services for Container Storage
CCE allows you to mount local and cloud storage volumes listed in Volume Types to your pods. Their features are described below.
Dimension |
EVS |
OBS |
SFS Turbo |
---|---|---|---|
Definition |
EVS offers scalable block storage for cloud servers. With high reliability, high performance, and rich specifications, EVS disks can be used for distributed file systems, dev/test environments, data warehouses, and high-performance computing (HPC) applications. |
OBS is a stable, secure, and easy-to-use object storage service that lets you inexpensively store data of any format and size. You can use it in enterprise backup/archiving, video on demand (VoD), video surveillance, and many other scenarios. |
Expandable to 320 TB, SFS Turbo provides a fully hosted shared file storage, highly available and stable to support small files and applications requiring low latency and high IOPS. You can use SFS Turbo in high-traffic websites, log storage, compression/decompression, DevOps, enterprise OA, and containerized applications. |
Data storage logic |
Stores binary data and cannot directly store files. To store files, you need to format the file system first. |
Stores objects. Files directly stored automatically generate the system metadata, which can also be customized by users. |
Stores files and sorts and displays data in the hierarchy of files and folders. |
Services |
Accessible only after being mounted to ECSs or BMSs and initialized. |
Accessible through the Internet or Direct Connect (DC). You need to specify the bucket address and use transmission protocols such as HTTP and HTTPS. |
Supports the Network File System (NFS) protocol (NFSv3 only). You can seamlessly integrate existing applications and tools with SFS Turbo. |
Static provisioning |
Supported |
Supported |
Supported |
Dynamic provisioning |
Supported |
Supported |
Not supported |
Features |
Non-shared storage. Each volume can be mounted to only one node. |
Shared, user-mode file system |
Shared storage featuring high performance and bandwidth |
Usage |
HPC, enterprise core cluster applications, enterprise application systems, and dev/test HPC apps here require high-speed and high-IOPS storage, such as industrial design and energy exploration. |
Big data analysis, static website hosting, online video on demand (VoD), gene sequencing, intelligent video surveillance, backup and archiving, and enterprise cloud boxes (web disks) |
High-traffic websites, log storage, DevOps, and enterprise OA |
Capacity |
TB |
EB |
TB |
Latency |
1-2 ms |
10ms |
1-2 ms |
IOPS/TPS |
33,000 for a single disk |
Tens of millions |
100K |
Bandwidth |
MB/s |
TB/s |
GB/s |
Notes and Constraints
- A single user can create a maximum of 100 OBS buckets on the console. If you have a large number of CCE workloads and you want to mount an OBS bucket to every workload, you may easily run out of buckets. In this scenario, you are advised to use OBS through the OBS API or SDK and do not mount OBS buckets to the workload on the console.
- For clusters earlier than v1.19.10, if an HPA policy is used to scale out a workload with EVS volumes mounted, the existing pods cannot be read or written when a new pod is scheduled to another node.
For clusters of v1.19.10 and later, if an HPA policy is used to scale out a workload with EVS volume mounted, a new pod cannot be started because EVS disks cannot be attached.
- When you uninstall a subpath in a cluster of v1.19 or earlier, all folders in the subpath are traversed. If there are a large number of folders, the traversal takes a long time, so does the volume unmount. You are advised not to create too many folders in the subpath.
- The maximum size of a single file in OBS mounted to a CCE cluster is far smaller than that defined by obsfs.
Notice on Using Add-ons
- In version 1.2.0 of the everest add-on, key authentication is optimized when OBS is used. After the everest add-on is upgraded from a version earlier than 1.2.0, you need to restart all workloads that use OBS in the cluster. Otherwise, workloads may not be able to use OBS.
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