Volcano Scheduler

Introduction

Volcano is a batch processing platform based on Kubernetes. It provides a series of features required by machine learning, deep learning, bioinformatics, genomics, and other big data applications, as a powerful supplement to Kubernetes capabilities.

Volcano provides general computing capabilities such as high-performance job scheduling, heterogeneous chip management, and job running management. It accesses the computing frameworks for various industries such as AI, big data, gene, and rendering and schedules up to 1000 pods per second for end users, greatly improving scheduling efficiency and resource utilization.

Volcano provides job scheduling, job management, and queue management for computing applications. Its main features are as follows:

• Diverse computing frameworks, such as TensorFlow, MPI, and Spark, can run on Kubernetes in containers. Common APIs for batch computing jobs through CRD, various plugins, and advanced job lifecycle management are provided.
• Advanced scheduling capabilities are provided for batch computing and high-performance computing scenarios, including group scheduling, preemptive priority scheduling, packing, resource reservation, and task topology.
• Queues can be effectively managed for scheduling jobs. Complex job scheduling capabilities such as queue priority and multi-level queues are supported.

Volcano has been open-sourced in GitHub at https://github.com/volcano-sh/volcano.

Install and configure the Volcano add-on in CCE clusters. For details, see Volcano Scheduling.

When using Volcano as a scheduler, use it to schedule all workloads in the cluster. This prevents resource scheduling conflicts caused by simultaneous working of multiple schedulers.

Installing the Add-on

1. Log in to the CCE console and click the cluster name to access the cluster console. Choose Add-ons in the navigation pane, locate Volcano Scheduler on the right, and click Install.
2. On the Install Add-on page, configure the specifications.

   Table 1 Volcano configuration

   Parameter	Description
   Add-on Specifications	Select Standalone, Custom, or HA for Add-on Specifications.
   Pods	Number of pods that will be created to match the selected add-on specifications. If you select Custom, you can adjust the number of pods as required.
   Containers	CPU and memory quotas of the container allowed for the selected add-on specifications. If you select Custom, the recommended values for volcano-controller and volcano-scheduler are as follows: If the number of nodes is less than 100, retain the default configuration. The requested vCPUs are 500m, and the limit is 2000m. The requested memory is 500 MiB, and the limit is 2000 MiB. If the number of nodes is greater than 100, increase the requested vCPUs by 500m and the requested memory by 1000 MiB each time 100 nodes (10,000 pods) are added. Increase the vCPU limit by 1500m and the memory limit by 1000 MiB. NOTE: Recommended formula for calculating the requested value: Requested vCPUs: Calculate the number of target nodes multiplied by the number of target pods, perform interpolation search based on the number of nodes in the cluster multiplied by the number of target pods in Table 2, and round up the request value and limit value that are closest to the specifications. For example, for 2000 nodes and 20,000 pods, Number of target nodes x Number of target pods = 40 million, which is close to the specification of 700/70,000 (Number of cluster nodes x Number of pods = 49 million). According to the following table, set the requested vCPUs to 4000m and the limit value to 5500m. Requested memory: It is recommended that 2.4 GiB memory be allocated to every 1000 nodes and 1 GiB memory be allocated to every 10,000 pods. The requested memory is the sum of these two values. (The obtained value may be different from the recommended value in Table 2. You can use either of them.) Requested memory = Number of target nodes/1000 x 2.4 GiB + Number of target pods/10,000 x 1 GiB For example, for 2000 nodes and 20,000 pods, the requested memory is 6.8 GiB (2000/1000 x 2.4 GiB + 20,000/10,000 x 1 GiB).

