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更新时间：2025-08-25 GMT+08:00
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多表连接查询

连接类型介绍

通过SQL完成各种复杂的查询，多表之间的连接是必不可少的。连接分为：内连接和外连接两大类，每大类中还可进行细分。

  • 内连接：标准内连接（INNER JOIN），交叉连接（CROSS JOIN）和自然连接（NATURAL JOIN）。
  • 外连接：左外连接（LEFT OUTER JOIN），右外连接（RIGHT OUTER JOIN）和全外连接（FULL JOIN）。

为了能更好的说明各种连接之间的区别，下面通过具体示例进行详细的阐述。

创建示例表student和math_score，并插入数据，设置enable_fast_query_shipping为off（默认为on）即查询优化器使用分布式框架；参数explain_perf_mode为pretty（默认值为pretty）指定explain的显示格式。

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CREATE TABLE student(
  id INTEGER,
  name varchar(50)
)
STORE AS orc;

CREATE TABLE math_score(
  id INTEGER,
  score INTEGER
)
STORE AS orc;

INSERT INTO student VALUES(1, 'Tom');
INSERT INTO student VALUES(2, 'Lily');
INSERT INTO student VALUES(3, 'Tina');
INSERT INTO student VALUES(4, 'Perry');

INSERT INTO math_score VALUES(1, 80);
INSERT INTO math_score VALUES(2, 75);
INSERT INTO math_score VALUES(4, 95);
INSERT INTO math_score VALUES(6, NULL);

SET enable_fast_query_shipping = off;
SET explain_perf_mode = pretty;

内连接

  • 标准内连接（INNER JOIN）
    语法： 
    1
    		 
    left_table [INNER] JOIN right_table [ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column )]

    说明：表示left_table和right_table中满足join_condition的行拼接在一起作为结果输出，不满足条件的元组不会输出。

    示例1：查询学生的数学成绩。

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    SELECT s.id, s.name, ms.score FROM student s JOIN math_score ms on s.id = ms.id;
 id | name  | score
----+-------+-------
  2 | Lily  |    75
  1 | Tom   |    80
  4 | Perry |    95
(3 rows)


EXPLAIN SELECT s.id, s.name, ms.score FROM student s JOIN math_score ms on s.id = ms.id;
                                            QUERY PLAN                                            
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  id |                     operation                     | E-rows | E-memory | E-width | E-costs 
 ----+---------------------------------------------------+--------+----------+---------+---------
   1 | ->  Row Adapter                                   |   5000 |          |     126 | 435.27  
   2 |    ->  Vector Streaming (type: GATHER)            |   5000 |          |     126 | 435.27  
   3 |       ->  Vector Sonic Hash Join (4,6)            |   5000 |          |     126 | 200.89  
   4 |          ->  Vector Streaming(type: BROADCAST)    |   2000 |          |     122 | 104.64  
   5 |             ->  Vector Foreign Scan on student s  |   1000 |          |     122 | 60.00   
   6 |          ->  Vector Foreign Scan on math_score ms |   1000 |          |       8 | 60.00   

 Predicate Information (identified by plan id)
 ---------------------------------------------
   3 --Vector Sonic Hash Join (4,6)
         Hash Cond: (s.id = ms.id)
   5 --Vector Foreign Scan on student s
         Server Type: lf
         Total files left: 4
   6 --Vector Foreign Scan on math_score ms
         Server Type: lf
         Total files left: 4

                ====== Query Summary =====               
 --------------------------------------------------------
 System available mem: 1992294KB
 Query Max mem: 2097152KB
 Query estimated mem: 2097152KB
 LakeFormation request time: 290.913 ms, request count: 5
 Total billed bytes: 0 bytes
 Turbo Engine: true
(28 rows)
  • 交叉连接（CROSS JOIN）

    语法：

    1
    		 
    left_table CROSS JOIN right_table

    说明：表示left_table中所有行和right_table中的所有行分别进行连接，最终结果行数等于两边行数的乘积。又称笛卡尔积。

    示例2：学生表和数学成绩表的交叉连接。

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    SELECT s.id, s.name, ms.score FROM student s CROSS JOIN math_score ms order by id;
 id | name  | score 
----+-------+-------
  1 | Tom   |    80
  1 | Tom   |    95
  1 | Tom   |    75
  1 | Tom   |      
  2 | Lily  |    80
  2 | Lily  |    95
  2 | Lily  |    75
  2 | Lily  |      
  3 | Tina  |    80
  3 | Tina  |    95
  3 | Tina  |    75
  3 | Tina  |      
  4 | Perry |    80
  4 | Perry |    95
  4 | Perry |    75
  4 | Perry |      
(16 rows)

EXPLAIN SELECT s.id, s.name, ms.score FROM student s CROSS JOIN math_score ms order by id;
                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                   
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  id |                        operation                        | E-rows  |   E-memory    | E-width | E-costs  
 ----+---------------------------------------------------------+---------+---------------+---------+----------
   1 | ->  Row Adapter                                         | 1000000 |               |     126 | 55463.56 
   2 |    ->  Vector Streaming (type: GATHER)                  | 1000000 |               |     126 | 55463.56 
   3 |       ->  Vector Sort                                   | 1000000 | 518MB(2043MB) |     126 | 54994.81 
   4 |          ->  Vector Nest Loop (5,7)                     | 1000000 | 1MB           |     126 | 6415.89  
   5 |             ->  Vector Streaming(type: BROADCAST)       |    2000 | 2MB           |     122 | 104.64   
   6 |                ->  Vector Foreign Scan on student s     |    1000 | 1MB           |     122 | 60.00    
   7 |             ->  Vector Materialize                      |    1000 | 16MB          |       4 | 62.50    
   8 |                ->  Vector Foreign Scan on math_score ms |    1000 | 1MB           |       4 | 60.00    

 Predicate Information (identified by plan id)
 ---------------------------------------------
   6 --Vector Foreign Scan on student s
         Server Type: lf
         Total files left: 4
   8 --Vector Foreign Scan on math_score ms
         Server Type: lf
         Total files left: 4

                ====== Query Summary =====               
 --------------------------------------------------------
 System available mem: 1992294KB
 Query Max mem: 2097152KB
 Query estimated mem: 2097152KB
 LakeFormation request time: 210.501 ms, request count: 5
 Total billed bytes: 0 bytes
 Turbo Engine: true
(28 rows)
  • 自然连接（NATURAL JOIN）

    语法：

    1
    		 
    left_table NATURAL JOIN right_table

    说明：表示left_table和right_table中列名相同的列进行等值连接，且自动将同名列只保留一份。

    示例3：学生表和数学成绩表的自然连接，两表的同名列为id列，将按照id列进行等值连接。

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    SELECT * FROM student s NATURAL JOIN math_score ms order by id;
 id | name  | score 
----+-------+-------
  1 | Tom   |    80
  2 | Lily  |    75
  4 | Perry |    95
(3 rows)

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM student s NATURAL JOIN math_score ms order by id;
                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  id |                      operation                       | E-rows | E-memory | E-width | E-costs 
 ----+------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------+---------+---------
   1 | ->  Row Adapter                                      |   5000 |          |     126 | 582.61  
   2 |    ->  Vector Streaming (type: GATHER)               |   5000 |          |     126 | 582.61  
   3 |       ->  Vector Sort                                |   5000 |          |     126 | 348.24  
   4 |          ->  Vector Sonic Hash Join (5,7)            |   5000 |          |     126 | 200.89  
   5 |             ->  Vector Streaming(type: BROADCAST)    |   2000 |          |     122 | 104.64  
   6 |                ->  Vector Foreign Scan on student s  |   1000 |          |     122 | 60.00   
   7 |             ->  Vector Foreign Scan on math_score ms |   1000 |          |       8 | 60.00   

 Predicate Information (identified by plan id)
 ---------------------------------------------
   4 --Vector Sonic Hash Join (5,7)
         Hash Cond: (s.id = ms.id)
   6 --Vector Foreign Scan on student s
         Server Type: lf
         Total files left: 4
   7 --Vector Foreign Scan on math_score ms
         Server Type: lf
         Total files left: 4

                ====== Query Summary =====               
 --------------------------------------------------------
 System available mem: 1992294KB
 Query Max mem: 2097152KB
 Query estimated mem: 2097152KB
 LakeFormation request time: 377.624 ms, request count: 5
 Total billed bytes: 0 bytes
 Turbo Engine: true
(29 rows)

外连接

  • 左外连接（LEFT JOIN）

    语法：

    1
    		 
    left_table LEFT [OUTER] JOIN right_table [ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column )]