   Table 2 Recommended values for volcano-controller and volcano-scheduler

   Nodes/Pods in a Cluster	Requested vCPUs (m)	vCPU Limit (m)	Requested Memory (MiB)	Memory Limit (MiB)
   50/5000	500	2000	500	2000
   100/10,000	1000	2500	1500	2500
   200/20,000	1500	3000	2500	3500
   300/30,000	2000	3500	3500	4500
   400/40,000	2500	4000	4500	5500
   500/50,000	3000	4500	5500	6500
   600/60,000	3500	5000	6500	7500
   700/70,000	4000	5500	7500	8500

3. Configure the add-on parameters.
   Configure parameters of the default Volcano scheduler. For details, see Table 4.

   colocation_enable: ''
   default_scheduler_conf:
     actions: 'allocate, backfill, preempt'
     tiers:
       - plugins:
           - name: 'priority'
           - name: 'gang'
           - name: 'conformance'
           - name: 'lifecycle'
             arguments:
               lifecycle.MaxGrade: 10
               lifecycle.MaxScore: 200.0
               lifecycle.SaturatedTresh: 1.0
               lifecycle.WindowSize: 10
       - plugins:
           - name: 'drf'
           - name: 'predicates'
           - name: 'nodeorder'
       - plugins:
           - name: 'cce-gpu-topology-predicate'
           - name: 'cce-gpu-topology-priority'
           - name: 'cce-gpu'
       - plugins:
           - name: 'nodelocalvolume'
           - name: 'nodeemptydirvolume'
           - name: 'nodeCSIscheduling'
           - name: 'networkresource'
   tolerations:
     - effect: NoExecute
       key: node.kubernetes.io/not-ready
       operator: Exists
       tolerationSeconds: 60
     - effect: NoExecute
       key: node.kubernetes.io/unreachable
       operator: Exists
       tolerationSeconds: 60

   Table 3 Advanced Volcano configuration parameters

   Plugin	Function	Description	Demonstration
   colocation_enable	Whether to enable hybrid deployment.	Value: true: hybrid enabled false: hybrid disabled	None
   default_scheduler_conf	Used to schedule pods. It consists of a series of actions and plugins and features high scalability. You can specify and implement actions and plugins based on your requirements.	It consists of actions and tiers. actions: defines the types and sequence of actions to be executed by the scheduler. tiers: configures the plugin list.	None
   actions	Actions to be executed in each scheduling phase. The configured action sequence is the scheduler execution sequence. For details, see Actions. The scheduler traverses all jobs to be scheduled and performs actions such as enqueue, allocate, preempt, and backfill in the configured sequence to find the most appropriate node for each job.	The following options are supported: enqueue: uses a series of filtering algorithms to filter out tasks to be scheduled and sends them to the queue to wait for scheduling. After this action, the task status changes from pending to inqueue. allocate: selects the most suitable node based on a series of pre-selection and selection algorithms. preempt: performs preemption scheduling for tasks with higher priorities in the same queue based on priority rules. backfill: schedules pending tasks as much as possible to maximize the utilization of node resources.	actions: 'allocate, backfill, preempt' NOTE: When configuring actions, use either preempt or enqueue.
   plugins	Implementation details of algorithms in actions based on different scenarios. For details, see Plugins.	For details, see Table 4.	None
   tolerations	Tolerance of the add-on to node taints.	By default, the add-on can run on nodes with the node.kubernetes.io/not-ready or node.kubernetes.io/unreachable taint and the taint effect value is NoExecute, but it'll be evicted in 60 seconds.	tolerations: - effect: NoExecute key: node.kubernetes.io/not-ready operator: Exists tolerationSeconds: 60 - effect: NoExecute key: node.kubernetes.io/unreachable operator: Exists tolerationSeconds: 60

   Table 4 Supported plugins

   Plugin	Function	Description	Demonstration
   binpack	Schedule pods to nodes with high resource usage (not allocating pods to light-loaded nodes) to reduce resource fragments.	arguments: binpack.weight: weight of the binpack plugin. binpack.cpu: ratio of CPUs to all resources. The parameter value defaults to 1. binpack.memory: ratio of memory resources to all resources. The parameter value defaults to 1. binpack.resources: other custom resource types requested by the pod, for example, nvidia.com/gpu. Multiple types can be configured and be separated by commas (,). binpack.resources.<your_resource>: weight of your custom resource in all resources. Multiple types of resources can be added. <your_resource> indicates the resource type defined in binpack.resources, for example, binpack.resources.nvidia.com/gpu.	- plugins: - name: binpack arguments: binpack.weight: 10 binpack.cpu: 1 binpack.memory: 1 binpack.resources: nvidia.com/gpu, example.com/foo binpack.resources.nvidia.com/gpu: 2 binpack.resources.example.com/foo: 3
   conformance	Prevent key pods, such as the pods in the kube-system namespace from being preempted.	None	- plugins: - name: 'priority' - name: 'gang' enablePreemptable: false - name: 'conformance'
   lifecycle	By collecting statistics on service scaling rules, pods with similar lifecycles are preferentially scheduled to the same node. With the horizontal scaling capability of the Autoscaler, resources can be quickly scaled in and released, reducing costs and improving resource utilization. 1. Collects statistics on the lifecycle of pods in the service load and schedules pods with similar lifecycles to the same node. 2. For a cluster configured with an automatic scaling policy, adjust the scale-in annotation of the node to preferentially scale in the node with low usage.	arguments: lifecycle.WindowSize: The value is an integer greater than or equal to 1 and defaults to 10. Record the number of times that the number of replicas changes. If the load changes regularly and periodically, decrease the value. If the load changes irregularly and the number of replicas changes frequently, increase the value. If the value is too large, the learning period is prolonged and too many events are recorded. lifecycle.MaxGrade: The value is an integer greater than or equal to 3 and defaults to 3. It indicates levels of replicas. For example, if the value is set to 3, the replicas are classified into three levels. If the load changes regularly and periodically, decrease the value. If the load changes irregularly, increase the value. Setting an excessively small value may result in inaccurate lifecycle forecasts. lifecycle.MaxScore: float64 floating point number. The value must be greater than or equal to 50.0. The default value is 200.0. Maximum score (equivalent to the weight) of the lifecycle plugin. lifecycle.SaturatedTresh: float64 floating point number. If the value is less than 0.5, use 0.5. If the value is greater than 1, use 1. The default value is 0.8. Threshold for determining whether the node usage is too high. If the node usage exceeds the threshold, the scheduler preferentially schedules jobs to other nodes.	- plugins: - name: priority - name: gang enablePreemptable: false - name: conformance - name: lifecycle arguments: lifecycle.MaxGrade: 10 lifecycle.MaxScore: 200.0 lifecycle.SaturatedTresh: 1.0 lifecycle.WindowSize: 10 NOTE: For nodes that do not want to be scaled in, manually mark them as long-period nodes and add the annotation volcano.sh/long-lifecycle-node: true to them. For an unmarked node, the lifecycle plugin automatically marks the node based on the lifecycle of the load on the node. The default value of MaxScore is 200.0, which is twice the weight of other plugins. When the lifecycle plugin does not have obvious effect or conflicts with other plugins, disable other plugins or increase the value of MaxScore. After the scheduler is restarted, the lifecycle plugin needs to re-record the load change. The optimal scheduling effect can be achieved only after several periods of statistics are collected.
   Gang	Consider a group of pods as a whole for resource allocation. This plugin checks whether the number of scheduled pods in a job meets the minimum requirements for running the job. If yes, all pods in the job will be scheduled. If no, the pods will not be scheduled. NOTE: If a gang scheduling policy is used, if the remaining resources in the cluster are greater than or equal to half of the minimum number of resources for running a job but less than the minimum of resources for running the job, Autoscaler scale-outs will not be triggered.	enablePreemptable: true: Preemption enabled false: Preemption not enabled enableJobStarving: true: Resources are preempted based on the minAvailable setting of jobs. false: Resources are preempted based on job replicas. NOTE: The default value of minAvailable for Kubernetes-native workloads (such as Deployments) is 1. It is a good practice to set enableJobStarving to false. In AI and big data scenarios, you can specify the minAvailable value when creating a vcjob. It is a good practice to set enableJobStarving to true. In Volcano versions earlier than v1.11.5, enableJobStarving is set to true by default. In Volcano versions later than v1.11.5, enableJobStarving is set to false by default.	- plugins: - name: priority - name: gang enablePreemptable: false enableJobStarving: false - name: conformance