    说明：左外连接的结果集包括left_table的所有行，而不仅是连接列所匹配的行。如果left_table的某行在right_table中没有匹配行，则在相关联的结果集行中输出right_table的列均为空值。

    示例4：学生表和数学成绩表进行左外连接，学生表中id为3的行在结果集中对应的右表数据用NULL填充。

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    SELECT s.id, s.name, ms.score FROM student s LEFT JOIN math_score ms on (s.id = ms.id) order by id;
 id | name  | score 
----+-------+-------
  1 | Tom   |    80
  2 | Lily  |    75
  3 | Tina  |      
  4 | Perry |    95
(4 rows)

EXPLAIN SELECT s.id, s.name, ms.score FROM student s LEFT JOIN math_score ms on (s.id = ms.id) order by id;
                                               QUERY PLAN                                               
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  id |                        operation                        | E-rows | E-memory | E-width | E-costs 
 ----+---------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------+---------+---------
   1 | ->  Row Adapter                                         |   5000 |          |     126 | 582.61  
   2 |    ->  Vector Streaming (type: GATHER)                  |   5000 |          |     126 | 582.61  
   3 |       ->  Vector Sort                                   |   5000 |          |     126 | 348.24  
   4 |          ->  Vector Sonic Hash Right Join (5, 7)        |   5000 |          |     126 | 200.89  
   5 |             ->  Vector Streaming(type: BROADCAST)       |   2000 |          |       8 | 104.64  
   6 |                ->  Vector Foreign Scan on math_score ms |   1000 |          |       8 | 60.00   
   7 |             ->  Vector Foreign Scan on student s        |   1000 |          |     122 | 60.00   

 Predicate Information (identified by plan id)
 ---------------------------------------------
   4 --Vector Sonic Hash Right Join (5, 7)
         Hash Cond: (ms.id = s.id)
   6 --Vector Foreign Scan on math_score ms
         Server Type: lf
         Total files left: 4
   7 --Vector Foreign Scan on student s
         Server Type: lf
         Total files left: 4

                ====== Query Summary =====                
 ---------------------------------------------------------
 System available mem: 1992294KB
 Query Max mem: 2097152KB
 Query estimated mem: 2097152KB
 LakeFormation request time: 1253.487 ms, request count: 5
 Total billed bytes: 0 bytes
 Turbo Engine: true
(29 rows)
  • 右外连接（RIGHT JOIN）

    语法：

    1
    		 
    left_table RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN right_table [ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column )]

    说明：与左外连接相反，右外连接的结果集包括right_table的所有行，而不仅是连接列所匹配的行。如果right_table的某行在left_table中没有匹配行，则在相关联的结果集行中left_table的列均为空值。

    示例5：学生表和数学成绩表进行右外连接，数学成绩表中id为6的行在结果集中对应的左表数据用NULL填充。

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    SELECT ms.id, s.name, ms.score FROM student s RIGHT JOIN math_score ms on (s.id = ms.id) order by id;
 id | name  | score 
----+-------+-------
  1 | Tom   |    80
  2 | Lily  |    75
  4 | Perry |    95
  6 |       |      
(4 rows)

EXPLAIN SELECT ms.id, s.name, ms.score FROM student s RIGHT JOIN math_score ms on (s.id = ms.id) order by id;
                                             QUERY PLAN                                              
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  id |                      operation                       | E-rows | E-memory | E-width | E-costs 
 ----+------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------+---------+---------
   1 | ->  Row Adapter                                      |   5000 |          |     126 | 582.61  
   2 |    ->  Vector Streaming (type: GATHER)               |   5000 |          |     126 | 582.61  
   3 |       ->  Vector Sort                                |   5000 |          |     126 | 348.24  
   4 |          ->  Vector Sonic Hash Right Join (5, 7)     |   5000 |          |     126 | 200.89  
   5 |             ->  Vector Streaming(type: BROADCAST)    |   2000 |          |     122 | 104.64  
   6 |                ->  Vector Foreign Scan on student s  |   1000 |          |     122 | 60.00   
   7 |             ->  Vector Foreign Scan on math_score ms |   1000 |          |       8 | 60.00   