   priority	Schedule based on custom load priorities.	None	- plugins: - name: priority - name: gang enablePreemptable: false - name: conformance
   overcommit	Resources in a cluster are scheduled after being accumulated in a certain multiple to improve the workload enqueuing efficiency. If all workloads are Deployments, remove this plugin or set the raising factor to 2.0. NOTE: This plugin is supported in Volcano 1.6.5 and later versions.	arguments: overcommit-factor: inflation factor, which defaults to 1.2.	- plugins: - name: overcommit arguments: overcommit-factor: 2.0
   drf	The Dominant Resource Fairness (DRF) scheduling algorithm, which schedules jobs based on their dominant resource share. Jobs with a smaller resource share will be scheduled with a higher priority.	-	- plugins: - name: 'drf' - name: 'predicates' - name: 'nodeorder'
   predicates	Determine whether a task is bound to a node by using a series of evaluation algorithms, such as node/pod affinity, taint tolerance, node repetition, volume limits, and volume zone matching.	None	- plugins: - name: 'drf' - name: 'predicates' - name: 'nodeorder'
   nodeorder	A common algorithm for selecting nodes. Nodes are scored in simulated resource allocation to find the most suitable node for the current job.	Scoring parameters: nodeaffinity.weight: Pods are scheduled based on node affinity. This parameter defaults to 2. podaffinity.weight: Pods are scheduled based on pod affinity. This parameter defaults to 2. leastrequested.weight: Pods are scheduled to the node with the least requested resources. This parameter defaults to 1. balancedresource.weight: Pods are scheduled to the node with balanced resource allocation. This parameter defaults to 1. mostrequested.weight: Pods are scheduled to the node with the most requested resources. This parameter defaults to 0. tainttoleration.weight: Pods are scheduled to the node with a high taint tolerance. This parameter defaults to 3. imagelocality.weight: Pods are scheduled to the node where the required images exist. This parameter defaults to 1. selectorspread.weight: Pods are evenly scheduled to different nodes. This parameter defaults to 0. podtopologyspread.weight: Pods are scheduled based on the pod topology. This parameter defaults to 2.	- plugins: - name: nodeorder arguments: leastrequested.weight: 1 mostrequested.weight: 0 nodeaffinity.weight: 2 podaffinity.weight: 2 balancedresource.weight: 1 tainttoleration.weight: 3 imagelocality.weight: 1 podtopologyspread.weight: 2
   cce-gpu-topology-predicate	GPU-topology scheduling preselection algorithm	None	- plugins: - name: 'cce-gpu-topology-predicate' - name: 'cce-gpu-topology-priority' - name: 'cce-gpu'
   cce-gpu-topology-priority	GPU-topology scheduling priority algorithm	None	- plugins: - name: 'cce-gpu-topology-predicate' - name: 'cce-gpu-topology-priority' - name: 'cce-gpu'
   cce-gpu	GPU resource allocation that supports decimal GPU configurations by working with the gpu add-on.	None	- plugins: - name: 'cce-gpu-topology-predicate' - name: 'cce-gpu-topology-priority' - name: 'cce-gpu'
   numa-aware	NUMA affinity scheduling.	arguments: weight: weight of the numa-aware plugin	- plugins: - name: 'nodelocalvolume' - name: 'nodeemptydirvolume' - name: 'nodeCSIscheduling' - name: 'networkresource' arguments: NetworkType: vpc-router - name: numa-aware arguments: weight: 10
   networkresource	The ENI requirement node can be preselected and filtered. The parameters are transferred by CCE and do not need to be manually configured.	arguments: NetworkType: network type (eni or vpc-router)	- plugins: - name: 'nodelocalvolume' - name: 'nodeemptydirvolume' - name: 'nodeCSIscheduling' - name: 'networkresource' arguments: NetworkType: vpc-router
   nodelocalvolume	Filter out nodes that do not meet local volume requirements.	None	- plugins: - name: 'nodelocalvolume' - name: 'nodeemptydirvolume' - name: 'nodeCSIscheduling' - name: 'networkresource'
   nodeemptydirvolume	Filter out nodes that do not meet the emptyDir requirements.	None	- plugins: - name: 'nodelocalvolume' - name: 'nodeemptydirvolume' - name: 'nodeCSIscheduling' - name: 'networkresource'
   nodeCSIscheduling	Filter out nodes with malfunctional Everest.	None	- plugins: - name: 'nodelocalvolume' - name: 'nodeemptydirvolume' - name: 'nodeCSIscheduling' - name: 'networkresource'

4. Configure scheduling policies for the add-on.
   

   • Scheduling policies do not take effect on add-on instances of the DaemonSet type.
   • When configuring multi-AZ deployment or node affinity, ensure that there are nodes meeting the scheduling policy and that resources are sufficient in the cluster. Otherwise, the add-on cannot run.

   Table 5 Configurations for add-on scheduling

   Parameter	Description
   Multi AZ	Preferred: Deployment pods of the add-on will be preferentially scheduled to nodes in different AZs. If all the nodes in the cluster are deployed in the same AZ, the pods will be scheduled to that AZ. Required: Deployment pods of the add-on will be forcibly scheduled to nodes in different AZs. If there are fewer AZs than pods, the extra pods will fail to run.
   Node Affinity	Not configured: Node affinity is disabled for the add-on. Node Affinity: Specify the nodes where the add-on is deployed. If you do not specify the nodes, the add-on will be randomly scheduled based on the default cluster scheduling policy. Specified Node Pool Scheduling: Specify the node pool where the add-on is deployed. If you do not specify the node pool, the add-on will be randomly scheduled based on the default cluster scheduling policy. Custom Policies: Enter the labels of the nodes where the add-on is to be deployed for more flexible scheduling policies. If you do not specify node labels, the add-on will be randomly scheduled based on the default cluster scheduling policy. If multiple custom affinity policies are configured, ensure that there are nodes that meet all the affinity policies in the cluster. Otherwise, the add-on cannot run.
   Toleration	Using both taints and tolerations allows (not forcibly) the add-on Deployment to be scheduled to a node with the matching taints, and controls the Deployment eviction policies after the node where the Deployment is located is tainted. The add-on adds the default tolerance policy for the node.kubernetes.io/not-ready and node.kubernetes.io/unreachable taints, respectively. The tolerance time window is 60s. For details, see Taints and Tolerations.

5. Click Install.

Components

Modifying the volcano-scheduler Configurations Using the Console

volcano-scheduler is the component responsible for pod scheduling. It consists of a series of actions and plugins. Actions should be executed in every step. Plugins provide the action algorithm details in different scenarios. volcano-scheduler is highly scalable. You can specify and implement actions and plugins based on your requirements.

Volcano allows you to configure the scheduler during installation, upgrade, and editing. The configuration will be synchronized to volcano-scheduler-configmap.

This section describes how to configure volcano-scheduler.

Only Volcano of v1.7.1 and later support this function. On the new add-on page, options such as resource_exporter_enable are replaced by default_scheduler_conf.

Log in to the CCE console and click the cluster name to access the cluster console. Choose Add-ons in the navigation pane. On the right of the page, locate Volcano Scheduler and click Install or Upgrade. In the Parameters area, configure the Volcano parameters.

• Using resource_exporter:

  {
      "ca_cert": "",
      "default_scheduler_conf": {
          "actions": "allocate, backfill, preempt",
          "tiers": [
              {
                  "plugins": [
                      {
                          "name": "priority"
                      },
                      {
                          "name": "gang"
                      },
                      {
                          "name": "conformance"
                      }
                  ]
              },
              {
                  "plugins": [
                      {
                          "name": "drf"
                      },
                      {
                          "name": "predicates"
                      },
                      {
                          "name": "nodeorder"
                      }
                  ]
              },
              {
                  "plugins": [
                      {
                          "name": "cce-gpu-topology-predicate"
                      },
                      {
                          "name": "cce-gpu-topology-priority"
                      },
                      {
                          "name": "cce-gpu"
                      },
                      {
                          "name": "numa-aware" # add this also enable resource_exporter
                      }
                  ]
              },
              {
                  "plugins": [
                      {
                          "name": "nodelocalvolume"
                      },
                      {
                          "name": "nodeemptydirvolume"
                      },
                      {
                          "name": "nodeCSIscheduling"
                      },
                      {
                          "name": "networkresource"
                      }
                  ]
              }
          ]
      },
      "server_cert": "",
      "server_key": ""
  }