 Predicate Information (identified by plan id)
 ---------------------------------------------
   4 --Vector Sonic Hash Right Join (5, 7)
         Hash Cond: (s.id = ms.id)
   6 --Vector Foreign Scan on student s
         Server Type: lf
         Total files left: 4
   7 --Vector Foreign Scan on math_score ms
         Server Type: lf
         Total files left: 4

                ====== Query Summary =====               
 --------------------------------------------------------
 System available mem: 1992294KB
 Query Max mem: 2097152KB
 Query estimated mem: 2097152KB
 LakeFormation request time: 214.389 ms, request count: 5
 Total billed bytes: 0 bytes
 Turbo Engine: true
(29 rows)

    对于右外连接，在join算子中却显示的是Left。这是因为，右外连接其实就是将左右表进行交互后的左外连接，所以数据库内部实现为了减少处理逻辑，会将右外连接转为左外连接。

  • 全外连接（FULL JOIN）

    语法：

    1
    		 
    left_table FULL [OUTER] JOIN right_table [ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column )]

    说明：全外连接是左外连接和右外连接的综合。全外连接的结果集包括left_table和right_table的所有行，而不仅是连接列所匹配的行。如果left_table的某行在right_table中没有匹配行，则在相关联的结果集行中right_table的列均为空值。如果right_table的某行在left_table中没有匹配行，则在相关联的结果集行中left_table的列均为空值。

    示例6：学生表和数学成绩表进行全外连接，学生表中id为3的行在结果集中对应的右表数据用NULL填充，数学成绩表中id为6的行在结果集中对应的左表数据用NULL填充。

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    SELECT s.id, s.name, ms.id, ms.score FROM student s FULL JOIN math_score ms ON (s.id = ms.id) order by s.id;
 id | name  | id | score 
----+-------+----+-------
  1 | Tom   |  1 |    80
  2 | Lily  |  2 |    75
  3 | Tina  |    |      
  4 | Perry |  4 |    95
    |       |  6 |      
(5 rows)

EXPLAIN SELECT s.id, s.name, ms.id, ms.score FROM student s FULL JOIN math_score ms ON (s.id = ms.id) order by s.id;
                                               QUERY PLAN                                               
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  id |                        operation                        | E-rows | E-memory | E-width | E-costs 
 ----+---------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------+---------+---------
   1 | ->  Row Adapter                                         |   5000 |          |     130 | 734.79  
   2 |    ->  Vector Streaming (type: GATHER)                  |   5000 |          |     130 | 734.79  
   3 |       ->  Vector Sort                                   |   5000 |          |     130 | 434.86  
   4 |          ->  Vector Sonic Hash Full Join (5, 7)         |   5000 |          |     130 | 243.95  
   5 |             ->  Vector Streaming(type: REDISTRIBUTE)    |   1000 |          |     122 | 103.57  
   6 |                ->  Vector Foreign Scan on student s     |   1000 |          |     122 | 60.00   
   7 |             ->  Vector Streaming(type: REDISTRIBUTE)    |   1000 |          |       8 | 103.57  
   8 |                ->  Vector Foreign Scan on math_score ms |   1000 |          |       8 | 60.00   

 Predicate Information (identified by plan id)
 ---------------------------------------------
   4 --Vector Sonic Hash Full Join (5, 7)
         Hash Cond: (s.id = ms.id)
   6 --Vector Foreign Scan on student s
         Server Type: lf
         Total files left: 4
   8 --Vector Foreign Scan on math_score ms
         Server Type: lf
         Total files left: 4

                ====== Query Summary =====               
 --------------------------------------------------------
 System available mem: 1992294KB
 Query Max mem: 2097152KB
 Query estimated mem: 2097152KB
 LakeFormation request time: 206.619 ms, request count: 5
 Total billed bytes: 0 bytes
 Turbo Engine: true
(30 rows)

多表查询中on条件和where条件的区别

从上面各种连接语法中可见，除自然连接和交叉连接外，其他都需要有on条件（using在查询解析过程中会被转为on条件）来限制两表连接的结果。通常在查询的语句中也都会有where条件限制查询结果。这里说的on连接条件和where过滤条件是指不含可以下推到表上的过滤条件。on和where的区别是：

  • on条件是两表连接的约束条件。
  • where是对两表连接后产生的结果集再次进行过滤。

简单总结就是：on条件优先于where条件，在两表进行连接时被应用；生成两表连接结果集后，再应用where条件。

父主题： 查询数据