  After this function is enabled, you can use the functions of both numa-aware and resource_exporter.

Retaining the Original volcano-scheduler-configmap Configurations

If you want to use the original configuration after the plugin is upgraded, perform the following steps:

1. Check and back up the original volcano-scheduler-configmap configuration.
   Example:

   # kubectl edit cm volcano-scheduler-configmap -n kube-system
   apiVersion: v1
   data:
     default-scheduler.conf: |-
       actions: "enqueue, allocate, backfill"
       tiers:
       - plugins:
         - name: priority
         - name: gang
         - name: conformance
       - plugins:
         - name: drf
         - name: predicates
         - name: nodeorder
         - name: binpack
           arguments:
             binpack.cpu: 100
             binpack.weight: 10
             binpack.resources: nvidia.com/gpu
             binpack.resources.nvidia.com/gpu: 10000
       - plugins:
         - name: cce-gpu-topology-predicate
         - name: cce-gpu-topology-priority
         - name: cce-gpu
       - plugins:
         - name: nodelocalvolume
         - name: nodeemptydirvolume
         - name: nodeCSIscheduling
         - name: networkresource

2. Enter the customized content in the Parameters area on the console.

   {
       "ca_cert": "",
       "default_scheduler_conf": {
           "actions": "enqueue, allocate, backfill",
           "tiers": [
               {
                   "plugins": [
                       {
                           "name": "priority"
                       },
                       {
                           "name": "gang"
                       },
                       {
                           "name": "conformance"
                       }
                   ]
               },
               {
                   "plugins": [
                       {
                           "name": "drf"
                       },
                       {
                           "name": "predicates"
                       },
                       {
                           "name": "nodeorder"
                       },
                       {
                           "name": "binpack",
                           "arguments": {
                               "binpack.cpu": 100,
                               "binpack.weight": 10,
                               "binpack.resources": "nvidia.com/gpu",
                               "binpack.resources.nvidia.com/gpu": 10000
                           }
                       }
                   ]
               },
               {
                   "plugins": [
                       {
                           "name": "cce-gpu-topology-predicate"
                       },
                       {
                           "name": "cce-gpu-topology-priority"
                       },
                       {
                           "name": "cce-gpu"
                       }
                   ]
               },
               {
                   "plugins": [
                       {
                           "name": "nodelocalvolume"
                       },
                       {
                           "name": "nodeemptydirvolume"
                       },
                       {
                           "name": "nodeCSIscheduling"
                       },
                       {
                           "name": "networkresource"
                       }
                   ]
               }
           ]
       },
       "server_cert": "",
       "server_key": ""
   }

   

   When this function is used, the original content in volcano-scheduler-configmap will be overwritten. Therefore, you must check whether volcano-scheduler-configmap has been modified during the upgrade. If yes, synchronize the modification to the upgrade page.

Collecting Prometheus Metrics

volcano-scheduler exposes Prometheus metrics through port 8080. You can build a Prometheus collector to identify and obtain volcano-scheduler scheduling metrics from http://{{volcano-schedulerPodIP}}:{{volcano-schedulerPodPort}}/metrics.

Prometheus metrics can be exposed only by the Volcano add-on of version 1.8.5 or later.

Uninstalling the Volcano Add-on

After the add-on is uninstalled, all custom Volcano resources (Table 8) will be deleted, including the created resources. Reinstalling the add-on will not inherit or restore the tasks before the uninstallation. It is a good practice to uninstall the Volcano add-on only when no custom Volcano resources are being used in the cluster.